India

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Caste System

1. Brahmin 2. Kshatrijas 3. Vaishya 4. Sudra 5. Untouchables (Dalitas): a social class that a person belongs to by birth.

Himalyas

A high mountain range that extends through northern India, southern Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan.

subcontinent

A large landmass that juts out from a continent

Mohandas Gandhi

A leader who used nonviolence to oppose the British rule of India.

missionary

A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others

convert

A person who turns from one religion or set of beliefs to another

Avatar

A representation of a Hindu god or goddess in human or animal form.

Brahman

A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything

Monsoon

A strong wind that blows across East Asia at certain times of the year

Harappan Civilization

Ancient Indian culture, dating back to 2500 B.C., that included the people of the entire Indus River region.

Chandragupta Maurya

Indian military leader who first unified India and founded the Mauryan Empire

Mahenjo-Daro

Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization; Had water systems, citadel, grain house, and sewage systems

Nirvana

The lasting peace that Buddhist seek by giving up selfish desires

Dharma

The religious and moral duties of the Hindus

meditation

To focus the mind inward in order to find spiritual awareness

migrate

To move from one place to settle in another

the Buddha

a founder of Buddhism, born an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama

Aryan

a member of an Indo-European people who crossed into India around 1500 B.C.

Inoculation

a method of injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help him or her build up defenses to a disease

alloy

a mixture of two or more metals

Jainism

a nonviolent religion based on the teachings of Mahavira

Hinduism

a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms.

Buddhism

a religion that began in India and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama

seal

a stamped image with images of humans and animals

Siddhartha Gautama

an Indian prince who founded Buddhism; also known as Buddha.

Sanskrit

ancient India's most important language, on which the Hindi language is based

Indus Rivers

flows from the Himalayas and is located mainly in present-day Pakistan, is one cradle of ancient Indian civilization.

Marhavira

founder of Jainism who taught four basic nonviolent principles to follow

Fasting

going without food

Karma

in Hindu belief, the sum of a person's actions in this life, which determine his or her fate in the next life. The law of cause and effect

Sikhism

monotheistic religion founded in India in the 1400s

Ahimsa

nonviolence

Samskara

rites of passage to prepare a person for an event or next stage in life

Chandra Gupta II

ruler who brought great prosperity and stability to India

Guru Nanak

teacher whose ideas became the basis of the religion called Sikhism

nonviolence

the avoidance of violent actions

Asoka

the greatest Maurya king, whose reign began in 269 B.C.

Hindu-Arabic numerals

the numerals used in the U.S. and western Europe, which originated in India.

Reincarnation

the rebirth of a soul in another living being most often another human being.

metallargy

the science of working with metals

astronomy

the study of stars and planets

The Ganges River

used for transportation, and today it is an important source of hydroelectric power.


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