Infant and Child Development Exam 2 Ingate
what are two ways babies can shift their attention for self-soothing?
-look away, suck thumb -older infant may have a comfort object
What is the first sub-stage of the sensorimotor development?
-reflexive schemes (birth- 1 month
What is Rothbart's first dimension of temperament?
Activity level
What is the Violation-of-Expectation method?
Assesses infants' knowledge of physical reality based on their attention to expected or unexpected events
Learning to communicate pt 1
Attending to speech and gesture
What is Rothbart's second dimension of temperament?
Attention span/ persistence
Learning to communicate pt 2
Beginning to voluntarily produce sound
Social environmental influenced food choices pt 1
Children imitate food choices of people they admire
Social environmental influenced food choices pt 5
Children living in poverty may lack access to sufficient high-quality food
Bowlby's third phase of attachment?
Clear-cut attachment
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 5
Connectivity between the hemispheres increases
what theories posit experience expectant specialized learning modules?
Core-knowledge
Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 2
Goodness of fit of parenting to needs and characteristics of child
What started in the 1970's?
Many researchers challenged Piaget's theory
What is sub-stage #2
Primary circular reaction: (1-4 months)
Bowlby's fourth phase of attachment?
Reciprocal relationships
Object permanence?
Renèe Baillargeon's studies found evidence that it is present in the first few months of life
What are possible explanations for infantile amnesia
Repression, immaturity of the hippocampus, and insufficient vocabulary to verbally encode events
Which researchers studied age related changes in basic processes?
Rovee-Collier at Rutgers, Newcombe at Temple
What is the fifth sub-stage?
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
Gross motor skills
coordinated activity of limbs and trunks, head
What is the third sub-stage?
coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months)
Accommodation
creating new schemes or adjusting old ones to respond more effectively to new challenges/stimuli/situations
_____ affect what attachment looks like
culture and individual circumstances
Simcock & Hayne "magic shrinking machine" study
Verbal recall depended on earlier vocabulary
Children need what for everyday play
appropriate play spaces and equipment
epiphyses
areas of cartilage, where new bone is formed, that will ultimately harden/ calcify into bone that stops growing longer
John Bowlby
attachment theory
Bowlby's second phase of attachment?
attachment-in-the-making
What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 2
attention to novelty declines
Animistic thinking
attributing intention, and animate characteristics to natural inanimate things
_____ disappears as body lengthens and widens
baby pot bells
What did Piaget believe about the Sensorimotor stage?
believed the very young infant had no capability of mental representation of its experience
Adaptation
building schemes through direct interaction with with the environment
Daily routines support____
development of fine-motor skills
At 2-6 representations of the self become ____ and _____
differentiated, integrated
Adults who use a _____ style during shared experiences also typically do not scaffold remembering events and sequences
directive
Metacognition at age 2
display clearer grasp of others' emotional and desires; mother's use of mental-state verbs helps
What is Rothbart's sixth dimension of temperament?
effortful control
Adults who use an _____ style of conversation add information as events unfold, ask questions, draw children's attention to specific things, ask sequential questions about past events, leading to better recall and more organized and detailed personal stories
elaborative
Growth norms for one population are not good standards for children _____
elsewhere in the world
Social environmental influenced food choices pt 3
emotional climate at mealtimes has a powerful impact
Basic memory processes are
encoding, retention, and retrieval
How can you use joint attention? part 1
encouraging babies' current interest
Early habits often become
enduring habits
Social climate created by adults can _______ or ________ motor development
enhance, dampen
General systems consolidation
events encoded in cortical areas repeatedly activated together or in sequence
Most motor skills are best mastered through
everyday play
Components of what are closely interrelated and contribute vitally to academic and social skills
executive function
What is adult memory frequently characterized in terms of?
explicit or declarative memory (semantic and episodic), implicit or procedural memory, working memory
What are tertiary circular reactions?
exploring objects by acting on them in novel ways
Phase 1 of concept formation in infancy
familiarization to the point of habituation
What is Rothbart's third dimension of temperament?
fearful distress
Sensorimotor stage is how long?
first two years of life
What is centration
focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event
Vygotsky's private speech
foundation for all higher cognitive processes
Tool use in problem solving emerges _______
gradually
Daily vigorous play improves...
gross motor skills
Sleep is essential for
growth and cognitive development and performance
Internal working model of attachment
guides interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages
What is the Violation-of-Expectation method? pt 2
habituate them to one event, test with two versions of the event
Otis media (inner ear infections) can compromise
hearing and language development
scripts
help children interpret and predict everyday experiences and assist in recall, make-believe play and planning
Examples of fine motor skills
holding a spoon, feeding oneself, cutting with a knife, tying bows, buttoning, zipping, drawing
What are "operations" referring to
identity, reversibility, compensation
What are secondary circular reactions?
imitation of familiar behaviors and interesting effects; no understanding of object permanence
Konrad Lorenz
imprinting
When is private speech used more and in a longer period of time
in children with learning problems
Individual variability is evident when
in infancy
Infantile amnesia
inability to recall events before age 2.5 to 3
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 1
increases to 90% of its adult weight
Emotional self-regulation pt 1
infant feelings can become too intense- parents' job is to regulate the environment to reduce stimulation and soothe the baby
What happens in the Sensorimotor stage pt 3.
infant receives kinesthetic, somatosensory and other sensory feedback from it's reflex responses
Retention times are longer as
infants and toddlers mature
retrieval times are shorter as
infants and toddlers mature
Executive function
infants gradually improve in attentional control and the speed at which they take in information
Semantic memory
information removed from the context in which it was first learned that has become part of your general knowledge base
Preschoolers gain steadily in ability to ____ impulses and focus on a competing goal
inhibit
Skeletal changes in early childhood
new epiphyses appear
What is symbolic representation
one thing stands for another
cooing
open vowel sounds... ooo, eee, aah (6 weeks to 2 months)
What types of experiences are involved in changes in the efficiency of basic processes?
ordinary social experience, movement experience, exploratory and play experience
Hierarchical classification
organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences
Schemes
organized ways of making sense of/ responding to experience
Learning to communicate pt 5
over extension
Learning to communicate pt 6
over-regularization of rules
Phase 3 of concept formation in infancy
overall shape
Risk factors for insecure attachment pt 1
parental insensitivity and intrusiveness
Risk factors for insecure attachment pt 2
parental low responsiveness to bids for attention
Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 1
parenting matters
Where specific patterns of emotion expression are culturally valued...
parenting practices socialize different patterns of child behavior
Semantic memory grows as ? pt 3
parents read picture books, books about categories of things, animals, places, jobs
What actions may be helpful in facilitating learning
parents slowly describing what they are doing, in routine infant care; describing interesting objects and events even though these may be beyond the baby's capacity to understand
What is egocentrism
perceiving only one's own view point
Eating behavior: As children approach age 2, many become
picky eaters
Trait attributions affect
play choices
What is Rothbart's fifth dimension of temperament?
positive affect
Hereditary determines
possible range of height
Magical thinking
power of wishing, acceptance of magic tricks
Phase 2 of concept formation in infancy
preference test with an instance of a new category and new instance of familiar category
Logic often fails for the.....
preoperational child
Centration and irreversibility are seen in
preoperational children's lack of hierarchical classification
Scribbling is common in
preschoolers
Learning to communicate pt 4
producing first word approximations (1 year)
how can you use joint attention? part 2
prompting the child to stay focused, elaborating on details
Zone of proximal development
range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners
Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 5
reactive parenting and overly protective parenting are NOT good fits to the needs of the child
Metacognition at age 4
realize that both beliefs and desires determine behavior, become aware of false beliefs
Metacognition at age 3
realize that thinking is internal but focuses only on behavior consistent with desires
Neonates learn to
recognize faces, learn conditioned responses, and learn operant responses
Learning to communicate pt 3
recognizing words, own name, baby, Momma, Daddy, bottle, nurse (4 months)
Predictable bedtime routines
reduce problems
Pituitary gland
releases two hormones that induce growth, GH and TSH
Social environmental influenced food choices pt 2
repeated, unpressured exposure increases acceptance
what are circular reactions?
repeating chance behaviors
Social environmental influenced food choices pt 4
restricting foods and pushing food choices both have negative impact
What is the second sub-stage?
sensory circular reactions(4-8 months)
what are the types of transient memory?
sensory storage and short-term memory
when babies have extensive child care experience
separation anxiety and stranger anxiety MAY be weakened
When babies have a care-taking community
separation anxiety and stranger anxiety are weakened
Preschoolers should spend how much time in a day on child-directed play
several hours
Balance and coordination improve as body proportion...
shift
What are primary circular reactions?
simple motor habits centered around the infant's own body
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory:
social and cultural contexts affect the structures of children's cognitive worlds
At 2-6 Child's shape becomes more
streamlined
Scaffolding
support in tasks in their zone of proximal development
What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 3
sustained attention improves
What is the ability to understand and produce words?
symbolic understanding
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 3
synaptic pruning and apoptosis of some neurons
Flexible shifting of attention improves during__________ and gains continue in middle school
the preschool years
Metacognition
thinking about thought
planning
thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time and performing them accordingly to reach a goal
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory: pt 2
through joint activities with more mature members of society, children learn to think and act in ways important to their culture
What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 1
toddlers become increasingly capable of intentional behavior
What happens to private speech as children get older
turns silent and becomes inner speech
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 2
undergoes reshaping and refining
Assimilation
using current schemes to interpret / interact with the external world
what is over extension
using the words you have (even if they don't apply)
Parental behavior and environmental differences contribute to what
variability
At 2-6 Growth is fairly steady, but ______ and _______
variable, individualized
What type of video does not need to be limited?
video calls
Imitation of a live action is more than imitation of an action in video
video deficit effect
Why does the video deficit effect occur?
video lacks social cues that support everyday learning- apace that is adapted to toddler's attention
Metacognition at age 1
view people as intentional beings who can share and influence one another's mental states
Childcare increases number of
viral and bacterial infections
when is private speech used
when tasks are appropriately challenging
What does planning problem solving behavior require?
working memory and executive functions
Conversation about the present experience and the past can improve
young children's memory
Encoding is less efficient in...
younger infants/ toddlers
Rene Spitz
affection is essential for survival
What what age does growth slow compared to infancy, but i still dramatic
age 2-6
At what age do children increasingly use language based cues to retrieve these events in their autobiographical memory
age 3
American academy of pediatrics recommends limiting screen media exposure before what age
age 5
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
alternating periods of mostly assimilation, followed by a need for accommodation
Types of insecure attachment
ambivalent avoidant disorganized
What is an A-Not-B- error?
an incomplete or absent schema of object permanence
Individual differences in size become more
apparent
Mary Ainsworth
Strange situation and variations in attachment
X-ray examination reveals
"skeletal age"
attachment-in-the-making
(6 weeks to 6-8 months) infants show preference for familiar people
Clear cut attachment
(Between 6-8 months and 1.5-2 years) infants actively seek contact with their regular caregivers and show separation protest or distress when the caregiver departs
Preattachment phase
(birth to 6 weeks) infant produces innate signals and is comforted by the interaction
Reciprocal relationships
(from 1.5 years or 2 years on) children take active role in interacting with caregivers
How old are infants requiring physical links between tool and object?
12 months
How old are infants that can engage in tool use even when an unfamiliar tool and an object they want are spatially separated?
18 months
At what age to infants label scribbles
3-year-olds
Writing begins to look like printing at age what
4
Between what ages do children realize writing stands for language
4 and 6
By what age can most children use an adult pencil-grip pattern
5
Preschoolers should spend how many minutes a day in adult-structured play
60
Risk factors for insecure attachment pt 4
Family circumstances: chaotic living situation, financial stress, relationship stress, mental illness
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 7
Hemispheric specialization increases dramatically as vocab grows, as auditory and visual perception mature
Risk factors for insecure attachment pt 3
Infant characteristics such as prematurity, highly reactive temperament, "for better or worse" genetic sensitivity to parenting (involving genes coding for serotonin and dopamine receptors and other traits related to plasticity)
What happens in the Sensorimotor stage?
Infants and toddlers "think" with their sensory and motor equipment
What happens in the Sensorimotor stage pt 2
Infants reflexes are transformed by learning
Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 3
Inhibited child needs gentle but consistent encouragement and support to explore new experiences
Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 4
Intense reactivity can be reduced by warm sensitive parenting
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 6
Myelination inccreases in sensor and motor areas, between cerebellum and sensory & motor areas
Effortful control
Orienting/regulation in infancy
Emotional self-regulation pt 3
Parental sensitive response promotes earlier and more effective development of self-regulation
Bowlby's first phase of attachment?
Preattachment phase
Simcock & Hayne "magic shrinking machine" study: follow up
Same finding for verbal recall, but many children had accurate visual recognition and procedural recall
Emotional self-regulation pt 2
Self-soothing may emerge at around 3 months as baby shift attention away from an unpleasant or too stimulating event
What is the Violation-of-Expectation method? pt 3
Some researchers believe it indicates only limited, implicit awareness of physical events
The influence of language on memory development
The growth of language ability in the young child provides the structure and narrative schemas necessary to support episodic memories
Infantile amnesia and the neurological transitions in memory systems?
The hippocampus and pre-frontal lobes are not mature yet, but repeated events are remembered
Growth hormone
a hormone that is necessary from birth on for development of almost all body tissues
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
a hormone that prompts the thyroid gland to release thryroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size
babbling
ababa, babab, dadad, mammama (6 months)
Autobiographical memory:
ability to recall many personally meaningful one-time events from both the recent and the distant pass
What is a lack of the conversation concepts
changing the appearance of objects does not change key properties
What is temperament?
characteristic ways of reacting
Semantic memory grows as ? pt 2
children learn new words and learn more details about the referents of the words
Semantic memory grows as ? pt 4
children manipulate objects and build with parental scaffolding
Semantic memory grows as
children observe how things work
what type of sub-stages are 2-4
circular reactions
Gains in working memory permit preschoolers to generate more
complex play and problem-solving goals
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 4
connectivity of prefrontal cortex increases
Harry Harlow
contact comfort
What is coordination of secondary circular reactions?
intentional, or goal-directed, behaviors. A- not B- error.
What happens during the sixth sub-stage?
internal depictions of objects or events
Theory of mind
internal states influence behavior
What is Rothbart's fourth dimension of temperament?
irritable distress
What can adults do to promote sustained attention?
joint attention
Interaction with others facilitates...
learning
Organization
linking schemes with others to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system
Formal lessons in the preschool years have _____ on motor skills
little impact
What are the types of memory storage
long-term memory and transient memory
Vaccination can prevent
many dangerous infectious diseases
Changes in the efficiency of basic processes depend on interaction of
maturation of the brain AND experience
What do information processing approaches to cognitive development focus on?
memory and attention
episodic memory
memory for everyday experiences, recalled in context, linked to time, place, or person
What does the information processing approach focus on
memory, attention, and executive function
What is the sixth sub-stage?
mental representation (18 months-2 years)
Cultural variations in social experiences affect
mental strategies
