Infant and Toddler Education and Care
group size 6
0-8 months
hands open and relaxed
0.7 to 6 months
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
1-3 years
pointing to a few body parts when asked
12-24 months
group size 12
18-36 months
What are the benefits of floor time? Do you thing being receptive and responsive are skill most adults need to learn? Why or why not?
Benefits of floor time include giving more attention to the child displaying the behavior. The child is receiving one on one attention for a period of time. Their are interesting toys available. The caregiver waits for the child to act, then he/she responds. Yes, adults need to be responsive and receptive. The adult needs to be aware of what the child needs in any circumstances. The adult also needs to respond to the child and not wait awhile until he/she is ready. By then the child has either. moved on or felt unworthy or has portrayed behavioral problems.
Identify a true statement about the role of aesthetics in planning a good environment for infants and toddlers.
The backdrop should be neutral to prevent distraction.
In the context of language development, which of the following is observed in a child from birth to three months of age?
The child will awaken at loud sounds.
By talking naturally to a child, you teach __________
all of the answers are correct
Effective parent education involves ________.
all of the answers are correct
High-quality early childhood inclusion programs benefit
all of the answers are correct
Infant's brains become more active when adults respond to their cues and signals for attention through __________.
all of the answers are correct
Limits ________.
all of the answers are correct
Parents learn about child development by ________.
all of the answers are correct
Which of the following supports open communication?
all of these are correct
Which of the following best describes a dynamic system?
an ever-changing process
Attachment is ________.
an important two-way relationship between an infant and an adult
When promoting prosocial behavior, it is important to do all of the following except
assert power in resolving conflict
Adaptation
assimilation and accommodation
Which of the following contributes the most to high self-esteem in infants and toddlers?
attachment
__________ is the prime factor in the development of social skills.
attachment
playing for a long time with one object
attention span
The primary way in which caregivers can help in the development of a child is by
encouraging the baby to do thoroughly whatever it is that he or she is doing
If a parent's culture has a time frame for toilet training that is different from the policy of your program, you should
engage in a dialogue
Brain circuitry early in life is formed by ________.
experience
sensory integration
experiences are combined and integrated to influence other growth areas
The act of children discovering and examining what is around them is called _____________
exploration
pupillary reflex
eye responsiveness to bright and dim light
"Caring" refers only to the action of taking care of another person.
false
Brain development has little correlation to early quality care experiences for an infant.
false
Caregivers who explore the simple-complex dimension of a learning environment find that attention span decreases when complexity is introduced into toddlers' environment.
false
Children learn significant concepts from "academic" experiences created for them rather than real-life, everyday activities.
false
Children thrive on constant praise
false
Instead of observing what a child is actually doing, an adult should set objectives for the way a child is to interact with materials
false
Which of the following is NOT a challenge in early intervention?
families that are too supportive
making the attachment
focusing on familiar people (10 weeks to 6-8 months)
level 1
food, water, rest
social skills
foster interdependent relationships
Children can discriminate their own names from similar-sounding words by ________.
four and half months
IFSP
give information about an infant or toddler's disability
An activity using the large muscles of the arms, legs, and trunk is known as a
gross motor activity
The cephalocaudal principle emphasizes that the growth pattern in children begins with the ________.
head and moves to the feet
Child care providers can help children develop a sense of trust by
helping them cope with separation from parents
playpen
immobile infant
The Parent Services Project (PSP) is a unique program that fosters community building by
including services for parents and grandparents.
In the context of the development of emotions, which of the following behaviors is shown by mobile infants (up to 18 months)?
indication of a strong sense of self by asserting self
Which of the following is NOT a function of the reflex
indicators of attachment
pre-attachment
indiscriminate reactions (birth to approximately 12 weeks)
This chapter discusses the 10 principles of respectful caregiving. These principles emphasize that ____________ deserve the same respect as adults
infants and toddlers
The energy that pushes children to create, invent, and explore what happens in their lives is known as Erikson's stage of
initiative
The three Rs describe an infant's or toddler's ____________ with others.
interactions
A needs and services plan ________.
is a formal plan to serve children that is made by a regulating agency
Which of the following statements is true of prosocial behavior?
it helps in promoting successful peer interactions.
Which of the following statements best defines the term "environmental limit"?
it is a physical barrier that keeps a child or material out of or inside of a given space
Which of the following statements best defines the term "intentionality?"
it is the ability of a child to construct a plan
Identify a true statement about stranger anxiety in infants.
it is the strongest in infants who have good communication with their parents.
Jean Piaget's approach to cognitive development in children differed from Lev Vygotsky's approach in Jean's belief that
knowledge is primarily self-constructed
Which of Abraham Maslow's levels of needs is usually addressed by state licensing requirements?
level 1
If a caregiver involves children in things that concern them, it would
make the children active participants in what happens to them
Caregivers can set up an environment to support play of infants and toddlers by
making sure that everything in the environment is touchable
The overall development in the hands and fingers is known as ________.
manipulation
pointing to objects in a picture book
mobile infant
The most effective way to help a child learn new behavior is to ___________
model it
basic building blocks of the brain
neurons
self image
one's own perception of oneself that relates to body image and awareness
NAEYC
organization that publishes information on DAP
Hands curl tightly around objects.
palmar grasp reflex
reciprocal relationship
partnership behavior (24 months on)
stage 3
partnership with parents
What is the belief behind a primary-caregiver system
paying special attention to three or four children promotes strong attachment
Sensory integration is critical to the development of ________.
perception
The ability to take in sensory information and organize it is called ________.
perception
DAP
practice based on child development principles relating to typical development
IAP
practice that fits what is known about individual differences
CAP
practices that come from different values, beliefs, perceptions, traditions, etc
The beginning of language and the ability to pretend signal the beginning of the ________ of cognitive development.
preoperational stage
The beginning of language and the ability to pretend signal the beginning of the ___________ of cognitive development.
preoperational stage
primary-caregiver system
promoting attachment through assignment of a small number of children to one caregiver
To promote self-help skills at meals, you should remember to
provide small amounts of food
Which of the following practices related to the physical environment is NOT recommended as developmentally appropriate for infants?
providing novel multisensory toys with visually stimulating bright colors and movement
Which of the following is NOT an adult role in infant-toddler play
providing solutions to problems children encounter in their play
Crawling toward, following with a gaze, and crying when separated from an attachment figure are all ________.
proximity-seeking behaviors related to attachment
Which of the following is an example of promoting autonomy in young children
pulling socks half off and asking them to finish the job
always smiling or, conversely, often irritable
quality of mood
tactile perception
rates to motor abilities
conditioning
relearning a previously frightening situation
eating and sleeping on an unpredictable schedule
rhythmicity
level 2
safety, security
stage 1
savior complex
Autonomy is Erik Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development.
second
A prerequisite for promoting cognitive development is ________.
security and attachment
level 4
self-esteem
A critical component of language growth is ________.
social interaction
In the context of finding resources for children with special needs, a good resource
takes cultural diversity into account
Which of the following behaviors shows development of language in mobile infants (8-18 months)?
they look at picture book with interest
self-calming behaviors
thumb sucking, sharing feelings
Infant vision at birth, although blurry and not yet completely developed, is equipped ________, which aids in forming attachments.
to see human faces from eight inches away
Scaffolding is used to assist a child in problem solving. It is important
to time your assistance for when the child is about to give up
Scaffolding is used to assist a child in problem solving. It is important ______________
to time your assistance for when the child is about to give up
spoken vocabulary of 200 words
toddler
Children grow rapidly in a nurturing environment. By his or her first birthday, an infant's weight ________.
triples
A caregiver's choices can encourage or discourage a mother's decision to continue breastfeeding.
true
A newborn's emotional responses are not very defined and are correlated with immediate experiences.
true
A practice that fits research and child development principles but does not fit some children and their families cannot be called a culturally appropriate practice in the larger sense
true
A strong attachment behavior most babies have at birth is the ability to establish eye contact.
true
A toddler's brain is more active than an adult's brain.
true
Bilingualism and biculturalism benefit infants and toddlers, so they are skills to be valued and nurtured.
true
For toddlers, gross motor activity should be available in both the indoor and outdoor environments.
true
Having a sense of possession is part of the process of learning to share.
true
In gaining gross motor control, it is more important for a child to get into the position than to be in the position.
true
It is important to understand that our perception of appropriate touch is influenced by our culture.
true
Readiness for toilet learning is an example of autonomy.
true
Recognizing he uniqueness of each child, his or her developmental level, and his or her cultural environment can offer an understanding of what responsive relationship-based care is about
true
Responsive, repeated experiences strengthen specific neural pathways.
true
Social supports are a crucial element in people's happiness, healthiness, and productivity.
true
Some infant group care programs would actually benefit from reducing environmental stimulation
true
Standing back and observing children's abilities to figure something out is a way of allowing them to gain feedback on their own without adult input
true
Stress and frustration are an important part of infant-toddler education.
true
The basis of infant-toddler curriculum is interaction with caregivers, peers, and objects
true
The development of self-direction and self-regulation begin from a force within us that provides the natural thrust toward maturity, guides growth, and gives direction to our life.
true
The self-esteem of caregivers is important.
true
The two measures most frequently used to reflect an infant's awareness of a change in an event are the infant's level of activity and heart rate.
true
The way you guide behavior can influence children's ideas of and feelings about themselves.
true
To assess what an infant or toddler needs, you should look, listen, and feel for the answer
true
When infants and toddlers are in the same room, it is important to be flexible.
true
support furniture
upright infant
stage 2
urge to educate all parents
Redirecting a child from what he or she should not be doing to something similar that is OK to do is different from distracting him or her in that redirecting involves
using energy in an acceptable way
The slowest sense to develop is _________.
vision
perception
ability to take in and organize informationf
There are two types of caregiver presence mentioned in chapter 2. They are
active and receptive
clear attachment
active closeness is sought (8 months to 18-24 months)
moving around a lot
activity level
easily approaching new things
adaptability
The stages of becoming a caregiver include ________.
all of the answers are correct
Which of the following is NOT recommended for infants under six months because it may produce food allergies
all of the answers are correct
sends energy or impulses to other neurons
axon
sends energy or impulses to to other neurons
axon
Changing behavior in toddlers can involve all of the following except
expecting more than they can give or do
Asking questions with one right answer is the best way to teach language to infants and toddlers.
false
During the preoperational period, children begin to use abstract, logical thought.
false
Infants and toddlers acquire language before they develop the ability to think.
false
Infants are born with language.
false
The process by which young children acquire language rapidly is known as ________.
fast mapping
Coupling the unfamiliar with the familiar can help a child cope with ________.
fear
Reading to infants daily at circle time
is not recommended
Which of the following sentences best defines the term "positive reinforcement?"
it is a response to a behavior that strengthens the chances of its recurrence
Which of the following is a disadvantage of large playrgroups
it is hard for children to get absorbed in play
bassinet
newborn
Resistance to being diapered is a sign of growth
true
Within a year and a half, most infants have learned many of the basic motor skills.
true
Young children have the capacity to solve many problems
true
Three Rs
types of interactions
level 5
self-actualization
The stimulation of the sense organs is called ________.
sensation
Self-calming devices appear at ________.
birth
Effective partnerships between caregivers and families ________.
both of the answers are correct
Which of the following strategies can be used to expand children's ideas about gender roles?
by refraining from linking occupations to gender
scribbles spontaneously
10 to 21 months
neat pincer grasp
7 to 12 months
Happenings
chance events and purposeful experiences
palmar grasp
2 to 7 months
following two combined requests
24-36 months
initiative vs. guilt
3-6 years
looking for a sound or noise from toys
4-6 months
group size 9
8-18 months
Interactional synchrony is like an "emotional dance" between a caregiver and a child, sending important signals and sharing emotions. What does this "emotional dance" form for the child
All of the answers are correct.
How is infant stimulation be different from infant education
Infant stimulation is when the infant needs to perceive their own involvement in simulating experiences. Their involvement comes from when they are able to interact with people and things that are part of the experience. Infant and toddler education is when infants are not provided particular activities or predetermined outcomes.
Which of the following occurs in the second stage of caregiver stages of relating to parents?
Caregivers have an understanding of what affects the parents' child-raising practices.
concrete operational stage
Child has logical thought, but only in regard to concrete objects
Which of the following is a major challenge in early intervention or identifying a child with special needs?
It is difficult to recognize which developmental delays are temporary and which may persist.
Why has identity formation become such an important issue in today's early care settings?
Many more infants and toddlers are spending their waking hours away from their families than ever before in the United States.
self-concept
a child's perceptions of and feelings about himself or herself
A responsive interaction chain is all of the following except
a clear demand of expectations from another
Identify a true statement about large muscles in infants.
These muscles are involved in controlling head movements.
Which of the following is an advantage of family child care homes?
They are a great comfort to children who are easily stimulated.
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of social skills?
They are inborn instinctive qualities and have nothing to do with learning.
Identify a true statement about mirror neurons.
They fire both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action being performed by another animal.
Identify a characteristic of resilient children.
They look for resolutions to problems.
Toes fan out if the sole of the foot is stroked.
babinski reflex
wants nothing quality time
caregiver is fully available without directing the action
The causes of fear ________ as infants grow into toddlers.
change
preoperational stage
child can use symbols and has better reasoning skills, but is perceptually bound to the here and now
formal operational stage
child has abstract, logical thought
level 3
closeness, love
Early experiences have a ________ impact on the architecture of your brain.
decisive
neural pathways
dendrite connections between brain cells
The Child Development Associate (CDA) assessment process defines quality settings for infant and toddler care as those that are safe and promote health and learning.
true
The ability of newborns to distinguish their mothers from other women by the sense of smell clearly indicates that smell plays a role in attachment.
true
To help ensure a safe environment, infant and toddler caregivers should all receive training in first aid and CPR.
true
When change is carefully thought out and minimized, infants and toddlers learn that they can predict what will happen
true
When referring to infant-toddler curriculum, it is helpful to think of it as a meandering river rather than a set course of study
true
What is free play and exploration
undirected play
Tips for conferences with parents include all the following except
using jargon so the parents respect the professional's expertise.
floor time
when a child exhibits difficult behavior, the caregiver provides one to one non-directive attention
Which of the following statements acknowledges a child's inner delight
you must feel good about washing your hands by yourself
which of the following statements acknowledges a child's inner delight
you must feel good about washing your hands by yourself
babbling
young infant
In order to build a sense of trust and help children cope with separation, caregivers must refrain from allowing things from home that a family provides for comfort.
false
It is important for an adult to immediately rescue a child who is experiencing a frustrating problem during free play
false
Jean Piaget, but not Lev Vygotsky, believed that interaction promotes cognitive development.
false
Knowing and understanding come from the active process of gathering information, organizing it, and finally using it.
false
Newborns and very young infants require constant stimulation; hence toys and pictures should be regularly replaced.
false
Redirection—that is, removing a child who is misbehaving—is sometimes used as a blanket approach by caregivers who do not know any other methods of guiding behavior.
false
Resiliency is always a negative experience and is detrimental to one's development.
false
Separation is only an issue of difficulty to a child experiencing it and not to the adult helping the child cope.
false
Social referencing is the ability some people seem to have to thrive despite adverse environmental conditions.
false
Speaking in soft tones to request certain behavior is recognized by all children as a command.
false
Special language lessons are the most effective way to teach language skills.
false
Stranger anxiety in infants is a sign of an emotional disorder.
false
Teaching behavior is always more effective than modeling it
false
Temperament is biologically driven and determined.
false
The best way to develop a child's social skills to focus on cognitive development.
false
The major benefit of early intervention is that young children with disabilities can be identified early in their development and can be taken out of mainstream schooling.
false
The number of neurons a child is born with keeps increasing throughout life.
false
The objectives and lessons that children create from free play are far less effective than those that adults create for children
false
The reciprocal kicking reflex, similar to bicycling, is present at birth in infants.
false
You should only feed infants under one year a natural sweetener like honey.
false
Happenings offer an experience that is reflective of an interest observed in infant-toddler interactions and play. How do happenings differ from activities
happenings broaden the idea of what infants and toddlers engage in and learn from
If you want an infant to focus on a sound, that sound should ________.
have a beginning and an end
Which of the following most effectively forms the foundation of the intellect in infants and toddlers?
interactions with consistent caregivers
In response to language, infants interact with synchrony by moving their bodies to the rhythm and body movements of those who talk with them.
true
Infants and toddlers need to know they can influence the people and things around them
true
Infants and toddlers need to know they can influence the people and things around them.
true
Jean Piaget called infants' skill of taking in new information and processing it "assimilation."
true
Knowledge of a child's comfort devices is an important part of a needs and services plan.
true
Language delays can be the result of a lack of nurturing interactions.
true
Language is defined as the systematic arrangement of arbitrary symbols that has generalized meaning.
true
Teachers must be able to adapt teaching strategies and care routines to meet the individual needs of infants and toddlers in their care, including those with special needs
true
providing feedback
giving clear statements to help children learn the consequences of their actions
Explain and give examples of how the right kind of attention should be provided to infants and toddlers. Include evidence from the text to support your examples.
A caregiver should ignore an undesirable behavior as long as it does not involve someone getting hurt. The caregiver should pay lots of attention to behavior that is desirable. For example, a toddler or infant is throwing "soft" ball in the air. This can be ignored. The toddler walking in the house instead of running. The caregiver could say, "John, I saw you walking in the house. That makes me happy." An infant screams every time you look away. The caregiver can smile or acknowledge the infant when he/she is playing. For example, the caregiver is repeating words, sounds, and facial expressions back to the infant in play.
Caregiving that is done with respect allows relationships to grow. Relationships provide children with opportunities to learn _____________
All of the answers are correct
Explain why it is important for caregivers to spend time focusing one child. How does this type of interaction support a child's development?
It is important for a caregiver to spend time focusing on one child so they learn about that child. They know what he likes and dislikes. They know their temperament. They know what their triggers are. The child's needs must be provided for, to be an effective teacher. The caregiver can provide activities and learning activities around this. It also develops a trusting relationship between child and caregiver.
How do adults support infants and toddlers problem-solving in group settings? Explain how scaffolding helps
The caregiver's role is to give the child time and freedom to work on the problem. That means not responding to every frustration immediately. Scaffolding helps when an adult structures a situation so that the problem solving is encouraged and supported. Sometimes scaffolding requires a little assistance.
Infant-toddler education is the same as ___________
none of the answers is correct
Infant-toddler curriculum is distinctly different from preschool and early-elementary curriculum. List the characteristics that make infant-toddler curriculum unique, and explain why it is a legitimate course of study
The curriculum means that the child not only gives input but also is actually in charge of his or her own curriculum in partnership with the caregivers. It also includes developmentally appropriate practice which is based on research and child development principles that relate to development. Practice that fits what is known about individual differences. Culturally appropriate practice. All of these makes a legitimate course of study. You are laying the foundation and. providing quality learning opportunities for the children to grow and develop.
All that is needed in caring for infants and toddlers is the ability to be warm and nurturing
false
Babies cry because they are either hungry or sleepy
false
Caregivers must learn never to express their anger in front of young children and always be warm role models even if they get angry or upset
false
Caregiving is not essential to building structures in the brain that have long-lasting effects on cognitive development
false
Continuity of care is a means of determining what a child needs at any given time, which is the first step in performing caregiving acts
false
The key to easing toilet training is ____________
following a child's own readiness and willingness to learn
RIE
a resource program for infant-toddler educators
How do children learn to get attention from others
all of the answers are correct
How does a caregiver decide what is enough stress for an infant or toddler
all of the answers are correct
Infant-toddler caregivers must be
all of the answers are correct
Respectful interactions with a child include ____________
all of the answers are correct
Exploration
an act of discovering and examining the enrironment
Which of the following methods of providing feedback is most likely useful for a child?
giving a clear message
Respectful and responsive infant-toddler curriculum is based primarily on
relationships
Identify a true statement about the role of adults in infant-toddler education
they should model behavior that they want a child to imitate
A practice that fits research and child development. principles but does not fit some children and their families cannot be called a culturally appropriate practice in the larger sense
true
Caregivers should take good records so that they can see an emerging developmental profile from each child they work with
true
Early play and exploration provides an important foundation for later learning and understanding
true
In creating a safe physical environment, caregivers must
all the answers are correct
Respectful caregivers treat a child's feelings as real and valid by
all the answers are correct
The ability to develop language involves ________.
all the answers are correct
When caregivers openly accept children's feelings, it aids in
all the answers are correct
Which of the following is significant to the development of language and later literacy?
all the answers are correct
Which of the following significantly influences the critical period of brain growth in children?
all the answers are correct
Which of the following should caregivers do in order to foster motor development in infants?
allow babies to move into position by themselves
A bottle is an excellent substitute for cuddling or attention
false
A caregiver dealing with parents twice his or her age will have a similar way of looking at what is good for the children as long as both the caregiver and the parents belong to the same culture.
false
A curriculum based on relationships is simple, basic, and unexciting
false
trust vs. mistrust
0-1 year
Describe the four skills used by adults as they direct and respond to infant-toddler problem solving. Provide an example that illustrates each of these skills.
1. Determining optimum stress levels. This is observing and deciding how much stress is too much, too little, and just right. For example, a child is having trouble putting a puzzle in its place. The adult can reduce the frustration by giving a nudge or comment enough so that the child can continue to work to solve the problem. 2. Providing attention. This is meeting children's needs for attention without manipulative motives. For example, the caregiver could say, "John, you let me talk to Joe without interrupting. You are doing a good job waiting." 3. Providing feedback. This is giving clear feedback so that infants and toddlers learn the consequences of their actions. For example, "John it hurts when you bite me. I do not like it." 4. Modeling. This is setting a good example for infants and toddlers. For example, a child is hitting a baby doll in the face. The caregiver can show the child and using words as "gentle, soft touches, with her hands. She can ask the child for his/her hand and do the same thing.
List 5 of the 10 principles that I would apply in daily interactions. Describe in depth, how you would apply the 5 principles, give examples. Including statements that you would make and behaviors you would use
1. Involve infants/toddlers in things that concern them. Don't work around them or distract them to get the job done faster. For example, It is time to go outside and I ask the 2 year old to go get his/her shoes. I would say, "_______ go get your shoes, so we can go outside." ________ goes and gets his shoes and brings them to me. 2. Invests in Quality time (wants-nothing quality time). Provider walks over to the block areas where three 3 years old are building. Provider asks if she can sit down? The children say "YES." I sit back and watch the children interacting with each other. As I sit and observe, I want the children to know that I am there, watching them in case they need something. 3. Recognize problems as learning opportunities and let infants and toddlers try to solve their own. For example, I notice that John was buiding with blocks. He was placing large blocks on top of small blocks, which resulted in them falling over. John starts screaming, and crying, "I can't, I can't." Provider walks over, sits down and says, "I see that you are screaming I can't," John says "I can't do this." Provider says "how else can you stack the blocks so they don't fall over?" The child pauses and rethinks, putting the larger blocks on bottom. The provider did not do the task for he child. She guided him, by asking a question. 4. Be honest about your feelings. For example, John is throwing rocks at me when I walk by. When I say, "ouch that hurts he starts to laugh. I turn around, looking him in the eyes and face, and say in a matter of fact voice, "John, I don't like that, I don't want you to throw rocks at me. That hurts." I would turn around and walk away. I will keep looking back to make sure he didn't start throwing rock at someone else. 5. Model the behavior you want to teach. For example, you want to teach John that kicking a baby doll is not acceptable. I reach down and pick it up saying gentle touches, soft touches, Showing John how to hold babies in my arms. Repeating this action several times for John to understand. I give the doll back and have John model what I showed him.
A parent's role in a child's life is similar to the role of a professional caregiver as both have a shared history and both will be part of the child's future.
false
Adults should never assist a child with problem-solving
false
Adults within the wants-nothing mode with children are not doing anything and would be just as helpful if removed from the situation
false
After several months of birth, infants can discriminate among colors and prefer warm ones (red, orange, yellow) to cool ones (blue, green).
false
As discussed in this chapter, attachment refers to a special two-way relationship between a child's parents.
false
Attachment between a parent and a child is the same as the attachment between a child and a caregiver.
false
The pathways in the brain that form the physical foundation of trust are caused by what behavior?
All of the answers are correct.
What is early intervention?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of receptive language?
An infant responds to the repeated sounds and pictures in a storybook.
Crying is a good release for infants as a source of expression because it involves both sound and physical activity.
true
Cultural diversity has an important role in how children are socialized.
true
Communication with parents is important, primarily because it helps caregivers tell parents about a child care center's policies and procedures
false
Communication with parents is important, primarily because it helps caregivers tell parents about a child care center's policies and procedures.
false
Constantly talking to a baby supports infant hearing and is helpful in communicating meaning.
false
Dendrites are output fibers that send impulses to other neurons.
false
Families are on their own when looking for resources about their children with special needs.
false
Which theorist focused on the establishment of trust?
Erikson
Free play involves adults setting up activities with certain objects and planning for controlled outcomes
false
Which of the following statements is true of the perception of hearing in infants?
Infants are able to hear certain sounds that distinguish one language from another.
Identify a true statement about the perception of sight in infants.
Infants can discriminate among colors within a few weeks of birth
________ accounts for the rapid gain in overall brain size after birth.
Myelinization
Young children bite others for many reasons, which can include __________.
all of the answers are correct
What does "responsive, relationship-based curriculum" mean to you? What does this curriculum look like in the infant-toddler environment? Describe caregiver behaviors that reflect this type of curriculum
Responsive, relationship-based curriculum means that when a caregiver responds to infants and toddlers in a respectful way, building relationships, while providing learning opportunities and experiences. These may be from planned or on the spot learning. Teachers need to have an understanding in child development. They also need to have observation skills to be responsive minute by minute and over time. The need to be able to reflect and make adjustments based on the individual child's needs. They need to plan environments and experiences. The caregiver needs to have goals or desired results which relate to the whole child to be able to reach their desired goals and potential. These are related to the mind, body, and feelings. They need to adapt to the environments and experiences that work for developing children no matter of physical, mental or emotional challenges in the program.
Explain the three-R interactions. Describe a caregiving interaction that is reflective of a three-R interaction. Analyze your example, and identify the ways that the caregiver demonstrated respect, responsiveness, and reciprocity
Responsive, respectful, and reciprocal are the three R interactions. Responsive is when a caregiver responds to the child and vice versa. Reciprocal is when there is a whole chain of responses going back and forth between the caregiver and the infant/toddler. Respectful is a way of treating something or someone. A caregiver interaction that is a reflection of all 3 R interactions is attending to a child that fell down the steps and scraped his knees. You show respect when you acknowledge, and ask if you can look at his scraped knees. You show responsive by pausing and waiting for the child's response and continue to engage in back and forth interaction in response to the child's cues. You show respect by letting the toddler know what you are going to do before you do it. For example, "I'm going to wash you knees with soap and water to get the germs out." Encourage the child's participation whenever possible. For example, "Would you like to help me wash your knees?"
If a child is rubbing his eyes frequently, then he with total certainty is suffering from sensory impairment.
false
By six months, the average infant's vision is comparable to that of an adult.
true
Caregiving, as a curriculum, is an activity-based approach
true
Infants
all of the answers are correct. Newborns recognize the sound of their mother's voice. Experiments have shown that infants only 20 weeks old can discriminate between the syllables "baw" and "gah." Young babies are especially responsive to a high-pitched, expressive voice, using a rising tone at the end of phrases.
Quality settings for infant and toddler care should ________.
all of the information is correct
A well-designed environment benefits infants and toddlers by ________.
all the answers are correct
Advantages of family child care homes include ________.
all the answers are correct
Being taught narrow sex roles may ________.
all the answers are correct
Caregivers working with mixed-age groups must
all the answers are correct
In a healthful environment,
all the answers are correct
cultural identity
a part of self concept influenced by where we come from
gender identity
a part of self concept that is influenced by the way adults treat children of different sexes
sensory impairment
a problem with one's ability to process sensory information
The first noticeable slowing of brain activity happens during ________.
adolescence
Caregivers create curriculum out of play and exploration by
aiding children in the pursuit of special interests
Helping toddlers nap can be difficult. Which of the following would be useful
all of the answers are correct
How should a caregiver respond to an older toddler whose sense of initiative is growing?
all of the answers are correct
Parents of children with special needs ________.
all of the answers are correct
Self-concept is made up of ________.
all of the answers are correct
Which of the following contributes to infants developing a sense of basic trust in day care?
all of the answers are correct
Which of the following do infants and toddlers learn from their caregivers that may become part of their sense of self?
all of the answers are correct
The risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) can be reduced by
avoiding babies from getting too warm during sleep
Which of the following can most likely be used by caregivers to make toilet learning easier for children
avoiding power struggles with children
Intimate human interaction is time spent ______________
being fully focused on a child during caregiving routines
smiling when spoken to
birth to 3 months
wants-something quality time
caregiver is fully available and gently directing the child during diapering, feeding and grooming
Which of the following actions illustrate the concept of respecting an infant or toddler
checking if a child needs reassurance or physical help
Which of the following actions illustrates the concept of respecting an infant or toddler
checking if a child needs reassurance or physical help
sensorimotor stage
child has limited awareness of cause and effect but has the ability to separate self from objects
Continuity of care
children staying with one caregiver for several years
The process of gathering information, organizing it, and using it to adapt to the world is known as __________.
cognitive experience
Three policies need to be in place to have an effective relationship-based curriculum. These policies include a primary-caregiver system, continuity of care, and ___________
consistency
Jean Piaget believed children ________ their understanding of the world, whereas Lev Vygotsky believed learning is ________.
construct; co-constructed
Which of the following is NOT a suggested guideline for fostering language development in infants and toddlers?
correct all grammar on the spot
Which of the following hormones is released by the brain during stressful events?
cortisol
The first step in considering ways of changing behavior in a child is to ________.
define what is undesirable behavior
In the context of the perception of sight, toddlers who become entertained observers
demand constant visual change and get bored quickly.
receive impulses from other neurons
dendrites
In helping infants and toddlers cope with anger, all of the following are helpful except ________.
denying the anger
Infants internalize what they take in through their senses and _________.
display it in physical movements such as mouthing
All of the following are important suggestions to assist caregivers in supporting a parent with a toddler suffering from separation anxiety except
distract the child with an activity so he or she won't feel sad.
social-emotional
domain related to feelings
physical
domain related to the body
cognitive
domain related to the mind
Technologies in neuroscience that are noninvasive
don't interfere with natural brain function
In an infant-toddler curriculum, the primary role of a caregiver is to ____________
facilitate problem-solving skills
A baby's inability to understand that objects gone from sight still exist is referred to as separation anxiety.
false
A multicultural, multilingual curriculum for infants and toddlers means ________.
learning from parents about their culture and how it applies to what they want for their children in the infant-toddler care setting
Selective intervention
limited interference that is positive in effect
The most interesting object in the play environment of newborns and very young infants is a
live human face
An infant's ability to move from one place to another is referred to as ________.
locomotion
Children who are given food when they are not hungry or are bundled up when they are not cold are most likely to
lose the ability to determine what they need
A high-quality infant-toddler environment has balance in all of the following dimensions except
loud-bright
The philosophy of infant-toddler care and education stressed in this book comes from the work of
magda gerber and emmi pikler
self-actualization
making choices that move toward one's potential
Chronically ill or medically fragile children ________.
may need closer attention to health and sanitation practices because of possible immunity problems
Providing attention
meeting children's needs without manipulative motives
Consistency
minimization of change so children can predict what will happen
The most effective way to help a child learn new behavior is to _________
model it
Arms fling out and seem to grasp if head support is released.
moro reflex
Specialized nerve cells are called ________.
neurons
Being concerned about the quality of development in each stage means that
none of the answers are correct
When disciplining infants and toddlers, all cultures ________.
none of the answers are correct
The ability to remember an object or person even though they cannot be seen, touched, or heard is known as
object permanence
A dialogue ________.
occurs when both parties seek to understand each other's point of view
Which of the following does NOT support creating a curriculum out of play and exploration
offering structured rules and guidelines
Safety and learning through interactions are _____________
overarching themes in supporting play for infants and toddlers
Communicating with parents whose culture is different from the caregiver's may be difficult, but at the same time educational and rewarding.
true
Formal written observations are called ____________ and involve carefully and objectively noting everything that happens as it happens
running records
________ is a first consideration in planning for infants and toddlers.
safety
In the final stage of caregiver stages of relating to parents, caregivers
see themselves as supplements and supports to parents.
Timing and __________ are important skills for caregivers to acquire in order to facilitate infant-toddler social play
selective interaction
Timing and ________ are important skills for caregivers to acquire in order to facilitate infant-toddler social play
selective intervention
If your body movement and appearance say one thing but your words say something else, how might this impact a child's understanding of the communication
sends two potentially conflicting messages
The first stage of Piaget's cognitive theory is the ___________.
sensorimotor stage
modeling
setting good examples for infants and toddlers
The problem of the match, as discussed by J. McVicker Hunt, is ________
setting up an environment that is familiar yet appropriately challenging
Which of the following is an attachment behavior observed in mobile infants (up to 18 months)
showing affection for a familiar person
Tactile sensation is of great importance in aiding infants and toddlers to explore their world. Which of the following is NOT a tactile experience?
smelling an essential oil's aroma
Legs move in response to pressure on them in an upright position.
stepping reflex
sensation
stimulation of sense organs
The ________ levels are fully developed at birth and regulate most reflexes and fundamental activities in the body.
subcortical
connections that are formed as an infant experiences his or her world
synapses
aesthetics
that which is judged beautiful
When a baby has a depressed parent who ignores the baby's cues for emotional interactions, ________.
the baby may have reduced brain activity
________ is a young child's greatest resource.
the family
Which of the following is an infant's main learning tool in the first months after birth?
the mouth
Identify a true statement about individuals in the self-actualization process.
they are objective and creative
Identify an issue of parents of children with special needs.
they often carry a heavy burden of guilt
Pretend play is when children
think of their world without directly experiencing it
The brain reaches nearly 90% of its adult weight by age ________.
three
According to Lev Vygotsky, social interaction is a prerequisite for children to develop problem-solving skills.
true
Active listening includes stating what the other person seems to be feeling.
true
Age span and group size are important environmental factors that influence infant and toddler play
true
An opportunity to hear the labels of familiar objects repeated in familiar contexts is important to the beginning of word usage in a young child.
true
Body awareness affects children's images of themselves.
true
