Industrial revolution
James Hargreaves
A British man who invented the Spinning Jenny in 1768
Richard Arkwright
A British man who invented the water frame and became the most wealthy and successful textile manufacturer in the early I.R.
Cottage Industry
A business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home
Agricultural Revolution
A period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe
Assembly Line
A series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled
The Communist Manifesto
A small book by Marx and Engles calling for revolution by proletariat
John Stuart Mill
Advocate of Utilitarianism
Bessemer Process
An industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities
Cult of Domesticity
Believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home; be more religious, pure, and submissive
Otto Von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany; a conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
Bourgeoisie
Class the owns and directs means of production; factory owners
Raw Materials
Coal, iron, steel, cotton
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Completed in 1900 and produced steel, coal, and iron
Division of Labor
Dividing a job into many specialized parts, with a single worker or a few workers assigned to each part
Capitalism
Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
Liverpool
Emerging as one of the chief centers of cotton and slave trade
Monopoly
Exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service
Means of Production
Facilities and resources for producing goods
Steamship
First being the Clermont, built by American inventor Robert Fulton in 1807
Friedrich Engels
German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman who founded Marxist theory
Urbanization
Government used to let Brit farmers work gov land, this ended and farmer's were forced to go to cities for jobs
Manchester
Had a boom in textile manufacturing
Laissez-Faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs
Interchangeable parts
If a part of something breaks than it can be replaced and there's no need for skilled workers to make a new part
Utopia
Imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect
Spinning Jenny
Invented by James Hargreaves and allowed spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities in which eight threads are spun at one time
Steam Engine
Invented by James Watt in 1765; used coal to make steam which powered machines, transportation was quicker/more powerful
Water Frame
Invented by Richard Arkwright; a machine that increased yarn production with minimal human supervision
James Watt
Invented the steam engine
2nd Industrial Revolution
Late 19th to early 20th; steel, chemicals (kerosene from oil which led to the internal combustion engine which led to automobiles and planes), electronics (telephone, wireless radio)
Corporations
Legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners
Seed Drill
Machine that planted seeds in rows and at a proper depth
Industrial Revolution
Movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture
Seaways
On the Atlantic Ocean for Britain, great for importing raw materials and exporting finished goods
Fossil Fuel
Organic, carbon based fuels found in Earth's crust that have formed over mya such as coal and oil
Labor Unions
Originally hated by owners and eventually grew in numbers and strength; fought for overtime pay, five day work weeks, and total hour work limit
Captains of Industry
Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power
Eli Whitney
Patented the cotton gin in 1798 and interchangeable parts
Crop Rotation
Planting different types of crops in order to preserve soil
Putting Out System
Production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others
White-Collar
Professional/clercial work
Consumerism
Protection or promotion of the interests of consumers
Tenement
Room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments
The Wealth of Nations
Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith's book
Human Capital
Skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country
Working Class
Social group consisting of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
Socialism
Society, not individuals should own all property and industry; disliked capitalism
Protestant Work Ethic
Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group
Slums
Squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people
Factory System
System of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments; contrasted with putting out system
Industrialization
The process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods
Utilitarianism
Things that were good for the greatest number of people; labor unions, child labor laws, safe working conditions
Capital
Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing
Enclosure Movement
Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
Proletariat
Working class
Karl Marx
Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels and divided society into two classes; proletariat and bourgeoisie
Adam Smith
Wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776; loved capitalism and laissez-faire government policies
Stockholders
shareholder
Stock Market
stock exchange
Communism
system in which the gov controls the economy