IPv6
Where does the All Nodes FF02::1 multicast address send information, and the All Rouers FF02::2?
All Nodes FF02::1 - all interfaces on same subnet. All Routers: FF02::1 - all routers in local network.
What are the common IPv6 Multicast addresses?
All Nodes: FF02::1 (subnet-wide) All Routers: FF02::2 (network-wide) All OSPF Non-designated Routers: FF02::5 All OSPF Designated Routers: FF02::6 All RIP Routers: FF02::9 All EIGRPv6 Routers: FF02::A All DHCP Relay Agents: FF02::1:2
What are the IPv6 address types and their first hex digits?
Global Unicast: usually 2 or 3, but really any hexadecimal digits that are not reserved for other IPv6 address types. Unique Local: FD Multicast: FF Link local: FE80 Unknown: :: Loopback: ::1
If your company is assigned a typical IPv6 Global Unicast Address prefix length and you use the optimal number of bits for hosts, what will the address space look like when you subnet?
i.e: 2001:0DB8:1111 | 0001 | 0000:0000:0000:0001 Global Routing Prefix: 2001:0DB8:1111 Subnet ID: 0001 Interface ID: 0000:0000:0000:0001
When a company is assigned a Global Unicast Address bloc, what is the initial prefix length?
/48
When subnetting an IPv6 Global Unicast address, what is the best prefix length to use for the host portion?
/64
When an initializing host sends an IPv6 packet before it has learned its own address, what will the source address of the packet be?
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::
How do you calculate the subnet/prefix portion of an IPv6 address when the /'number' prefix is a multiple of 4?
1. Identify the number of hex digits by dividing the prefix length by four. 2. Copy the hex digits determined to be in the prefix. 3. Change the rest of the hex digits to 0.
Describe the EUI-64 method for choosing a unique Interface ID.
1. Insert the value of FFFE in the middle of the interface's 12 hex digit MAC address to make a 16 hex digit/64 bit address. 2. Invert the seventh binary bit of the new address.
Describe the process of creating a IPv6 Unique Local Address
1. Put FD as the first eight bits. 2. Create a 40 bit Global ID 3. Make the next 16 bits the subnet. 4. The remaining 64 bits are the Interface ID.
Describe the Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) process.
1. The host sends a NS message listing the address that it wants to use as the target address of the message. 2. If another host is already using that address, it receives it to its Node-Solicitation multicast address and returns an NA message saying that the IPv6 address is already being used.
Describe how routers create raoutes based on the configuration of an interface IPv6 unicastast address.
1. The router crates a route for each unicast IPv6 address on the interface as configured with the 'ipv6 address' command. 2. The router crates a route for the subnet (a connected route) 3. The router creates a host route /128 prefix for the router IPv6 address (a local route) 4. The router removes the connected and local routes if the interfaces fails, and it re-adds these routes when the interface is in the up/up state again.
How many bits, sections of hexadecimal digits, and hexadecimal digits per section are there in an IPv6 address?
128 bits, 8 sections, 4 hexadecimal digits per sections.
What is the RFC of IPv6?
2460
What does a company need to get from IANA in order for its devices to connect to the Internet?
A global routing prefix block.
What is the command for checking settings on MAC OS?
>ifconfig
What are the ping and traceroute commands for MAC OS and Linux?
>ping6 'iv6 address; >traceroute6 'ipv6 address'
What is the difference between a network route and a host route?
A network route is destined for a particular subnet and ends in /64 in the configuration, and a host route is destined for a specific device on a subnet and ends /128 in the configuration.
How many bits does a single hexadecimal digit represent in an IPv6 address?
A single hexadecimal digit represents four binary bits.
Which two types of IPv6 addresses does every IPv6 enabled interface have?
A unicast address and a Solicited Node-Multicast Address.
How do you notate the Subnet ID and prefix length from an IPv6 address?
Copy the prefix and subnet portions and turn the host portion to all 0s
Use extended ping to ping an IPv6 address.
Device#ping Protocol [ip]: ipv6 Target IPv6 Address: 'ipv6 address' Repeat count [5]: Datagram size [100]: timeout in seconds [2]: Extended commands? [no]: yes Source address or interface: GigabitEthernet0/0
The concept of running both IPv4 and IPv6 on the same network during a gradual migration to IPv6
Dual Stack Routing.
A protocol used for detecting duplicate IPv6 addresses.
Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
Describe the Global Routing Prefix assigning process.
IANA: 2001::/16 > ARIN: 2001:0DB8::/32 > ISP: 2001:0DB8:1111::/48 > Company 1. IANA gives ARIN the entire 2001::/16 global routing prefix to assign to ISPs. 2. ARIN gives the that 2001::/16 address space to an ISP, with a unique block in the second section i.e. 2001:0DB8::/32 3. The ISP then gives a company the address space of 2001:0DB8::/32 starting with a unique block in the third section. i.e: 2001:0DB8:1111::/48 4. The Comany can now begin assigning globally unique IPv6 addresses as long as they all start with the same prefix of 2001:0DB8:1111::48.
What are the three common IPv4 to IPv6 migration strategies?
IPv4 tunnels to IPv6 islands. NAT Protocol Translation Dual-stack routing.
A type of IPv6 address that is assigned to companies in blocks with Internet-routable prefixes which are then subnetted into multiple Internet-routable addresses.
IPv6 Global Unicast Address.
A special kind of IPv6 unicast address local only to its subnet and that cannot be routed outside of that subnet.
IPv6 Link Local address
A single IPv6 Global Unicast address that is assigned to more than one Interface and the result being that a packet sent to that address is sent to the nearest device to which that address is assigned.
IPv6 Router Anycast Address
What kind of IPv6 address would the address 2001:0DB8:1111::/48 if it was assigned to more than one Interface?
IPv6 Router Anycast Address.
Which type of IPv6 address was originally intended to be the equivalent of IPv4 private addresses, but has been removed in favor of the IPV6 Unique Local address?
IPv6 Site Local Address.
The initial IPv6 address that an IPv6 interface uses as its source IPv6 address before it has been configured with a unicast address or has learned from through DHCP or SLAAC
IPv6 Uknown address ::
A type of IPv6 address that comes from a block of addresses that are only locally unique to the network and do not need to be be registered with IANA.
IPv6 Unique Local Address.
The IPv6 equivalent to the IPv4 subnet ID
IPv6 prefix
What do you call the host portion of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address?
Interface ID.
What kind of number is the /'number' IPv6 prefix expressing? and what is the possible range?
It is the number of binary bits in the subnet portion of the IPv6 address. It can range from 1 - 128
An NDP message type that is send as a response to a NS message, listing information about the node including its MAC address. It is sent either to the unicast address of a node that sent a NS message, or as an unsolicited message to the IPv6 All-Hosts local scope multicast address FF02::1
Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message
An NDS pair of messages that are the equivalent of an ARP request and reply for IPv6.
Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA)
This protocol and this particular message type replaces the role of ARP in IPv6
Neighbor Solicitation message with Network Discovery Protocol (NDP)
What is the prefix and subnet ID length for the IPv6 address: 2001:0DB8:1111 | 0001 | 0000:0000:0000:0001?
Prefix length: /48 Subnet prefix length: /64
Which RFC defines IPv6 Unique Local Addresses?
RFC 4193
This type of NDP message is sent either unsolicited to the local-scope All IPv6 Hosts multicast address FF02::1, or to a unicast address as a response to a Router Solicitation message. It lists facts about the sending router, including its Link Local IPv6 address.
Router Advertisement (RA) message.
The concept whereby hosts learn the IPv6 address of the available IPv6 routers on the same subnet, using NDP messages.
Router Discovery.
A type of NDP message that is sent to the local-scope All IPv6 Routers multicast address FF02::2 asking all of the routers on the local link to identify themselves.
Router Solicitation (RS) message.
Which show command can you use to confirm the prefix length of an IPv6 address configured on a router interface?
Router#show ipv6 interface 'interface'
What are the common IPv6 address troubleshooting commands?
Router#show ipv6 interface 'interface' (displays detailed information about the IPv6 address and settings on the specified interface, including the prefix length) Router#show ipv6 brief (displays a brief overview of all IPv6 address assigned interfaces on the fouter, but no prefix length information) Router#show ipv6 route connected (displays connected IPv6 routes)
What are the comm IPv6 troubleshooting commands?
Router#show ipv6 neighbors (displays neighboring IPv6 routers, interfaces, and agees) Router#show ipv6 routers (displays other IPv6 routers in the same LAN) Router#show ipv6 route local
Display the particular destination that a configured route will forward traffic to.
Router#show ipv6 route 'route'
Display only the static routes in the IPv6 routing table
Router#show ipv6 route static
Configure a DHCPv6 relay agent.
Router(config)#interface 'interface' Router(config-if)#ipv6 dhcp relay destination 'dchpv6 remote server ipv6 address' Router(config-if)#end Router#show ipv6 interface 'interface' Router#copy running-config startup-config
Configure an IPv6 default route through SLAAC
Router(config)#ipv6 address autoconfig default
Configure an IPv6 static host route.
Router(config)#ipv6 route 'destination ipv6 address'/128 'local exit interface' AND/OR 'next hop ipv6 unicast address' Router(config)#exit Router#show ipv6 route Router#show ipv6 route static Router#show ipv6 route 'route' Router#copy running-config startup-config
Configure an IPv6 static route
Router(config)#ipv6 route 'ipv6 address'/64 'local exit interface' AND/OR 'unicast ipv6 address of next hop interface' Router(config)#exit Router#show ipv6 route static Router#show ipv6 route Router#show ipv6 route 'route' Router#copy running-config startup-config
Configure an IPv6 default route
Router(config)#ipv6 route ::/0 'interface' Router(config)#exit Router#show ipv6 route Router#show ipv6 route static Router#show ipv6 route 'route' Router#copy running-config startup-config
Enable IPv6 on a router.
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
Configure a IPv6 static unicast address using the EUI-64 method?
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing Router(config)#interface 'interface' Router(config-if)#ipv6 address 'first half of ipv6 address'/64 eui-4 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#end Router#show ipv6 interface brief Router#show ipv6 interface 'interface' Router#copy running-config startup-config
What kind of IPv6 address fulfill the following functions? Subnet-wide Local network-wide Internet-wide
Subnet: Link Local Network: Unique Local Internet: Global Unicast
Configure a IPv6 static full address on an interface.
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing Router(config)#interface 'interface' Router(config-if)#ipv6 address 'ipv6 full address'/64 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#end Router#show ipv6 interface brief (does not display prefix length) Router#show ipv6 interface 'interface' (displays detailed information including prefix length) Router#copy running-config startup-config
Configure a router interface to learn an IPv6 address via SLAAC.
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing Router(config)#interface 'interface' Router(config-if)#ipv6 address autoconfig Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#end Router#show ipv6 interface brief Router#show ipv6 interface 'interface' Router#copy running-config startup-config
Configure a router interface to learn an IPv6 address via DHCP
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing Router(config)#interface 'interface' Router(config-if)#ipv6 address dhcp Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#end Router#show ipv6 interface brief Router#show ipv6 interface 'interface' Router#copy running-config startup-config
What commands enable IPv6 globally and on a specific interface?
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable
Configure a floating IPv6 static route
Router(config-if)#ipv6 route 'destination ipv6 address/64' 'local exit interface' AND/OR 'next hope interface ip address' 'administrative distance' Router(config-if)#end Router#show ipv6 route Router#show ipv6 route 'route' Router#copy running-config startup-config
Describe the Stateful DHCPv6 process.
Solicit > Advertise > Request > Reply
A type of multicast address that is enabled on each IPv6 enabled interface.
Solicited-Node Multicast address.
Which two methods to IPv6 end devices use to dynamically learn an IPv6 address?
Stateful DHCP and SLAAC
What is the difference between Stateful and Sateless DHCP?
Stateful DHCP keeps track of which client has which IPv6 address leased to it and needs a DHCP server to work, and Stateless DHCP does not.
What is the biggest difference between Stateful DHCPv6 and DHCP for IPv4?
Stateful DHCPv6 does not supply the default router information because the host learns about that through NDP.
A protocol that allows an IPv6 enabled interface to automatically learn an IPv6 address using NDP messages, and does not require any stateful dhcp server to work..
Stateless Auto Configuration (SLAAC)
A static route destined to a specific IP Address rather than a subnet..
Static host route..
In an IPv6 address, what does /'number' indicate after the IP address?
The IPv6 prefix, which is equivalent to the IPv4 subnet ID.
When a node sends a Neighbor Solicitation message to ask for the destination node's MAC address, where does it send the message?
The Solicited-Node Multicast address associated with the destination node.
When a node sends a message to a neighbor's Solicited-Node Multicast address, what must match on the destination node for it to process the message?
The last six hex digits of the address.
What information does a Stateful DHCPv6 server advertise to a requesting host?
Unicast address, prefix length, and DNS servers.
Describe the IPv6 header
Version: 4 bits. This = 6. Traffic class: 8 bits. Flow label: 20 bits. Payload length: 16 bit unsigned integer. Next header: 8 bit selector. Identifies the type of header that will follow the IPv6 header. Hop limit: 8 bit unsigned integer. Source address: 128 bits. Destination address: 128 bits.
How do you view a host's NDP table?
Windows: >netsh interface ipv6 neighbors Linux: >ip -6 neighbor show MAC OS: >ndp -an
In an IPv6 address, how many times you can you remove the leading zeroes of all sections, and how many times can you completely eliminate two or more consecutive sections of all 0s and replace them with ::?
You can remove leading zeroes as many times as you want, and can eliminate subsequent sections of all 0s one time per address.