Industrial revolution

James Hargreaves

A British man who invented the Spinning Jenny in 1768

Richard Arkwright

A British man who invented the water frame and became the most wealthy and successful textile manufacturer in the early I.R.

Cottage Industry

A business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home

Agricultural Revolution

A period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe

Assembly Line

A series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled

The Communist Manifesto

A small book by Marx and Engles calling for revolution by proletariat

John Stuart Mill

Advocate of Utilitarianism

Bessemer Process

An industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

Cult of Domesticity

Believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home; be more religious, pure, and submissive

Otto Von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany; a conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire

Bourgeoisie

Class the owns and directs means of production; factory owners

Raw Materials

Coal, iron, steel, cotton

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Completed in 1900 and produced steel, coal, and iron

Division of Labor

Dividing a job into many specialized parts, with a single worker or a few workers assigned to each part

Capitalism

Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

Liverpool

Emerging as one of the chief centers of cotton and slave trade

Monopoly

Exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service

Means of Production

Facilities and resources for producing goods

Steamship

First being the Clermont, built by American inventor Robert Fulton in 1807

Friedrich Engels

German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman who founded Marxist theory

Urbanization

Government used to let Brit farmers work gov land, this ended and farmer's were forced to go to cities for jobs

Manchester

Had a boom in textile manufacturing

Laissez-Faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

Interchangeable parts

If a part of something breaks than it can be replaced and there's no need for skilled workers to make a new part

Utopia

Imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect

Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves and allowed spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities in which eight threads are spun at one time

Steam Engine

Invented by James Watt in 1765; used coal to make steam which powered machines, transportation was quicker/more powerful

Water Frame

Invented by Richard Arkwright; a machine that increased yarn production with minimal human supervision

James Watt

Invented the steam engine

2nd Industrial Revolution

Late 19th to early 20th; steel, chemicals (kerosene from oil which led to the internal combustion engine which led to automobiles and planes), electronics (telephone, wireless radio)

Corporations

Legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners

Seed Drill

Machine that planted seeds in rows and at a proper depth

Industrial Revolution

Movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture

Seaways

On the Atlantic Ocean for Britain, great for importing raw materials and exporting finished goods

Fossil Fuel

Organic, carbon based fuels found in Earth's crust that have formed over mya such as coal and oil

Labor Unions

Originally hated by owners and eventually grew in numbers and strength; fought for overtime pay, five day work weeks, and total hour work limit

Captains of Industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Eli Whitney

Patented the cotton gin in 1798 and interchangeable parts

Crop Rotation

Planting different types of crops in order to preserve soil

Putting Out System

Production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others

White-Collar

Professional/clercial work

Consumerism

Protection or promotion of the interests of consumers

Tenement

Room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments

The Wealth of Nations

Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith's book

Human Capital

Skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country

Working Class

Social group consisting of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work

Socialism

Society, not individuals should own all property and industry; disliked capitalism

Protestant Work Ethic

Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group

Slums

Squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people

Factory System

System of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments; contrasted with putting out system

Industrialization

The process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods

Utilitarianism

Things that were good for the greatest number of people; labor unions, child labor laws, safe working conditions

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing

Enclosure Movement

Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land

Proletariat

Working class

Karl Marx

Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels and divided society into two classes; proletariat and bourgeoisie

Adam Smith

Wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776; loved capitalism and laissez-faire government policies

Stockholders

shareholder

Stock Market

stock exchange

Communism

system in which the gov controls the economy