Imperialism and World War I

Causes of WWI

M- Militarism A- Alliance Systems (Secret) I- Imperialism N- Nationalism

Allied Powers

World War I alliance of Britian, France, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, the United States, and others.

Sepoy

native Indian soldiers (used by East India Company/British) to keep peace; police force

Reparations

payment for damages after a war

Assimilation

the idea where in time populations would adapt French culture; all local schools, courts, and businesses were patterned after French institutes; French abandoned this idea later and turned to direct control

Russo-Japanese War

War where the Japanese defeated the Russians epicaly because of advanced goods from trading; 1st time European power loses to European

Opium War

War between China and Britain over China trying to block opium from being traded into their country; Britain won by blowing up China's puny ships

Negative effects of Imperialism

- exploitation of raw materials - exploitation of labor (NOT slavery) - loss of traditional culture (assimilation: replacing one culture with another) - loss of political self-sufficiency; African nations and India were governed by European nations for so long they did not know how to establish their own political systems. - loss of economic self-sufficiency; reliance on European countries to provide manufactured goods and the loss of raw materials led to African nations and India not knowing how to establish their own economic systems. -European countries establish cash-crop economies in these nations. - Cash-Crops replaced food crops which led to massive famine (especially in India).

Positive effects of Imperialism

- infrastructure; railroads, bridges, roads, and factories. - improved health care; new hospitals and medicines - improved education; new schools and universities were built - spread of Christianity (cultural diffusion)

Conscription

A military draft

Africa before 1880

African civilizations were very self sufficient. They were civilized prior to the arrival of European nations. The interior of Africa was unexplored because of natural barriers (geographically isolated). Called the "Dark Continent".

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Jewel of the crown

Britain's name for India

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Emperor of Germany during World War I

Stanley

European man who found Dr. Livingstone in Africa; sparked idea for Europeans to explore Africa with guns

Why Europe able to conquer Africa?

Europeans had more superior military technology

Sepoy Mutiny

Event where Hindu and Muslim Soldiers rebelled against the British East India Co. because the rumor that rifle cartridges contained beef and pork fat; led to the British government (Parliament) taking over India.

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

Western Front

In WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other. Between Germany and France.

Sino-Japanese War

Japan vs. China; Japan defeated China and took over the Northeastern part of China (Manchuria). Japan establishes itself as the Asian power of the world.

Sphere of Influence

Many European powers and Japan had a strong "foothold" on Chinese trade; this is called a .....

"The Sick Man of Europe"

Name given to the Ottoman Empire because they were extremely weak and plagued by ethnic and religious tension.

"Blank Check"

Offered by Germany to Austria - Hungary. Germany would support Austria - Hungary against Serbia and Russia using any possible means (troops, weapons, and supplies)

What sparked WWI?

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophi by a Serbian nationalist group known as the "Black Hand".

"Balkan Powder Keg"

The Balkans have been the site of many wars. Since the start of the 20th century this region was in a state of continuous upheaval. Because of this the cultural, religious and ethnic mix led to consistent turmoil on the Balkan Peninsula. This is where Archduke Franz Ferdinand will be assassinated which sparked WWI.

Boxer Rebellion

The Chinese rebellion against foreigners in China; executed Chinese Christians and any foreigners in China. The rebellion failed, but a strong sense of nationalism emerged in China.

What effect did the arbitrary (random) boundary lines have on Africa eventually? Still affects Africa to this day.

Tribal wars and civil wars in Africa; Africans had more pride in their tribes than the nations that were created by the random boundary lines that were drawn during the Berlin Conference.

Zimmerman Note

Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.

Viceroy

a European governor of India

Armistice

a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms

Imperialism

the ambition of powerful nation to dominate the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another nation

Extraterritoriality

the idea were foreigners are immune to the laws of the country they are trading in (Britain was immune from China's laws)

Opening of Japan

the event where Matthew Perry arrived in Japan to gain exclusive trading rights; led to extraterritoriality for US in Japan; US threatened to blow them up if trade did not start

Taiping Rebellion

the event where peasants rebelled against the Qing dynasty in an effort to set peaceful China; in the end the rebellion failed and 20 million died

Social Darwinism

the idea of white people being superior to "lesser cultures"

White Man's Burden

the poem that it was white people's "duty" to teach the rest of the world because they were better

Treaty of Kanagawa

the treaty between the US and the Japanese emperor that said US had exclusive trading rights in Japan; Japanese resented because it gave the US extraterritoriality rights

Colonies

the type of Imperialism in which there is complete control

Spheres of influence

the type of imperialism where an outside power has exclusive privileges (trading, etc.). European powers set these areas up in China after the Opium War.

Direct Control

type of control where foreign officials were brought in to rule

Trench Foot

This WWI disease was often caused by standing in cold wet trenches for long periods of time with damp socks/boots. The toes would eventually begin to rot and the only solution was the amputation of the toes and often the entire foot.

Total War

all-out war that affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Central Powers

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

Propaganda

information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.

Dr. Livingstone

missionary who went to look for waterfalls in Africa (European); found by Stanley; he had been missing for many years and had been presumed dead, but he wasn't!

UK

nation that used indirect control to take over India's control from the East India Company; led to direct control

Matthew Perry

the US commodore who led the opening of Japan

Treaty of Versailles

(1919): political effect of WWI is centered on the treaty of Versailles and how Germany was treated, Germans were forced to sign a humiliating treaty accepting responsibility for causing the war, official ending of WWI, Germany had to pay money to the allied countries for the war.

How did Nationalism cause WWI?

-Nationalism was very strong in both Germany and France. Germany controlled the territory known as Alsace-Lorraine, which they gained from France after the Franco-Prussian War. France wanted that land back. -Pan-Slavism- Slavic nationalism. Serbian nationalists looked to Russia to protect them from Austria-Hungary. Serbians were Slavic and Russia was the protector of all Slavic nations.

Reasons (Causes) for imperialism

-Natural Resources to fuel the Industrial Revolution in Europe

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zeppelin

A German floating airship

Ultimatum

A demand or threat that is final

Pan-Slavism

A feeling of cultural and ethnic kinship among the Slavic people that the empire hoped would weaken Austria-Hungary's hold in the Balkans

Neutrality

A refusal to take part in a war between other nations.

Triple alliance

Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungry, An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

King Leopold II

Belgian King who entered the area around the Congo River in Africa; he killed people to get rubber (killed 10 million through laboring them to export rubber;

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic/cultural group

Berlin Conference

Conference held in Berlin, Germany to avoid war between the powerful European nations looking to take a piece of Africa. Europe decided that Africa would be divided up randomly (except Liberia and Ethiopia); Africa wasn't invited

Genocide

Deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group.

Africa had different diseases that couldn't kill Europeans; trade network to be self-sufficient; armed-resistance

Describe how Africa resisted imperialism.

Positive: new goods, roads, education, transportation

Describe the positive and negative effects of colonial rule in Africa

Mercantilism

Economic policy of the Age of Imperialism; mother country exploited the natural resources of her colonies and sold manufactured or finished products back to the colonies.

U-Boat

German Submarines

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German U-boats attack on all ships, cause US involvement in WWI

Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia, he involved the Russians in WWI

What were the effects of the Treaty of Versailles?

Led to German resentment of the Allied powers and led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazi's in Germany.

Which weapon was most responsible for the stalemate on the Western Front during WWI?

Machine Gun

Armenian Massacre (Genocide)

Mass execution and imprisonment of the Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Turkish Empire. The Ottoman Empire believed the Armenians were aiding the Russians in WWI, so they started to systematically kill them off. Led to 1.5 million Christian Armenians being killed.

How did Imperialism cause WWI?

Nations competed for more land, colonies and raw materials. Great Britain and Germany competed industrially, which led to these nations needing more raw materials. Also, Austria-Hungary controlling the Slavic land of Bosnia, which Serbia believed belonged to them.

Mobilize

Prepare military forces for war

How did Alliance Systems cause WWI?

Secret alliances were formed prior to the outbreak of the war. After the Assassination of Franz Ferdinand the Archduke of Austria-Hungary the alliance systems went into effect leading to many nations protecting one another (i.e. Russia protecting Serbia from Austria-Hungary).

Gavrilo Princip

Serbian nationalist who was responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Stalemate

Term used to describe the deadlock on the Western Front during the First World War.

No Man's Land

Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous

How did Militarism lead to WWI?

The glorification of military power, led to fear and suspicion as nations became more willing to use military force to attain their national goals. Arms race and competition to expand armies and navies (i.e. British vs. Germans)

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Meiji Restoration

the event where the Japanese (Samurai) overthrew Tokagawa Shogun and restored the emperor to power; Japan modernized, industrialized and westernized rapidly during this time period.

Significance of Ethiopia and Liberia

they were the only African nations that were able to resist British control at the Berlin Confrence

Indirect Control

type of control where local leaders may be used, there was a limited self-rule, and the goal was to develop future leaders; military was used

Trench Warfare

war from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas. The trenches were filled with disease, rats, dead bodies and stagnant water.