Immune Systems
Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells? -B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times -B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells -B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response -B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity
B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells
Vertebrate immune cells, which are phagocytic, include which of the following I) neutrophils II) macrophages III) dendritic cells IV) natural killer cells I and IV only I, II, and III I and III only II and IV only
I, II, and III
Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells? I) Both recognize antigens using immunoglobulin receptors. II) Both undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen. III) Both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens. only III I and II only II II and III
II and III
Which statement is true about innate immunity? -The extent of an innate immunity response depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen -Only vertebrates use innate immunity -Innate immunity is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens. -Innate immunity is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen
Innate immunity is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens.
Which answer describes an advantage of having a system of adaptive immunity? -It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. -It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens. -It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. -It allows for the production of only a single type of antibody.
It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.
An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) (the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later in life, she does not get sick or develop any symptoms of mononucleosis. Which of the following statements explains why your classmate does not exhibit symptoms of EBV infection? -Her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second infection. -Complement proteins effectively controlled the EBV during the second infection. -She was infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure. -Memory T cells recognized the virus upon the second exposure and activated cells that destroyed the virally infected cells.
Memory T cells recognized the virus upon the second exposure and activated cells that destroyed the virally infected cells.
You and your friend were equally exposed to a virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this? -You had an immunological memory of that virus. -Your friend had allergies. -Your inflammatory response worked more quickly than your friend's response. -Your friend had an autoimmune disorder.
You had an immunological memory of that virus.
Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease? -a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by a specific antigen -a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance) -a condition in which B and T cells trigger anaphylactic shock in response to an antigen -a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen
a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance)
Which statement correctly describes the complement system? -a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins -a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion -a group of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity -a group of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes
a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion
Which response is triggered when bacteria enter the body through a small cut in the skin? -release of interferons -inactivation of erythrocytes -apoptosis of nearby body cells -activation of a group of proteins called complement
activation of a group of proteins called complement
Which of these is not part of insect immunity? -phagocytosis by hemocytes -enzyme activation of pathogen-killing chemicals -activation of natural killer cells -production of antimicrobial peptides
activation of natural killer cells
A patient has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure. Which condition is most consistent with these symptoms? -anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen -a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines -an organ transplant, such as a skin graft -an autoimmune disease
anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen
Which treatment is most appropriate for an individual complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet? -monoclonal antibodies -sterile pollen -antihistamines -a vaccine
antihistamines
An organism that lacks their thymus would ________. -be unable to differentiate and mature T cells -be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors -lack innate immunity -have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies
be unable to differentiate and mature T cells
Which of the following can trigger septic shock? -increased production of neutrophils -specific forms of viruses -certain bacterial infections -the presence of natural killer cells
certain bacterial infections
Which of the following components of the immune system destroys cancer cells by forming holes in plasma membranes and triggering apoptosis? -macrophages -toll-like proteins -cytotoxic T cells -Plasma cells
cytotoxic T cells
T cells of the immune system include ________. -lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells -plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells -cytotoxic and helper cells -CD4, CD8, and plasma cells
cytotoxic and helper cells
B cells are stimulated to differentiate under which of the following conditions -B cells produce Ige antibodies -helper T cells release cytokines -B cells release cytokines -cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface
helper T cells release cytokines
Which of the following are typical features of an inflammatory response? -increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area -release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area -reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma -inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. Which type of response is most consistent with these symptoms? -adaptive immune system -inflammatory response -lytic response
inflammatory response
Acidity in human sweat is part of which type of immune system? -adaptive immunity -acquired immunity -cell-mediated immune responses -innate immunity
innate immunity
which of the following cells and signaling molecules are involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response -mast cells and histamines -dendritic cells and interferons -lymphocytes and interferons -phagocytes and cytokines
mast cells and histamines
Which of these is a characteristic of adaptive immunity but not innate immunity? -lysozyme -interferons -inflammation -memory
memory
A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently initiating a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell? -macrophage -memory cell -thyroid cell -plasma cell
memory cell
Which of the following enhances phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages? I) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes II) antibody-mediated opsonization of microbes III) the release of cytokines by activated B cells only II and III I, II, and, III only I and III only I and II
only I and II
Lymphocytes mature in the ________. I) spleen II) thymus III) bone marrow only I and II I, II, and III only II and III only I and III
only II and III
Breast feeding confers which type of immunity to an infant? -innate immunity -cell-mediated immunity -active immunity -passive immunity
passive immunity
Which of the following can result in naturally acquired passive immunity? -injection of vaccine -placental transfer of antibodies -absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes ingestion of interferon
placental transfer of antibodies
yearly vaccinations for influenza viruses are necessary for humans because __________. -rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells -of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases -surviving the flu one year renders the immune system to be nonresponsive the next year -the flu can generate anaphylactic shock
rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells
Which statement best describes an account of immunological memory? -the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more sever disease than others -the observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased -the ability of a helper T cells to signal B cells via cytokines -the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself
the observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased
Which of the following protects both the eyes and the respiratory tract against infections? -the release of slightly alkaline secretions -the secretion of complement proteins -interferons produced by immune cells -the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces
the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces
Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? -the set of T cell antigen receptors produced -the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive -the set of antibodies produced -the set of MHC molecules produced
the set of MHC molecules produced
Benadryl is an antihistamine. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person that was stung by a bee takes Benadryl? -the thymus will become enlarged -the site of injury will become less red and swollen -more antibodies will be produced -more histamine will be released
the site of injury will become less red and swollen
Which of the following best explains why a bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor to a given recipient even though they are compatible for blood transfusions? -there is only one allele for blood-type, but there are many alleles for bone-marrow type -the given donor's MHC class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow -their blood-types may match but major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins may not be a match -a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change
their blood-types may match but major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins may not be a match
Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. Which answer best describes the main immunological function of mucus? -to increase oxygen absorption -to destroy pathogens (because mucus is acidic) -to sweep away debris -to physically trap pathogens
to physically trap pathogens
which of the following are molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens -interferons -cytokines -toll-like receptors -complement proteins
toll-like receptors
Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________. -promotes inflammation -enhances the activity of macrophages -triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes -stimulates the complement system
triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes
