Infant and Child Development Quizzes (Chapters 5-9)
Which school activities foster children's reasoning about the motives, beliefs, and emotions of people?
Literary activities
A child is reading aloud in class. As he carefully reads the word giraffe he starts by breaking the word into parts and realizes almost instantly that the g in giraffe makes a j sound. What does this suggest about the child?
He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness
Which would you recommend to enhance the quality of parent-infant interactions?
Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them
According to research on the impacts of socioeconomic environment on infant development, infants from low income households, on average, are at greater risk of not achieving full cognitive potential. This is most likely the result of
A combination of less stimulating home environments, poor nutrition, and limited access to learning materials
According to research (Manella et al., 2020), children demonstrate higher acceptance towards a new food
After 8-15 exposures to the food
When might a child experience a "vocabulary growth spurt"?
After a few months of growth in vocabulary, around 18 months of age
Findings that infants do not show the same abilities in selective attention as seen later at points in development may
Be adaptive and allow infants to notice a lot of things about their environment
Which curriculum promotes math skills with activities and stories that target children's abilities to solve problems and improve reasoning abilities?
Big Math for Little Kids (BMLK)
At what age does infant gaze start?
By 18 months
Baby Andreas watches his father shave and, hours later, mimics this behavior. This is an example of
Deferred imitation
The ability of an infant to re-enact an action that they observed earlier is called
Deferred imitation
The concept of goodness of fit
Describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment
Which scenario is an example of neglect?
Failing to provide basic needs to a child
________ is the degree to which something is attractive or noticeable to an infant.
Stimulus salience
Which kind of programs are most successful at the reduction of childhood obesity?
Programs that focus on nutrition combined with physical activity
A toddler wants to leave the house and go somewhere by saying "go car?" repeatedly to his mom. This kind of speech is known as
Telegraphic speech
Why do children begin using prepositions, conjunctions, and articles at a later age of 2-3?
They require children to have a foundation of both nouns and verbs
What is the purpose of false-belief experiments?
To determine whether infants/toddlers understand that others can have beliefs different from their own
Brennon and Dale are brothers who moved across the country after their father died. They are in a new state with little knowledge of the areas and had little time to process the sudden move. They are cared for and are generally supported with resources at home. For such a transition, what type of stress are they likely to experience?
Tolerable stress from the event of a father's death
Mothers of girls _______ their infants' crawling ability and mothers of boys _______ estimated their infants' ability.
Underestimates; more accurately
All of the statements about obesity among U.S. children are true except that a) the majority of obese 3-year-olds will grow out of the condition. b) obesity rates have risen sharply in recent times. c) obesity in childhood increases risk of obesity later in life. d) Increases in childhood obesity rates are most pronounced among Black and Hispanic U.S. children. e) high rates of family poverty correlate to high rates of childhood obesity.
a) the majority of obese 3-year-olds will grow out of the condition
Poverty affects children across all ethnicities but in certain groups may lead to more risk for negative health outcomes. Which of the following is true for children who experience child maltreatment, neglect or exposure to violence? a) Children in poor homes are less likely to witness community violence. b) As long as children receive support, witnessing violence has little impact. c) Children in middle-income families experience physical abuse in greater numbers than those in low-income households. d) Children from middle-income households who experience abuse are more likely to have adverse effects than those from low-income households. e) Children in low-income homes have greater odds of experiencing or seeing all forms of abuse.
e) Children in low-income homes have greater odds of experiencing or seeing all forms of abuse
An experimenter finds that 3-month-old Ava is better able to discriminate faces when seeing the faces paired with their talking voices compared to seeing the faces alone. This is evidence in support of the ________ hypothesis.
Intersensory redundancy
As children grow, developments in the brain include new synaptic connections and myelinization to help nerve impulses travel faster. Another change during early childhood increasingly allows for one side of the brain to control the other side of the body. What is this called?
Lateralization
According to research, which is the best method to help infants and toddlers learn words?
Live interactions with an adults
Which is true about the language development of children who hear two languages from infancy?
Their course of development in each language mirrors the course of monolingual children
Malik is playing with a red triangular toy. He hears an adult use the novel word block. Malik is likely to think this new word refers to the toy, rather than its shape, its color, or some other characteristic of it. This illustrates the concept of
Whole object assumption
Which behaviors are a part of infants' turn-taking during communication with others? a) Smiles b) Gestures c) Coos d) Words and sounds e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants
Regulate their emotions
What strategy might five-year-old children use to help recall a series of facts?
Rehearsal
A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as
Social referencing
While language skills are essential for social competence, a high degree of verbal sophistication can sometimes lead to negative behaviors. For example, children with high language skills a) can be adept at relational aggression. b) tend to have poor emotional control. c) often misapprehend the intentions of others. d) can be intolerant of children with lower skill levels. e) often have low theory of mind scores.
a) can be adept at relational aggression.
Which is not one of the four subtypes of child maltreatment? a) Neglect b) Relational abuse c) Physical abuse d) Emotional abuse e) Sexual abuse
b) Relational abuse
Which is not a tool that cognitive development researchers use to study infants? a) A-not-B tasks b) Heart rate monitoring c) Verbal reasoning tasks d) Conjugate mobile tasks e) Time of looking
c) Verbal reasoning tasks
Research of infant looking behaviors suggests that by 4-5 months of age, most infants show
A preference for prosocial behavior in others
Judy DeLoache used a scale model to hide a toy under a toy couch identical to a life-size couch in the room. A 4-year-old could find the real toy under the life-size couch after realizing the scale model was a copy of the room. According to DeLoache, why were 30-month-olds unable to find the toy in the same way?
Lack of dual representational skills
Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament
Was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood
Infants Ekaterina spends an hour each day watching videos on her tablet. However, she has trouble relating what she sees on the screen to the real world. According to research, what can Ekaterina's parents do to help her to better interpret and apply what she sees on the screen to the real world?
Watch with her and talk about the programs
Why do information-processing researchers sometimes examine infants' hear rate as an index of attention rather than (or in addition to) infants' gaze?
Looking at something alone does not necessarily mean that the infant is processing information about the stimulus
In order to identify if children understood the rule for plural formation in grammar, Dr. Berko created which test?
The wug test
What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity?
They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys
Theory of mind refers to which of the following?
Understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and USCB data, what percent of children are estimated to have at least some form of health care insurance coverage?
94%
A 6-year-old child who is visiting a restaurant expects a waiter to bring over a menu, describe the specials, take orders, and then serve food. What does this understanding reflect?
A script and semantic memory
Over the last few decades, many parents have often opted out of vaccinations for their children. This had led to breakouts of measles or other outbreaks of diseases that have largely been eradicated. One factor in this development was the 1998 report from a British physician falsely linking a common vaccine to
Autism
Baby Jamal watches as a parent puts his stuffed bunny repeatedly in a certain location and retrieves the stuffed bunny from that location. Next, the parent puts the stuffed bunny in the same location, but then moves the stuffed bunny to another location while Jamal watches. Jamal continues to search for the stuffed bunny in the first location. This is an example of
A-not-B error
Which represents the order in which infants typically learn different types of words?
Nouns, then verbs
Which is a noncommunicable, chronic disease?
Obesity, which leads to diabetes, heart disease, and other issues
What is the best definition of habituation, as used in the context of infant cognitive development?
The processing of information about a stimulus and decline of attention to the stimulus
Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children?
Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people
Emotions play a vital role in our development by
Preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information
Ainsworth's experiment of having a researcher assess an infant's exploration of a room, use of the caregiver as a secure base, reactions to the caregiver separation, reactions to the entry of a stranger, the ability to be soothed by the stranger, and reactions to the reunion with the caregiver is known as the
Strange situation
Conjunctions such as "when" "but" or "and" are increasingly used by children as they develop their language skills. What do these conjunctions allow children to do?
Conjunctions allow children to construct complex sentences with nested clauses
Which theory attempts to explain how children develop the ability to draw meaningful associations among various related words and concepts?
Connectionist theory
Which structure in the brain facilitates coordination between two sides of the body?
Corpus callosum
Tanya (18 months old) is presented with sentence, "The dog is blinking the cat." Tanya knows the words fly and cow, and through her understanding of the grammatical structure points to a picture of a dog that is licking a cat. This illustrates how _______ aids young children in the learning of new words.
Syntactic bootstrapping
Which is the set of rules that govern the ordering of parts of speech for children that form meaningful sentences?
Syntax
Which statement about children and sleep is true? a) Sleep-deprived children are highly affected by a lack of sleep and may have problems controlling behaviors. b) Children and teenagers are fairly flexible in their adaptation to hours of sleep, so less sleep has minimal impact. c) As long as children receive good nutrition, less sleep is will have little impact. d) Adults are more emotional than children when sleep-deprived. e) Sleep requirements vary from child to child, so adequate sleep is difficult to measure.
a) Sleep-deprived children are highly affected by a lack of sleep and may have problems controlling behaviors.
Which would be a later-developing example of children's early emerging moral sense? a) Moral evaluation of prosocial acts b) Moral understanding c) Moral goodness d) Moral retribution e) Moral evaluation of antisocial acts
d) Moral retribution
Which example does not reflect a common overregularization in grammar a) Responding to a question, Kaitlyn responded with sarcasm "I already cleaneded!" b) In school, Charles asked the teacher for a new pencil because his last one "broked." c) My child told her friend we "goed" to the zoo yesterday. d) Toby was flying to Costa Rica on a plane. He asked his parents if it's scary to "flies." e) At home, Dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone.
e) At home, Dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone.
Ashton has a hard time learning the alphabet and is behind the class. The teacher notices Ashton also has no supplies for school and wears the same outfit repeatedly. What conclusion could be drawn from this connection?
Poverty conditions may be impacting Ashton's ability to learn
Five-month-old Shaheen does not look longer when he sees an object "floating" in air without support. This would refute a claim that he
Has an innate understanding of gravity and support
Violation-of-expectation experiments have been used to examine whether infants
Have an innate understanding of the laws of physics (such as gravity)
Researchers have used conjugate mobile experiments to study infants'
Duration of memory
Chomsky suggested that children are innately endowed with the ability to learn language, which he attributed to
Language acquisition device
Vaccines provide protection against infectious disease. According to multiple studies, approximately how many young children (depending on age) are actually vaccinated?
73% to 92%
A researcher who believes that infants are hardwired to understand certain concepts such as object permanence or gravity is most likely a proponent of
A nativist view
The limbic system controls children's motional expression and emotion regulation. The amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. Which of these is central to registering emotions that are positive and negative, including the emotion of fear?
Amygdala
What impact does socioeconomic status (SES) have in the context of language and literacy?
Children from low SES households have nearly half the vocabulary compared to those from high SES backgrounds, largely due to differences in their exposure to language from caregivers.
Disease can impact any person regardless of where they are in the world or what their status is. According to a figure by Braveman and Barclay (2009), what relationship does family income have with health conditions?
Children in homes with poor economic resources have higher rates of disease
A young child has difficulty breathing due to persistent lung infections and liver and kidney complications connected to a genetic disorder. What chronic disease could this be?
Cystic fibrosis
Jason is an 18-month-old child. He sees his mother bump her foot and yell out in pain. Jason quickly pats his mother's foot. Jason's behavior
Displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior
A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.
Distress tolerance
Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?
Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up
The evolutionary theory that an infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival reflects a(n)
Evolutionary view of attachment
Studies show that animals and children alike that are raised in stimulating environments differ in the development of synaptic connections compared to those in impoverished circumstances. What does this suggest about the role of the home environment?
Exposure to enriched experiences such as music education and sensitive caregiving may lead to complex synaptic connections
As children acquire language skills during early childhood, they display impressive expansion in their vocabularies, which best reflects
Growth in semantic networks
As children physically develop, they gain greater control overt their bodies. Which type of skills relies primarily on large muscle groups in arms, legs, and torso?
Gross motor skills
Margarita has grown up in a large, Hispanic family. Margarita's often cared for by female members of the family but spends little time with her father and other male family members. One possible explanation for this is the
His tendency for large families in certain cultures to show clearly defined gender roles
Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely
Insecure resistant
In habituation experiments, the fact that infants prefer to look at something new (novelty preference) is most often interpreted as the
Infant having encoded a familiar stimulus during habituation and is remembering the familiar vs. novel object
When will children typically begin experimenting with different sounds?
Infants being making simple sounds and by 12 months of age can say a handful of words
The term social cognition refers to
Infants' ability to process, store, and apply information about people and social situations
Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.
Interpersonal
In an approximate number sense experiment, researchers observed that 9-month-old Jasmine was able to distinguish number arrays that differed by a ratio of 2:3, while 6-month-old Kylie was not. What can we conclude about the two infants' number sense?
Jasmine has a more developed approximate number sense than Kylie
Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that
Jessica has developed a social smile
A study found doubling vegetable and fruit servings to children led to an increase in consumption of those foods but not calorie intake. What conclusions can be made?
Larger portions of healthy food will increase healthy eating without risk to being overweight
An infant knows the word for an animal (doggie!) and rejects a new name for the same animal (puppy). This behavior suggests a bias of
Mutual exclusivity
Rothbart's research found that ______ correlated with adult personality of ________
Negative reactivity; neuroticism
According to the chapter, in order to encourage _________, parents were at one point recommended to _________ rather than _____________ to their deaf children.
Oral language, talk, sign
What percentage of deaf children in the U.S. are born to hearing parents who do not know American Sign Language?
Over 90 percent
Wellman and colleagues (2001) analyzed cultural data on theory of mind. What did they find about social-cognitive development in different cultures?
Patterns in development are very similar across all cultures
The channeling of language preference and perception to one's native tongue is an example of
Perceptual narrowing
If you could take daily measurements of a typical child's growth and plot the results on a graph, the resulting curve would likely show
Periods of no growth lasting days or weeks, interspersed with short upward spikes
Selena is attending the first day of class at a new school and does not know any other students. She is extrovert but is having some feelings of anxiety and worry that are prompting her to think about how to interact with new children in the class. Selena is experiencing
Positive stress
What factor contributes to children's improvements in phonology?
Practice talking and muscle coordination
Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote
Prosocial behavior
Veronica ran up to her mother and said "where dad goed"? Her mother replied: "where did dad go?" this correction is known as a(n)
Recast
Ainsworth's attachment research in Uganda
Showed that Ugandan infants displayed very intense protest when separated from their mothers, perhaps because they were not used to being separated
What do modified A-not-B experiments that involve manipulations of infants' posture demonstrate?
The impact of sensory feedback is an important consideration when conducting A-not-B experiments
A parent has placed two young children in front of a computer to watch videos in hopes of educating them. According to research what limitations may there be?
The lack of social interactions and contingency in videos and other screens hinders growth and learning
Semantic development refers to
The meaning of words and word combinations
Young children raised in homes with professional parents may show more language development and larger vocabularies compared to children raised at or near poverty levels. What do researchers Hart and Risley suggest is a possible explanation for these differences?
The researchers estimate that young children in poverty have heard 30 million fewer words in their first years of life than peers in homes with more resources.
Twelve-month-old Reese points at a puppy that has just entered the room. The caregiver interacts with Reese but does not look at the puppy. Reese continues to point persistently at the puppy. Researchers interpret such behavior as indicating that Reese
Wants to elicit joint attention with the caregiver
Infants can use nonverbal methods-their own and others- to a) All of the above. b) draw attention to something. c) learn new words. d) make requests, such as for food. e) interpret the intentions of others.
a) All of the above
What is a way that researchers infer that an infant or child is developing social cognitive understanding? a) All of the above b) The infant/child is able to identify the false beliefs of others. c) The infant/child is able to perform deferred imitation. d) The infant/child starts to use mental state vocabulary. e) The infant/child is able to understand the intentions of others.
a) All of the above
One hypothesis on children's growing theory of mind is that with development, children modify their reasoning about the causes of behaviors in themselves and others. What is this explanation called?
Theory-theory
Children understood that stranger "A" knew how to fix a toy but did not know what the tools were called. Stranger "B" knew the names of things but couldn't fix them. The children were later more likely to turn to Stranger B for the label of an object they had never seen because
They considered stranger B as a reliable source of information
Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension.
Fear and inhibition
Some tasks that would appear simple to adults may be more challenging for children, an example being threading buttons of various shapes with a length of yarn. What type of skill would be needed to work with small objects?
Fine motor skills
A child is upset because she wants to go to sleep but the sun won't "turn off" because the time is 8:30 and that is her bedtime. How would Piaget explain this thought process?
Precausal thinking
A care center teaches preschool-aged children executive function skills such as improved memory, self-control, and attention. One reading task requires turn-taking. Selena holds a card with an ear because it is her turn to listen. Maria holds the card with a mouth because it is her turn to read the story. This inhibitory control task is part of which curriculum?
Tools of the Mind curriculum
Kayla is feeling stress due to being neglected at home and having distracted parents, and her grades have been declining over several years. In turn, her parents punish her harshly on constant basis. What is Kayla likely experiencing?
Toxic stress
Infants and young children require more sleep than older children, teenagers or adults. According to pediatric recommendations, how many hours of sleep is recommended for children younger than 6 years of age?
10-14 hours of sleep
The finding that "individuals who engage in joint attention in infancy tend to perform better on language acquisition tasks in childhood" is an example of
A cascade from social cognition
Who was Genie?
A child who survived years of abuse and neglect as a child and never fully developed language skills
Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's
Ability to discriminate gradations in emotions
Infants begin to babble and vocalize when parents interact with them. About what age will infants begin to produce canonical syllables or babbles?
As young as 6 months
A researcher shows 4-month-old Asako a sieve with relatively large holes. First, the researcher drops rocks onto the sieve, and the rocks do not pass through. Next, the researcher pours sand on another sieve that looks exactly the same but has a transparent barrier so that the sand does not pass through. What do you think the researcher is testing with this experiment?
Asako's understanding of solidity and substance
The single-touch and double-touch experiment was developed to better understand whether young infants
Can distinguish their own actions from the actions of others
Researchers have found that theory of mind can actually help children with deception and persuasion. Which explanation best explains this connection?
Children who understand theory of mind recognize they can create false-beliefs in others
Children's expanding understanding of norms around language use (for example, knowing how much to talk, when to talk) is referred to as
Pragmatics
Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.
Easy
A child stops themselves from throwing a toy when upset and instead walks away from the situation. This behavior is an example of
Effortful control
In a lab, a child was asked to cover her eyes. When asked if her mom can still see her, the child said: "no because my eyes are closed" What is this thought process referred to as?
Egocentrism
Little Thomas can see a toy horse inside a plastic toy barn on the floor. His mom on the other side of the room cannot see into the barn. When asked what his mom can see Tomas describes she can see a brown horse inside the barn. What cognitive limitation of young children does this situation present?
Egocentrism
Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying
Emotional self-regulation
Jamal, who is 32, cannot remember who his teacher was when he was 7 years old, but he remembers specific, vivid details from his classroom and the day he fell and needed to get stitches. What kind of memory has Jamal stored?
Episodic memory
Individuals with younger siblings are more likely to lie (O'Connor & Evans, 2018). What does this mean in terms of social-cognitive development?
Having siblings is associated with more advanced theory-of-mind performance
A mother who spoke both English and Spanish while her baby was just a newborn can expect which of the following?
Her baby will show equal preference for both languages
What aspect of Early Head Start is provided to families that may specifically promote infants' and toddlers' language development?
High-quality care
According to critics of the nativist view of cognitive development, which is a possible alternative explanation of infants' longer looking times during experiments?
Infants' attention may be drawn to perceptual features of the stimulus, rather than reflecting their innate expectations
Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that
Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink
Which development reveals a child's growing skills in pragmatics?
Learning social conventions and norms around language use
According to the reading, infants who have hearing disabilities tend to display what amount of canonical babbling relative to hearing infants?
Less frequent
A parent teaches her 2-year old to count to 5 by herself, but the child does not understand the meaning of the numbers when counting. Does this mean the child has a possible developmental delay in understanding number concepts?
No, children will not learn the meaning of number words (and how they map to the items in a set) until 3.5 or even older.
A study by Corriveau and Harris (2009) found 3-year-olds preferred to side with family members (familiarity) in an object-naming experiment, even if the family member was wrong. Comparatively, older children as young as 4 were more willing to disagree with familiar caregivers and favored someone who provided accurate information to them. What could explain this phenomenon?
Older children can weigh reliability against familiarity
_________ predicts preschoolers'' theory-of-mind performance
Parental sensitivity
Cindy is a child who has a predictable routine with dinner, sleep time, going to school and repeating the process daily. Rupert has a similar routine at his mom's, but when he stays with his dad on weekends he stays up late and often skips breakfast. Which statement about Rupert's and Cindy's sleep is accurate? a) Rupert may experience less sleep than Cindy, because irregular bedtime routines and inconsistent parenting may lead to less sleep on average. b) Unrestricted weekends are harmless as long as boundaries are set. c) Boys are less regular in their sleep than girls at Rupert's and Cindy's ages, so Rupert's schedule will likely not affect him negatively. d) Rupert's and Cindy's sleep patterns will remain fairly predictable. e) Children are flexible at younger ages and can take naps as the body requires, therefore adjusting to their personal experiences.
Rupert may experience less sleep than Cindy, because irregular bedtime routines and inconsistent parenting may lead to less sleep on average.
An infant's objective or conceptual self does not emerge until somewhere around the
Second year
You observe 6-month-old Renata repeatedly hitting her hand on the floor and making a sound. What substage, according to Piaget, are you likely observing?
Secondary circular reactions
Children and adults differ in average heights and weights in cultural communities throughout the world over historical time. Which term refers to such changes over an extended time?
Secular changes
Which is the chronological order of the characteristics of the first five sensorimotor substages as defined by Piaget?
Spontaneous movement -> repeated action focused on own body and immediate environment -> repeated action focused on objects -> coordinated sequences of action -> means-end analysis
In the real-life example of the word apple, ___________ can describe why infants are able to detect the likelihood of ap being paired with ple?
Statistical Learning
An experiment in which caregivers interact naturally with their infants for a brief period, followed by maintaining an unresponsive face or several minutes is known as the
Still-face experiment
The stage of attention when an infant starts to process stimuli and learning occurs is referred to as
Sustained attention
Fifteen-month-old Keisha watches her caregiver try to move a stack of blocks. But, the caregiver accidentally knocks the stack of blocks over. Keisha then tries to move the stack of blocks but does not try to knock them over. This suggests that Keisha
Understands the caregiver's intentions
Which is the most accurate summary of the case of Genie and what it taught scientists about critical period theory? a) It provided evidence that might support the theory, but several confounding factors rendered the evidence inconclusive. b) It determined that the critical period was much longer than originally theorized. c) It established firmly that the critical period exists but can be shortened by abuse and neglect. d) It decisively disproved critical period theory. e) It presented strong evidence in support of critical period theory.
a) It provided evidence that might support the theory, but several confounding factors rendered the evidence inconclusive.
Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision?
Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament
Which statement best reflects what researchers have learned about infant-directed speech? a) Babies prefer to listen to infant-directed speech relative to adult-directed speech. b) Infant-directed speech is something adults use, but siblings and other children would not use this with infants. c) Infant-directed speech benefits infants if presented in quick, short messages. d) Infant-directed speech is harder to learn than adult-directed speech. e) Infant-directed speech is easier to listen to but does not help infants discriminate among other speech sounds.
a) Babies prefer to listen to infant-directed speech relative to adult-directed speech.
Which is not a scaffolding strategy? a) Connecting to background knowledge b) Sitting near a child and not talking c) Providing verbal hints and queues d) Using visuals e) Modeling and using gestures
a) Connecting to background knowledge
Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development? a) Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world. b) Most east Asian parents value strong expression of emotion. c) Infants categorized as difficult in temperament show positive outcomes in Western cultures. d) Infants in developing countries show more rapid changes in emotion regulation than infants in higher income countries. e) Toddlers in Western counties display less variation in emotional expression
a) Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world.
Children living in impoverished neighborhoods are at greater risk chronic lead exposure. Which statement about this exposure is true? a) Lead exposure can lead to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments. b) Lead causes serious but reversible behavioral issues. c) Only lead ingested through drinking water is a serious concern. d) Immunization programs can protect children from lead exposure. e) Lead ingestion is a major cause of childhood cancer.
a) Lead exposure can lead to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments.
A researcher notes that 9-month-old Sebastian is watching a picture and his heart rate has steadily slowed down from when the stimulus was first presented. What is the researcher's mostly likely interpretation? a) Sebastian is processing the stimulus and is in the sustained attention phase. b) Sebastian has detected a stimulus and has entered the automatic response phase. c) Sebastian is no longer processing the stimulus and is blank-staring at the stimulus. d) Sebastian has detected a stimulus and is entering the orientation phase. e) Sebastian is transitioning to an attention termination phase.
a) Sebastian is processing the stimulus and is in the sustained attention phase.
Which is evidence that an infant understands goal-directed reaching? a) After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks for a longer time when the person reaches for the toy using a claw. b) After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks longer when the person reaches for a different toy. c) After being habituated to a claw reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks for a longer time when a person reaches for a different toy. d) After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks for a shorter time when the person reaches for a different toy. e) After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah becomes disinterested when the person reaches for the same toy.
b) After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks longer when the person reaches for a different toy.
Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment? a) Secure base behavior is only found among non-Western cultures. b) Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups. c) The process of attachment formation is virtually the same across all cultural communities. d) Ainsworth's original attachment patterns reflect traditional westernized norms. e) Children from different cultural groups show separation anxiety at very different ages.
b) Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups.
Wimmer and Perner (1993) created a task in which a child places an object in one cupboard and leaves the room. Then, the child's mother comes in and moves the object to another cupboard. Children between the ages of 3 and 9 are shown this scene and asked where they expect the child would look for the object upon returning to the room. Which response describes typical responses to this question? a) Children of all ages say the child would look for the object in its new location. b) Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children understood the child would look in the original location. c) Children of all ages say the child would look for the object in its original location. d) Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children say the child would look in the original location. e) Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would not remember where the object had been left and would search for it randomly, while older children say the child would look first in the new location.
b) Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children understood the child would look in the original location.
Chomsky believed that children are innately endowed to learn language. From the options, which provides support to back Chomsky's claim? a) Language skills are inherited dispositions shown to relate to a person's genetic makeup. b) Children show creative uses of language and an ability to generate an infinite number of sentences they never heard. c) Children achieve adult-like grammar understanding and usage by 2 years. d) Infants show the ability to learn from language from caregivers with scaffolding and support. e) Children automatically memorize word meanings without having to practice.
b) Children show creative uses of language and an ability to generate an infinite number of sentences they never heard.
Which statement best reflects a dynamic systems theory perspective? a) Shorter sentences and slow-talking improves language comprehension. b) Children's active participation in their environment creates ways to connect words and meanings. c) Children have multiple, innate abilities that interact to explain language development. d) Most children's language development is enhanced through caregiver scaffolding. e) Children can improve language skills with interactive games and apps.
b) Children's active participation in their environment creates ways to connect words and meanings.
Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin? a) Infants from all cultures display disgust in unique ways, reflecting their unique environments. b) Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy. c) Western European infants express emotions earlier than infants from developing countries. d) Asian infants express sadness for the first time around 6 months of age. e) Basic emotions do not develop until late infancy or toddlerhood in many African countries.
b) Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy.
Which statement best describes the results of the multicultural study by Callaghan, et al. on the development of social cognition? a) Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were differences in the order in which skills were acquired. b) Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were some differences in the manner in which these skills were acquired. c) Infants/children who are frequently taught by instruction are unable to learn through observation. d) Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although the timing of early social-cognitive milestones differed substantially by culture. e) Infants/children in most situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, but there were factors (such as maternal education and maternal work status) that affected the degree to which they acquired social-cognitive skills.
b) Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were some differences in the manner in which these skills were acquired.
Over recent decades, multiple studies have found that the nature of child-related injuries and accidental fatalities have changed. Which is a likely explanation for this change? a) Because of new-age parenting approaches, including goals to allow children more autonomy, young children are riskier and get hurt more often. b) Laws and policies around safety and other guidelines have led to improved safety precautions, and injuries have declined. c) Fatalities are drastically higher today than three decades ago, primarily due to increased speeding and more cars on the road. d) Toxic substances and swimming pools are much more likely to be present in homes today. e) As the population grows, rates of injuries and accidents have increased.
b) Laws and policies around safety and other guidelines have led to improved safety precautions, and injuries have declined.
In a cross-cultural study, researchers taught 15- to 18-month-old U.S. and Mayan infants how to use a novel object either by showing the object being used or showing the object being used while providing instruction. Whereas the U.S. infants were better able to imitate the action when they had some instruction compared to when they simply observed the action, the Mayan infants performed equally well with and without instruction. What is a possible conclusion that can be drawn from this result? a) Mayan infants have greater experience dealing with novel objects in their everyday lives. b) Mayan infants are not accustomed to receiving instruction. c) U.S. infants are culturally more accustomed to and reliant on being shown what to do. d) U.S. infants are culturally discouraged from learning from observation. e) Mayan infants are culturally discouraged from relying on instruction.
b) Mayan infants are not accustomed to receiving instruction.
Cultural practices around reading and storytelling differ by community. Which cultural-specific example is true? a) Personal traits, characteristics, and emotions are deeply expressed among Chinese children during reading/storytelling exchanges with caregivers, who often ask them about their feelings and thoughts. b) The strategy documented in European American middle-income families in the United States (actively involving children in the creation of stories through questioning and active participation) is not emphasized in Latinx, Chinese and other cultural communities where parents are more likely to control the story c) U.S. mothers with European American background view storytelling similarly to Chinese mothers as a vehicle to teach good behavior, even though the behaviors they teach may differ in content. d) Reading and storytelling are rarely seen in cultures outside the United States, and so the emphasis on this form of interaction is highly cultural. e) European American middle-income families rely on patriarchs to share stories and adventures.
b) The strategy documented in European American middle-income families in the United States (actively involving children in the creation of stories through questioning and active participation) is not emphasized in Latinx, Chinese and other cultural communities where parents are more likely to control the story
Which feature has not been studied as an example of infant-directed speech? a) High pitched, exaggerated speech b) Whispers c) Shorter utterances d) Concrete talk e) Changes in the amplitude (loudness) of speech
b) Whispers
A prime example of spatial cognition would be seen when a child understands that a) math skills are important to understanding spatial reasoning. b) a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole. c) numbers follow a sequence that can map to space on a page. d) three precedes the number four. e) objects, shapes and locations may appear different to others.
b) a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole.
Which statement about the results of research on developmental cascades is most accurate? a) Infants who exhibit strong novelty preference continue to exhibit strong novelty preference into adolescence when teens are tested in a habituation-novelty preference experiment. b) Cognitive skills in infancy predict a range of cognitive skills into adulthood and have also been found to cascade to employment and wellbeing decades later. c) Cognitive skills in infancy predict cognitive skills in childhood, particularly for similar types of skills such as memory. d) Because cognitive skills in infancy are discontinuous, they show no prediction for cognitive skills later in life. e) Development of specific cognitive skills are rarely mediated by social and cultural context.
c) Cognitive skills in infancy predict cognitive skills in childhood, particularly for similar types of skills such as memory.
Which is not a scaffolding strategy? a) Modeling and using gestures b) Providing verbal hints and queues c) Connecting to background knowledge d) Sitting near a child and not talking e) Using visuals
c) Connecting to background knowledge
A child at dinner time refuses to eat food that is "too green." One parent promises to to reward the child with dessert and another parent threatens to take away the child's phone. Which approach will be more successful? a) It depends on the child's age. b) The first parent will because a reward/incentive is important for developing healthy habits. c) Neither tactic is optimal, threats or bribes do not allow the child to develop self-control. d) The second parent, because children take advantage of parents who are not firm in food discipline. e) As long as the parent consumes the healthy food, the tactic does not matter, as children will model what parents eat.
c) Neither tactic is optimal, threats or bribes do not allow the child to develop self-control.
Charity is caring for two infants in her home. One is 3 weeks old and the other 5 months old. As Charity sang, she noticed both infants smiling. What likely explains this behavior in both infants? a) Both display a smile that is likely due to high pitched nature of the singing and not the interaction itself. b) Both display a developmentally expected social smile in response to the caregiver interaction. c) The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver. d) Neither display a social smile as social smiles typically do not appear until after the first year. e) The 3-week-old responds with a social smile while the 5-month-old imitates the other's response.
c) The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver.
Which explains why sleep problems in early childhood may be connected to childhood obesity? a) Sleep problems interfere with activity levels during waking hours. b) Sleep problems interfere with hormones related to growth, maturation, and energy homeostasis, which affect eating habits. c) Sleep problems interfere with caloric levels during waking hours. d) All of the above e) Parents who are lax about their children's sleeping habits may also tend to be lax about eating or activity habits.
d) All of the above
Which is an example of behavior demonstrating means-end-analysis? a) Baby Arun attempts to imitate sounds made by his caregiver b) Baby Isabella attempts to grasp a dangling toy c) Baby Gabriella repeatedly attempts to stand up d) Baby Derell pushes aside a pillow to get to his favorite toy e) Baby Young-hee repeatedly hits her hands on the table to make noise
d) Baby Derell pushes aside a pillow to get to his favorite toy
How might caregiver sensitivity and emotional availability impact an infant's development of social cognition? a) Caregivers can support infants' regulation of emotions, allowing infants to then learn from their social environments b) Caregivers can provide direct instruction on social cognition, telling infants what to do to understand others' emotions. c) Caregivers model social interaction and social sensitivity, such that infants in turn learn about others. d) Both a and c e) All of the above
d) Both a and c
As caregivers read books to their children, they provide children with opportunitiesto develop many skills. However, not all reading interactions are similar. Which statement best captures the idea of dialogic reading? a) Dialogic reading is a style where an adult reads to the child, while making sure the child is listening. b) Dialogic reading is a style that allows children to test loud, quiet, and charismatic voices when reading. c) Dialogic reading provides children with a deeper understanding of how language is used. d) Dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage. e) Dialogic reading encourages children to read on their own without much guidance
d) Dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage.
Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment? a) Differences in infants' experiences interacting with strangers b) Differences in the structure of childcare arrangements c) Differences in parents' views and expectations around appropriate infant and child behaviors d) Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers e) Differences in infants' experiences of being separated from primary caregivers
d) Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers
Children living in impoverished neighborhoods are at greater risk for chronic lead exposure. What is true about the symptoms of prolonged exposure? a) Lead causes behavioral issues but is treatable. b) You Answered Lead ingestion can cause stomach or intestinal issues. c) Mercury poisoning is the only teratogen that is dangerous to children. d) Lead leads to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments. e) Most lead exposures have minimal impact if any.
d) Lead leads to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments.
Actigraphs have been used to assess children's activity patterns and quality of sleep. Which of the following is not true based on findings from studies using these devices? a) Parents often report children sleep more than actigraphs actually reveal. b) Half of children ages 3-6 wake up at some point in the middle of the night. c) Children often get less than the recommended amount of sleep. d) Most children experience frequent sleep disruptions from night terrors. e) A major reason children often don't sleep is enough is because they have difficulty falling to sleep initially.
d) Most children experience frequent sleep disruptions from night terrors.
According to a report by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), an estimated 674,000 children were identified as victims of abuse in 2017. Which form of abuse was most reported? a) Financial abuse b) Emotional abuse c) Sexual abuse d) Neglect e) Physical abuse
d) Neglect
Which is the best response towards young children who may be picky eaters? a) Provide sweet snacks only after a child agrees to try an unfamiliar or "green" food. b) Limit children's opportunities to eat other foods until they learn to accept a problem food item. c) Only attempt introducing a new food once with a child, then move onto another. d) Provide ample access to a variety of foods—without pressure—and encourage healthy eating. e) Express deep concern and disapproval if children present fussy or poor attitudes.
d) Provide ample access to a variety of foods—without pressure—and encourage healthy eating.
Which is not an example of communicative accommodation? a) Satisfying an infant's emotional needs when talking to the infant b) Talking in a higher pitched voice when talking to an infant c) Adjusting vocabulary when talking to an infant d) Talking to other adults in the presence of an infant e) Using gestures accordingly when speaking to an infant
d) Talking to other adults in the presence of an infant
Which statement best captures school influences on children's social-cognitive development? a) Children can advance their understanding of persuasion with practice. b) Schooling doesn't matter in early childhood, as children struggle to understand the motives of others until late childhood. c)School context surpasses cultural and family contexts in the area of theory of mind, as school is where children encounter peers with different opinions. d) Teachers expose children to mental state talk, which promotes theory of mind understanding. e)Home factors, rather than school factors, influence children's theory of mind.
d) Teachers expose children to mental state talk, which promotes theory of mind understanding.
All of the statements about preschool education are true except a) Well-designed curricula can improve children's skills in literacy and mathematics. b) Preschool has been found to produce gains equal to several months of additional learning beyond what children would have achieved without early childhood education. c) Well-designed preschool programs can help overcome language development disparities in dual-language learning students. d) The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment. e) Teacher quality can significantly affect cognitive gains children achieve in preschool.
d) The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment.
Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents? a) Expressions of anger at this age may be a sign of poor emotion regulation. b) This is normal as he is now developing basic emotions and is able to express them. c) Expression of anger is one way Samuel's temperament starting to appear. d) This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year. e) Anger typically decreases in the toddler years, so be patient.
d) This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year.
Thinking of hierarchical categorization of words (for example, the order from general thinking to basic to specific), which would be considered a specific-level word word? a) Flies b) Mammal c) Feathers d) Toucan e) Bird
d) Toucan
Which activity is considered a gross motor skill? a) Zipping a sleeping bag b) Eating or getting oneself dressed c) Fitting a puzzle shape d) Turning and twirling on a playground e) Creating lines with a paint brush using broad strokes
d) Turning and twirling on a playground
Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant a) crying when hungry. b) staring looking at a picture. c) staring at a stranger. d) cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot. e) crying more intensely when tired.
d) cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot.
Which scenario is an example of neglect? a) Exposing a child to indecent sexual content b) Intentionally inflicting harm, often with an object c) Giving a child up to state custody d) Constantly ridiculing a child e) Failing to provide basic needs to a child
e) Failing to provide basic needs to a child
According to some researchers, in the false-belief task, a key requirement is for children to remember where the original object was placed and where it was moved to. Researcher's attribute which of the following as a possible explanation for such age-related improvements? a) Growing language skills b) High parental income c) Cultural context d) Experiential learning e) Growing skills in executive functioning
e) Growing skills in executive functioning
Which is not true about rates of child maltreatment? a) Maltreatment peaks in infancy and early childhood compared to other ages. b) Annual incidence rates underestimate cumulative estimates of maltreatment. c) All forms of maltreatment are rising in line with growing U.S. poverty. d) Beyond types of maltreatment, researchers classify maltreatment by severity, frequency, and timing. e) Improvements in tracking using recent technology advances allow for exact statistics on rates of maltreatment.
e) Improvements in tracking using recent technology advances allow for exact statistics on rates of maltreatment.
All of the statements about preschool education are true except a) Teacher quality can significantly affect cognitive gains children achieve in preschool. b) Well-designed preschool programs can help overcome language development disparities in dual-language learning students. c) Preschool has been found to produce gains equal to several months of additional learning beyond what children would have achieved without early childhood education. d) Well-designed curricula can improve children's skills in literacy and mathematics. e) The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment.
e) The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment.
Both Harlow and Bowlby's work help us better understand attachment. Which accurately reflects their research? a) They both examined the cultural components of attachment to understand how infants adapt to environmental demands. b) They both advanced a constructivist view of attachment. c) Bowlby focused on the gradual formation of the attachment relationship whereas Harlow believed it was more immediate. d) Harlow focused on human research implications whereas Bowlby focused on evidence from animal studies. e) The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment.
e) The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment.
