Infant and Child Development Exam 2 Ingate

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what are two ways babies can shift their attention for self-soothing?

-look away, suck thumb -older infant may have a comfort object

What is the first sub-stage of the sensorimotor development?

-reflexive schemes (birth- 1 month

What is Rothbart's first dimension of temperament?

Activity level

What is the Violation-of-Expectation method?

Assesses infants' knowledge of physical reality based on their attention to expected or unexpected events

Learning to communicate pt 1

Attending to speech and gesture

What is Rothbart's second dimension of temperament?

Attention span/ persistence

Learning to communicate pt 2

Beginning to voluntarily produce sound

Social environmental influenced food choices pt 1

Children imitate food choices of people they admire

Social environmental influenced food choices pt 5

Children living in poverty may lack access to sufficient high-quality food

Bowlby's third phase of attachment?

Clear-cut attachment

Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 5

Connectivity between the hemispheres increases

what theories posit experience expectant specialized learning modules?

Core-knowledge

Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 2

Goodness of fit of parenting to needs and characteristics of child

What started in the 1970's?

Many researchers challenged Piaget's theory

What is sub-stage #2

Primary circular reaction: (1-4 months)

Bowlby's fourth phase of attachment?

Reciprocal relationships

Object permanence?

Renèe Baillargeon's studies found evidence that it is present in the first few months of life

What are possible explanations for infantile amnesia

Repression, immaturity of the hippocampus, and insufficient vocabulary to verbally encode events

Which researchers studied age related changes in basic processes?

Rovee-Collier at Rutgers, Newcombe at Temple

What is the fifth sub-stage?

Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)

Gross motor skills

coordinated activity of limbs and trunks, head

What is the third sub-stage?

coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months)

Accommodation

creating new schemes or adjusting old ones to respond more effectively to new challenges/stimuli/situations

_____ affect what attachment looks like

culture and individual circumstances

Simcock & Hayne "magic shrinking machine" study

Verbal recall depended on earlier vocabulary

Children need what for everyday play

appropriate play spaces and equipment

epiphyses

areas of cartilage, where new bone is formed, that will ultimately harden/ calcify into bone that stops growing longer

John Bowlby

attachment theory

Bowlby's second phase of attachment?

attachment-in-the-making

What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 2

attention to novelty declines

Animistic thinking

attributing intention, and animate characteristics to natural inanimate things

_____ disappears as body lengthens and widens

baby pot bells

What did Piaget believe about the Sensorimotor stage?

believed the very young infant had no capability of mental representation of its experience

Adaptation

building schemes through direct interaction with with the environment

Daily routines support____

development of fine-motor skills

At 2-6 representations of the self become ____ and _____

differentiated, integrated

Adults who use a _____ style during shared experiences also typically do not scaffold remembering events and sequences

directive

Metacognition at age 2

display clearer grasp of others' emotional and desires; mother's use of mental-state verbs helps

What is Rothbart's sixth dimension of temperament?

effortful control

Adults who use an _____ style of conversation add information as events unfold, ask questions, draw children's attention to specific things, ask sequential questions about past events, leading to better recall and more organized and detailed personal stories

elaborative

Growth norms for one population are not good standards for children _____

elsewhere in the world

Social environmental influenced food choices pt 3

emotional climate at mealtimes has a powerful impact

Basic memory processes are

encoding, retention, and retrieval

How can you use joint attention? part 1

encouraging babies' current interest

Early habits often become

enduring habits

Social climate created by adults can _______ or ________ motor development

enhance, dampen

General systems consolidation

events encoded in cortical areas repeatedly activated together or in sequence

Most motor skills are best mastered through

everyday play

Components of what are closely interrelated and contribute vitally to academic and social skills

executive function

What is adult memory frequently characterized in terms of?

explicit or declarative memory (semantic and episodic), implicit or procedural memory, working memory

What are tertiary circular reactions?

exploring objects by acting on them in novel ways

Phase 1 of concept formation in infancy

familiarization to the point of habituation

What is Rothbart's third dimension of temperament?

fearful distress

Sensorimotor stage is how long?

first two years of life

What is centration

focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event

Vygotsky's private speech

foundation for all higher cognitive processes

Tool use in problem solving emerges _______

gradually

Daily vigorous play improves...

gross motor skills

Sleep is essential for

growth and cognitive development and performance

Internal working model of attachment

guides interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

What is the Violation-of-Expectation method? pt 2

habituate them to one event, test with two versions of the event

Otis media (inner ear infections) can compromise

hearing and language development

scripts

help children interpret and predict everyday experiences and assist in recall, make-believe play and planning

Examples of fine motor skills

holding a spoon, feeding oneself, cutting with a knife, tying bows, buttoning, zipping, drawing

What are "operations" referring to

identity, reversibility, compensation

What are secondary circular reactions?

imitation of familiar behaviors and interesting effects; no understanding of object permanence

Konrad Lorenz

imprinting

When is private speech used more and in a longer period of time

in children with learning problems

Individual variability is evident when

in infancy

Infantile amnesia

inability to recall events before age 2.5 to 3

Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 1

increases to 90% of its adult weight

Emotional self-regulation pt 1

infant feelings can become too intense- parents' job is to regulate the environment to reduce stimulation and soothe the baby

What happens in the Sensorimotor stage pt 3.

infant receives kinesthetic, somatosensory and other sensory feedback from it's reflex responses

Retention times are longer as

infants and toddlers mature

retrieval times are shorter as

infants and toddlers mature

Executive function

infants gradually improve in attentional control and the speed at which they take in information

Semantic memory

information removed from the context in which it was first learned that has become part of your general knowledge base

Preschoolers gain steadily in ability to ____ impulses and focus on a competing goal

inhibit

Skeletal changes in early childhood

new epiphyses appear

What is symbolic representation

one thing stands for another

cooing

open vowel sounds... ooo, eee, aah (6 weeks to 2 months)

What types of experiences are involved in changes in the efficiency of basic processes?

ordinary social experience, movement experience, exploratory and play experience

Hierarchical classification

organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences

Schemes

organized ways of making sense of/ responding to experience

Learning to communicate pt 5

over extension

Learning to communicate pt 6

over-regularization of rules

Phase 3 of concept formation in infancy

overall shape

Risk factors for insecure attachment pt 1

parental insensitivity and intrusiveness

Risk factors for insecure attachment pt 2

parental low responsiveness to bids for attention

Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 1

parenting matters

Where specific patterns of emotion expression are culturally valued...

parenting practices socialize different patterns of child behavior

Semantic memory grows as ? pt 3

parents read picture books, books about categories of things, animals, places, jobs

What actions may be helpful in facilitating learning

parents slowly describing what they are doing, in routine infant care; describing interesting objects and events even though these may be beyond the baby's capacity to understand

What is egocentrism

perceiving only one's own view point

Eating behavior: As children approach age 2, many become

picky eaters

Trait attributions affect

play choices

What is Rothbart's fifth dimension of temperament?

positive affect

Hereditary determines

possible range of height

Magical thinking

power of wishing, acceptance of magic tricks

Phase 2 of concept formation in infancy

preference test with an instance of a new category and new instance of familiar category

Logic often fails for the.....

preoperational child

Centration and irreversibility are seen in

preoperational children's lack of hierarchical classification

Scribbling is common in

preschoolers

Learning to communicate pt 4

producing first word approximations (1 year)

how can you use joint attention? part 2

prompting the child to stay focused, elaborating on details

Zone of proximal development

range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners

Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 5

reactive parenting and overly protective parenting are NOT good fits to the needs of the child

Metacognition at age 4

realize that both beliefs and desires determine behavior, become aware of false beliefs

Metacognition at age 3

realize that thinking is internal but focuses only on behavior consistent with desires

Neonates learn to

recognize faces, learn conditioned responses, and learn operant responses

Learning to communicate pt 3

recognizing words, own name, baby, Momma, Daddy, bottle, nurse (4 months)

Predictable bedtime routines

reduce problems

Pituitary gland

releases two hormones that induce growth, GH and TSH

Social environmental influenced food choices pt 2

repeated, unpressured exposure increases acceptance

what are circular reactions?

repeating chance behaviors

Social environmental influenced food choices pt 4

restricting foods and pushing food choices both have negative impact

What is the second sub-stage?

sensory circular reactions(4-8 months)

what are the types of transient memory?

sensory storage and short-term memory

when babies have extensive child care experience

separation anxiety and stranger anxiety MAY be weakened

When babies have a care-taking community

separation anxiety and stranger anxiety are weakened

Preschoolers should spend how much time in a day on child-directed play

several hours

Balance and coordination improve as body proportion...

shift

What are primary circular reactions?

simple motor habits centered around the infant's own body

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory:

social and cultural contexts affect the structures of children's cognitive worlds

At 2-6 Child's shape becomes more

streamlined

Scaffolding

support in tasks in their zone of proximal development

What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 3

sustained attention improves

What is the ability to understand and produce words?

symbolic understanding

Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 3

synaptic pruning and apoptosis of some neurons

Flexible shifting of attention improves during__________ and gains continue in middle school

the preschool years

Metacognition

thinking about thought

planning

thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time and performing them accordingly to reach a goal

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory: pt 2

through joint activities with more mature members of society, children learn to think and act in ways important to their culture

What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 1

toddlers become increasingly capable of intentional behavior

What happens to private speech as children get older

turns silent and becomes inner speech

Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 2

undergoes reshaping and refining

Assimilation

using current schemes to interpret / interact with the external world

what is over extension

using the words you have (even if they don't apply)

Parental behavior and environmental differences contribute to what

variability

At 2-6 Growth is fairly steady, but ______ and _______

variable, individualized

What type of video does not need to be limited?

video calls

Imitation of a live action is more than imitation of an action in video

video deficit effect

Why does the video deficit effect occur?

video lacks social cues that support everyday learning- apace that is adapted to toddler's attention

Metacognition at age 1

view people as intentional beings who can share and influence one another's mental states

Childcare increases number of

viral and bacterial infections

when is private speech used

when tasks are appropriately challenging

What does planning problem solving behavior require?

working memory and executive functions

Conversation about the present experience and the past can improve

young children's memory

Encoding is less efficient in...

younger infants/ toddlers

Rene Spitz

affection is essential for survival

What what age does growth slow compared to infancy, but i still dramatic

age 2-6

At what age do children increasingly use language based cues to retrieve these events in their autobiographical memory

age 3

American academy of pediatrics recommends limiting screen media exposure before what age

age 5

Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

alternating periods of mostly assimilation, followed by a need for accommodation

Types of insecure attachment

ambivalent avoidant disorganized

What is an A-Not-B- error?

an incomplete or absent schema of object permanence

Individual differences in size become more

apparent

Mary Ainsworth

Strange situation and variations in attachment

X-ray examination reveals

"skeletal age"

attachment-in-the-making

(6 weeks to 6-8 months) infants show preference for familiar people

Clear cut attachment

(Between 6-8 months and 1.5-2 years) infants actively seek contact with their regular caregivers and show separation protest or distress when the caregiver departs

Preattachment phase

(birth to 6 weeks) infant produces innate signals and is comforted by the interaction

Reciprocal relationships

(from 1.5 years or 2 years on) children take active role in interacting with caregivers

How old are infants requiring physical links between tool and object?

12 months

How old are infants that can engage in tool use even when an unfamiliar tool and an object they want are spatially separated?

18 months

At what age to infants label scribbles

3-year-olds

Writing begins to look like printing at age what

4

Between what ages do children realize writing stands for language

4 and 6

By what age can most children use an adult pencil-grip pattern

5

Preschoolers should spend how many minutes a day in adult-structured play

60

Risk factors for insecure attachment pt 4

Family circumstances: chaotic living situation, financial stress, relationship stress, mental illness

Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 7

Hemispheric specialization increases dramatically as vocab grows, as auditory and visual perception mature

Risk factors for insecure attachment pt 3

Infant characteristics such as prematurity, highly reactive temperament, "for better or worse" genetic sensitivity to parenting (involving genes coding for serotonin and dopamine receptors and other traits related to plasticity)

What happens in the Sensorimotor stage?

Infants and toddlers "think" with their sensory and motor equipment

What happens in the Sensorimotor stage pt 2

Infants reflexes are transformed by learning

Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 3

Inhibited child needs gentle but consistent encouragement and support to explore new experiences

Why is temperament only moderately stable? pt 4

Intense reactivity can be reduced by warm sensitive parenting

Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 6

Myelination inccreases in sensor and motor areas, between cerebellum and sensory & motor areas

Effortful control

Orienting/regulation in infancy

Emotional self-regulation pt 3

Parental sensitive response promotes earlier and more effective development of self-regulation

Bowlby's first phase of attachment?

Preattachment phase

Simcock & Hayne "magic shrinking machine" study: follow up

Same finding for verbal recall, but many children had accurate visual recognition and procedural recall

Emotional self-regulation pt 2

Self-soothing may emerge at around 3 months as baby shift attention away from an unpleasant or too stimulating event

What is the Violation-of-Expectation method? pt 3

Some researchers believe it indicates only limited, implicit awareness of physical events

The influence of language on memory development

The growth of language ability in the young child provides the structure and narrative schemas necessary to support episodic memories

Infantile amnesia and the neurological transitions in memory systems?

The hippocampus and pre-frontal lobes are not mature yet, but repeated events are remembered

Growth hormone

a hormone that is necessary from birth on for development of almost all body tissues

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

a hormone that prompts the thyroid gland to release thryroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size

babbling

ababa, babab, dadad, mammama (6 months)

Autobiographical memory:

ability to recall many personally meaningful one-time events from both the recent and the distant pass

What is a lack of the conversation concepts

changing the appearance of objects does not change key properties

What is temperament?

characteristic ways of reacting

Semantic memory grows as ? pt 2

children learn new words and learn more details about the referents of the words

Semantic memory grows as ? pt 4

children manipulate objects and build with parental scaffolding

Semantic memory grows as

children observe how things work

what type of sub-stages are 2-4

circular reactions

Gains in working memory permit preschoolers to generate more

complex play and problem-solving goals

Between ages 2 and 6 the brain? pt 4

connectivity of prefrontal cortex increases

Harry Harlow

contact comfort

What is coordination of secondary circular reactions?

intentional, or goal-directed, behaviors. A- not B- error.

What happens during the sixth sub-stage?

internal depictions of objects or events

Theory of mind

internal states influence behavior

What is Rothbart's fourth dimension of temperament?

irritable distress

What can adults do to promote sustained attention?

joint attention

Interaction with others facilitates...

learning

Organization

linking schemes with others to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system

Formal lessons in the preschool years have _____ on motor skills

little impact

What are the types of memory storage

long-term memory and transient memory

Vaccination can prevent

many dangerous infectious diseases

Changes in the efficiency of basic processes depend on interaction of

maturation of the brain AND experience

What do information processing approaches to cognitive development focus on?

memory and attention

episodic memory

memory for everyday experiences, recalled in context, linked to time, place, or person

What does the information processing approach focus on

memory, attention, and executive function

What is the sixth sub-stage?

mental representation (18 months-2 years)

Cultural variations in social experiences affect

mental strategies


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