IMPERIALISM TEST 2023

PASSAGE THREE Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to

European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies

Which of the following resulted from Europe's expansion overseas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

European countries acquired colonies and dominated world trade.

PASSAGE ONE In the late 1800s, attitudes such as the one expressed in the passage had contributed most directly to which of the following?

European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies

PASSAGE ONE The founding of "the Australian nation," as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes?

European states' establishment of settler colonies

"Extraterritoriality" can best be described as which of the following?

Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live

PASSAGE EIGHT The author's statement that descendants of Italian emigrants "ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers" most directly refers to which of the following aspects of nineteenth-century migration?

Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies.

Which of the following was among the first results of the European Industrial Revolution in other parts of the world?

Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil

Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species?

It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples.

PICTURE THREE

JAPANESE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1890-1975

PICTURE FOUR In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the

Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing

Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century?

Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

PICTURE TWO

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857

PASSAGE FOUR A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti's lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?

Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.

PASSAGE THREE

"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953

SHORT PASSAGE ONE

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869

Which of the following best characterizes Western imperialist expansion in the late nineteenth century?

An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time

Which of the following is a similarity between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century?

Both were attracted by employment opportunities.

PASSAGE ELEVEN b) Explain ONE way in which the historical situation of the late nineteenth century might have affected the vision of Africa's future outlined by the author in the third paragraph.

During the late nineteenth century, most Europeans took it for granted that their military, technological, and industrial advantages made them the natural masters of the whole world and a superior race, which clearly influenced Reade's vision for the future of Africa.

PICTURE SIX (JAPANESE CURRENCY) Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving?

The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.

PASSAGE SIX In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following?

The concept of the civilizing mission

SHORT PASSAGE ONE A historian interpreting the policies advocated for in the passage would most likely argue that they are best explained in the context of which of the following?

The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies

PASSAGE TWO The trade described in the passage is best seen as an early example of which of the following?

The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states

In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in both Africa and China was characterized by

competition among imperialist powers

PASSAGE SIX The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century

justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions

PASSAGE FOUR The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage

omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

PASSAGE EIGHT Martini's argument in the second paragraph most clearly refers to the late-nineteenth-century belief that imperialism was a useful way to

relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries

PASSAGE EIGHT Italian and German imperial presence in Africa were similar in that both countries

were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers

SHORT ANSWER PASSAGE c) Explain ONE reason why historians in the late twentieth century reinterpreted Western imperialism in the way that von Laue does in the second and third paragraphs of the passage.

· As countries became independent from Western rule, historians from those countries could reassert the importance of their own histories and places in the world.

SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE a) Identify ONE continuity in the political systems of South or Southeast Asia in the period 1750-1900.

· Many rulers in India and Southeast Asia continued to rule by allying themselves with European powers.

PASSAGE FIVE

"Historically, economic motives have always loomed large in the process of empire building. Every student of African history concedes the primacy of economic interests in the rise of the great empires during Africa's golden age [circa 900-1400]. The historical explanations of their decline and fall have always had a strong economic orientation, but the correlation between economics and the rise and fall of empires is not a phenomenon peculiar to African history: it is a general historical phenomenon. Since the beginning of history, Africa has faced an assortment of foreign conquerors all initially driven by stories of its enormous wealth—real or imaginary—to invade the continent. Whether similar impulses drove the European conquerors of Africa in the nineteenth century has been the subject of great historical debate. . . . Economic factors, social conditions, and politics are delicately connected. The historian who discusses the one in isolation of the others does so at his peril." Godfrey Uzoigwe, Nigerian historian, Britain and the Conquest of Africa, 1974 Question

PASSAGE TWO

"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in

SHORT ANSWER PASSAGE

"While the world revolution of Westernization [after 1850] created a political world order radically different from all past human experience, it also disrupted the non-Western societies constituting the bulk of humanity. . . . The Westerners with their sense of mission also introduced their education. Along the way [Western-educated intellectuals from non-Western societies] soon acquired a taste for the dominant ideals of the West, especially the liberal plea for equality, freedom, and self-determination and the socialists' cry for social justice for all exploited and oppressed peoples and classes. . . . Inevitably, the non-Western intellectuals turned their lessons to their own use. The ideals of freedom and self-determination justified protests over the humiliation of their countries and cultures. As a result of their Westernization they became anti-Western nationalists, caught in a love-hate attitude toward the West. . . . The world revolution of Westernization perpetuated inequality and ruinous cultural subversion while at the same time improving the material conditions of life." Theodore von Laue, historian, The World Revolution of Westernization, 1987

"We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity — this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful opium is to humans. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all other, not to China!" Qing government commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1839 In the passage above, Lin Zexu is asking that the British do which of the following?

Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China

PASSAGE ONE Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements?

Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.

PICTURE FIVE (TRADE ROUTES) The trade patterns shown on the map above depict

British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century

PASSAGE NINE As illustrated by the passage, which of the following best explains the persistence of slavery in some parts of the Americas into the late nineteenth century?

Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations' economies.

Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century? Responses

China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces.

PASSAGE TWELVE Based on the third paragraph, Stanley's vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments?

Economic imperialism

PASSAGE FIVE Which of the following best describes the author's main argument in the passage? a) European imperialism in the nineteenth century can be explained exclusively through economic factors. b) The economic explanation of the rise of empires in Africa is incorrect. c) The economic explanation for the rise and fall of empires is more useful in studying African history than it is for studying other world regions. d) Economic motives explain much of the motivation for imperial expansion in Africa but cannot be entirely separated from other motives.

Economic motives explain much of the motivation for imperial expansion in Africa but cannot be entirely separated from other motives.

Which of the following facilitated European expansion in Asia in the nineteenth century?

Europe's development of new military technologies

PICTURE TWO The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa? Responses

European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

Between 1750 and 1900, which of the following industrializing states created an empire?

Japan

Which of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914 ?

Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans.

PASSAGE ONE Pearson's argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies?

Social Darwinism

PASSAGE TEN Based on the passage, it can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century international relations were increasingly perceived as being governed by

Social Darwinism and international power politics

MAPS(1 AND 2) During the nineteenth century, which of the following most directly motivated the major expansion of imperial territories in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 ?

The desire to extract resources and raw materials

PASSAGE SEVEN The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following?

The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by

coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements

PASSAGE FOUR The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why

social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

PICTURE ONE The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of

the Industrial Revolution

PASSAGE 11

"Africa shall be redeemed. Her children shall perform this mighty work. Her swamps shall be drained; her deserts shall be watered by canals; her forests shall be reduced to firewood. Her children shall do all this. In this amiable task, they may possibly suffer and even perish. We must learn to look on this result with composure. It illustrates the beneficent law of Nature that the weak must be devoured by the strong. But a grateful posterity will cherish their memories. When the future British residents of Timbuktu have their tea gardens in the oases of the Sahara; when hotels and tour guides are established at the sources of the Nile; when it becomes fashionable to go yachting on the lakes of the Great African Plateau; when European noblemen build their country houses in Central Africa, complete with elephant parks and hippopotamus ponds, then young English ladies sitting in their hammocks under palm trees will read with tears in their eyes The Last of the Africans,* and the Niger will become as romantic a river as any in Europe." *an allusion to the 1826 novel The Last of the Mohicans by United States writer James Fenimore Cooper Winwood Reade, British explorer, Savage Africa, book published in 1864

PASSAGE TEN

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Question

PASSAGE EIGHT

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 Question

PASSAGE TWELVE

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free St

PASSAGE ONE

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

PASSAGE SIX

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883

PASSAGE FOUR

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876

PASSAGE NINE

"We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . . The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: 'No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;' 'The law shall apply equally to every person;' 'Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,' etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and, if need be, the army and navy employed to force enslaved men, women, and children to work night and day without any compensation. To admit this in the highest law of the land would reduce the list of Brazilian freedoms to a transparent fraud. For this reason the Constitution does not even mention slaves or attempt to regulate their status." Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian writer and political activist, Abolitionism, book published 1883 Question

PASSAGE SEVEN

"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012

MAPS(1 AND 2) The division of islands such as Borneo, New Guinea, and Timor on both maps best reflects which of the following?

Conquest by and competition between colonial empires

PASSAGE SIX The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments?

European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power

PASSAGE TWELVE The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of

Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production

Which of the following describes the major impact of the introduction of coffee growing in places like Kenya and El Salvador after 1880 ? A The end of taxes paid to the government in cash B The weakening of the European colonial military and landowning elite C Access to cheaper food for Africans and Latin Americans D Increased control over the land by Africans and Latin Americans E Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

PICTURE THREE Which of the following was the most direct political consequence of Japan's attempts to sustain the economic trend shown in the table for the period 1930-1938 ?

Japan engaged in imperial expansion to acquire access to raw materials.

PICTURE TWO The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following?

Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers

"The yellow and white races which are to be found on the globe have been endowed by nature with intelligence and fighting capacity. They are fundamentally incapable of giving way to each other. Hence, glowering and poised for a fight, they have engaged in battle in the world of evolution, the great arena where strength and intelligence have clashed since earliest times, the great theater where for so long natural selection and progress have been played out." The quotation above by an early-twentieth-century Chinese revolutionary illustrates the influence of

Social Darwinism

PICTURE TWO The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century?

Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.

SHORT PASSAGE ONE On a global scale, the implementation of the types of policies that Rivett-Carnac advocated for in the passage is most significant in that it directly led to the

growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule

PASSAGE TWELVE Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to

place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

PASSAGE TWO A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade Responses

shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China

SHORT ANSWER PASSAGE a) Identify ONE non-Western nationalist leader whose actions might be used to illustrate the author's argument in the passage.

· Mao Zedong was influenced by Western ideas of socialism and led revolutionary movements, thereby supporting the author's argument about non-Western nationalist leaders.

SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE b) Identify ONE change in the political systems of South or Southeast Asia in the period 1750-1900.

· One change in India was that the Mughal Empire collapsed.

SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE c) Explain ONE way in which changes in the global economy led to changes in the political systems of South or Southeast Asia in the period 1750-1900.

· One reason that the political systems of South and Southeast Asia changed was the expansion and evolution of European empires.

PASSAGE ELEVEN c) Explain ONE way in which Europeans in the late nineteenth century attempted to transform the point of view expressed in the passage from being a vision for the future of Africa to being a historical reality.

· Reade's belief in the superiority of Europeans and the inferiority of Africans was shared by many late-nineteenth-century Europeans and was reflected in European attempts to transform their subject peoples into a semicivilized servant class for the benefit of their European masters.

SHORT ANSWER PASSAGE b) Explain ONE way in which the "world revolution of Westernization" identified by von Laue in the passage disrupted non-Western societies.

· Westernization led to imperialism and the destruction of traditional political and economic systems in many non-Western countries.

PASSAGE ELEVEN a) Explain ONE ideology that the author uses to justify imperialism in the passage.

· Winwood Reade uses Social Darwinism to justify the complete European subjugation and transformation of Africa. For instance, Reade states that the "law of Nature" means "that the weak must be devoured by the strong." He even suggests that African culture would completely disappear the way the Mohican culture in North America disappeared.