Infant and Toddler Education and Care

group size 6

0-8 months

hands open and relaxed

0.7 to 6 months

Which of the following statements is true of the perception of hearing in infants?

Infants are able to hear certain sounds that distinguish one language from another.

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

1-3 years

Describe the four skills used by adults as they direct and respond to infant-toddler problem solving. Provide an example that illustrates each of these skills.

1. Determining optimum stress levels. This is observing and deciding how much stress is too much, too little, and just right. For example, a child is having trouble putting a puzzle in its place. The adult can reduce the frustration by giving a nudge or comment enough so that the child can continue to work to solve the problem. 2. Providing attention. This is meeting children's needs for attention without manipulative motives. For example, the caregiver could say, "John, you let me talk to Joe without interrupting. You are doing a good job waiting." 3. Providing feedback. This is giving clear feedback so that infants and toddlers learn the consequences of their actions. For example, "John it hurts when you bite me. I do not like it." 4. Modeling. This is setting a good example for infants and toddlers. For example, a child is hitting a baby doll in the face. The caregiver can show the child and using words as "gentle, soft touches, with her hands. She can ask the child for his/her hand and do the same thing.

List 5 of the 10 principles that I would apply in daily interactions. Describe in depth, how you would apply the 5 principles, give examples. Including statements that you would make and behaviors you would use

1. Involve infants/toddlers in things that concern them. Don't work around them or distract them to get the job done faster. For example, It is time to go outside and I ask the 2 year old to go get his/her shoes. I would say, "_______ go get your shoes, so we can go outside." ________ goes and gets his shoes and brings them to me. 2. Invests in Quality time (wants-nothing quality time). Provider walks over to the block areas where three 3 years old are building. Provider asks if she can sit down? The children say "YES." I sit back and watch the children interacting with each other. As I sit and observe, I want the children to know that I am there, watching them in case they need something. 3. Recognize problems as learning opportunities and let infants and toddlers try to solve their own. For example, I notice that John was buiding with blocks. He was placing large blocks on top of small blocks, which resulted in them falling over. John starts screaming, and crying, "I can't, I can't." Provider walks over, sits down and says, "I see that you are screaming I can't," John says "I can't do this." Provider says "how else can you stack the blocks so they don't fall over?" The child pauses and rethinks, putting the larger blocks on bottom. The provider did not do the task for he child. She guided him, by asking a question. 4. Be honest about your feelings. For example, John is throwing rocks at me when I walk by. When I say, "ouch that hurts he starts to laugh. I turn around, looking him in the eyes and face, and say in a matter of fact voice, "John, I don't like that, I don't want you to throw rocks at me. That hurts." I would turn around and walk away. I will keep looking back to make sure he didn't start throwing rock at someone else. 5. Model the behavior you want to teach. For example, you want to teach John that kicking a baby doll is not acceptable. I reach down and pick it up saying gentle touches, soft touches, Showing John how to hold babies in my arms. Repeating this action several times for John to understand. I give the doll back and have John model what I showed him.

pointing to a few body parts when asked

12-24 months

group size 12

18-36 months

What are the benefits of floor time? Do you thing being receptive and responsive are skill most adults need to learn? Why or why not?

Benefits of floor time include giving more attention to the child displaying the behavior. The child is receiving one on one attention for a period of time. Their are interesting toys available. The caregiver waits for the child to act, then he/she responds. Yes, adults need to be responsive and receptive. The adult needs to be aware of what the child needs in any circumstances. The adult also needs to respond to the child and not wait awhile until he/she is ready. By then the child has either. moved on or felt unworthy or has portrayed behavioral problems.

Identify a true statement about the role of aesthetics in planning a good environment for infants and toddlers.

The backdrop should be neutral to prevent distraction.

How do adults support infants and toddlers problem-solving in group settings? Explain how scaffolding helps

The caregiver's role is to give the child time and freedom to work on the problem. That means not responding to every frustration immediately. Scaffolding helps when an adult structures a situation so that the problem solving is encouraged and supported. Sometimes scaffolding requires a little assistance.

In the context of language development, which of the following is observed in a child from birth to three months of age?

The child will awaken at loud sounds.

By talking naturally to a child, you teach __________

all of the answers are correct

Effective parent education involves ________.

all of the answers are correct

Helping toddlers nap can be difficult. Which of the following would be useful

all of the answers are correct

High-quality early childhood inclusion programs benefit

all of the answers are correct

How do children learn to get attention from others

all of the answers are correct

How does a caregiver decide what is enough stress for an infant or toddler

all of the answers are correct

Infant's brains become more active when adults respond to their cues and signals for attention through __________.

all of the answers are correct

Infant-toddler caregivers must be

all of the answers are correct

Limits ________.

all of the answers are correct

Parents learn about child development by ________.

all of the answers are correct

Parents of children with special needs ________.

all of the answers are correct

Respectful interactions with a child include ____________

all of the answers are correct

Self-concept is made up of ________.

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following contributes to infants developing a sense of basic trust in day care?

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following do infants and toddlers learn from their caregivers that may become part of their sense of self?

all of the answers are correct

Young children bite others for many reasons, which can include __________.

all of the answers are correct

Infants

all of the answers are correct. Newborns recognize the sound of their mother's voice. Experiments have shown that infants only 20 weeks old can discriminate between the syllables "baw" and "gah." Young babies are especially responsive to a high-pitched, expressive voice, using a rising tone at the end of phrases.

Quality settings for infant and toddler care should ________.

all of the information is correct

Which of the following supports open communication?

all of these are correct

A well-designed environment benefits infants and toddlers by ________.

all the answers are correct

Advantages of family child care homes include ________.

all the answers are correct

Being taught narrow sex roles may ________.

all the answers are correct

Caregivers working with mixed-age groups must

all the answers are correct

In a healthful environment,

all the answers are correct

In creating a safe physical environment, caregivers must

all the answers are correct

Respectful caregivers treat a child's feelings as real and valid by

all the answers are correct

The ability to develop language involves ________.

all the answers are correct

When caregivers openly accept children's feelings, it aids in

all the answers are correct

Which of the following is significant to the development of language and later literacy?

all the answers are correct

Which of the following significantly influences the critical period of brain growth in children?

all the answers are correct

Which of the following should caregivers do in order to foster motor development in infants?

allow babies to move into position by themselves

Exploration

an act of discovering and examining the enrironment

Which of the following best describes a dynamic system?

an ever-changing process

Attachment is ________.

an important two-way relationship between an infant and an adult

When promoting prosocial behavior, it is important to do all of the following except

assert power in resolving conflict

Adaptation

assimilation and accommodation

Which of the following contributes the most to high self-esteem in infants and toddlers?

attachment

__________ is the prime factor in the development of social skills.

attachment

playing for a long time with one object

attention span

The risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) can be reduced by

avoiding babies from getting too warm during sleep

Which of the following can most likely be used by caregivers to make toilet learning easier for children

avoiding power struggles with children

The primary way in which caregivers can help in the development of a child is by

encouraging the baby to do thoroughly whatever it is that he or she is doing

If a parent's culture has a time frame for toilet training that is different from the policy of your program, you should

engage in a dialogue

Brain circuitry early in life is formed by ________.

experience

sensory integration

experiences are combined and integrated to influence other growth areas

The act of children discovering and examining what is around them is called _____________

exploration

pupillary reflex

eye responsiveness to bright and dim light

In an infant-toddler curriculum, the primary role of a caregiver is to ____________

facilitate problem-solving skills

"Caring" refers only to the action of taking care of another person.

false

A baby's inability to understand that objects gone from sight still exist is referred to as separation anxiety.

false

A bottle is an excellent substitute for cuddling or attention

false

A caregiver dealing with parents twice his or her age will have a similar way of looking at what is good for the children as long as both the caregiver and the parents belong to the same culture.

false

A curriculum based on relationships is simple, basic, and unexciting

false

A parent's role in a child's life is similar to the role of a professional caregiver as both have a shared history and both will be part of the child's future.

false

Adults should never assist a child with problem-solving

false

Adults within the wants-nothing mode with children are not doing anything and would be just as helpful if removed from the situation

false

After several months of birth, infants can discriminate among colors and prefer warm ones (red, orange, yellow) to cool ones (blue, green).

false

All that is needed in caring for infants and toddlers is the ability to be warm and nurturing

false

As discussed in this chapter, attachment refers to a special two-way relationship between a child's parents.

false

Attachment between a parent and a child is the same as the attachment between a child and a caregiver.

false

Babies cry because they are either hungry or sleepy

false

Brain development has little correlation to early quality care experiences for an infant.

false

Caregivers must learn never to express their anger in front of young children and always be warm role models even if they get angry or upset

false

Caregivers who explore the simple-complex dimension of a learning environment find that attention span decreases when complexity is introduced into toddlers' environment.

false

Caregiving is not essential to building structures in the brain that have long-lasting effects on cognitive development

false

Children learn significant concepts from "academic" experiences created for them rather than real-life, everyday activities.

false

Children thrive on constant praise

false

Communication with parents is important, primarily because it helps caregivers tell parents about a child care center's policies and procedures

false

Communication with parents is important, primarily because it helps caregivers tell parents about a child care center's policies and procedures.

false

Constantly talking to a baby supports infant hearing and is helpful in communicating meaning.

false

Continuity of care is a means of determining what a child needs at any given time, which is the first step in performing caregiving acts

false

Dendrites are output fibers that send impulses to other neurons.

false

Families are on their own when looking for resources about their children with special needs.

false

Free play involves adults setting up activities with certain objects and planning for controlled outcomes

false

If a child is rubbing his eyes frequently, then he with total certainty is suffering from sensory impairment.

false

In order to build a sense of trust and help children cope with separation, caregivers must refrain from allowing things from home that a family provides for comfort.

false

Instead of observing what a child is actually doing, an adult should set objectives for the way a child is to interact with materials

false

It is important for an adult to immediately rescue a child who is experiencing a frustrating problem during free play

false

Jean Piaget, but not Lev Vygotsky, believed that interaction promotes cognitive development.

false

Knowing and understanding come from the active process of gathering information, organizing it, and finally using it.

false

Newborns and very young infants require constant stimulation; hence toys and pictures should be regularly replaced.

false

Redirection—that is, removing a child who is misbehaving—is sometimes used as a blanket approach by caregivers who do not know any other methods of guiding behavior.

false

Resiliency is always a negative experience and is detrimental to one's development.

false

Separation is only an issue of difficulty to a child experiencing it and not to the adult helping the child cope.

false

Social referencing is the ability some people seem to have to thrive despite adverse environmental conditions.

false

Speaking in soft tones to request certain behavior is recognized by all children as a command.

false

Special language lessons are the most effective way to teach language skills.

false

Stranger anxiety in infants is a sign of an emotional disorder.

false

Teaching behavior is always more effective than modeling it

false

Temperament is biologically driven and determined.

false

The best way to develop a child's social skills to focus on cognitive development.

false

The major benefit of early intervention is that young children with disabilities can be identified early in their development and can be taken out of mainstream schooling.

false

The number of neurons a child is born with keeps increasing throughout life.

false

The objectives and lessons that children create from free play are far less effective than those that adults create for children

false

The reciprocal kicking reflex, similar to bicycling, is present at birth in infants.

false

You should only feed infants under one year a natural sweetener like honey.

false

Which of the following is NOT a challenge in early intervention?

families that are too supportive

making the attachment

focusing on familiar people (10 weeks to 6-8 months)

The key to easing toilet training is ____________

following a child's own readiness and willingness to learn

level 1

food, water, rest

social skills

foster interdependent relationships

Children can discriminate their own names from similar-sounding words by ________.

four and half months

IFSP

give information about an infant or toddler's disability

Which of the following methods of providing feedback is most likely useful for a child?

giving a clear message

providing feedback

giving clear statements to help children learn the consequences of their actions

An activity using the large muscles of the arms, legs, and trunk is known as a

gross motor activity

Happenings offer an experience that is reflective of an interest observed in infant-toddler interactions and play. How do happenings differ from activities

happenings broaden the idea of what infants and toddlers engage in and learn from

If you want an infant to focus on a sound, that sound should ________.

have a beginning and an end

The cephalocaudal principle emphasizes that the growth pattern in children begins with the ________.

head and moves to the feet

Child care providers can help children develop a sense of trust by

helping them cope with separation from parents

playpen

immobile infant

The Parent Services Project (PSP) is a unique program that fosters community building by

including services for parents and grandparents.

In the context of the development of emotions, which of the following behaviors is shown by mobile infants (up to 18 months)?

indication of a strong sense of self by asserting self

Which of the following is NOT a function of the reflex

indicators of attachment

pre-attachment

indiscriminate reactions (birth to approximately 12 weeks)

This chapter discusses the 10 principles of respectful caregiving. These principles emphasize that ____________ deserve the same respect as adults

infants and toddlers

The energy that pushes children to create, invent, and explore what happens in their lives is known as Erikson's stage of

initiative

The three Rs describe an infant's or toddler's ____________ with others.

interactions

Which of the following most effectively forms the foundation of the intellect in infants and toddlers?

interactions with consistent caregivers

A needs and services plan ________.

is a formal plan to serve children that is made by a regulating agency

Which of the following statements is true of prosocial behavior?

it helps in promoting successful peer interactions.

Which of the following statements best defines the term "environmental limit"?

it is a physical barrier that keeps a child or material out of or inside of a given space

Which of the following statements best defines the term "intentionality?"

it is the ability of a child to construct a plan

Identify a true statement about stranger anxiety in infants.

it is the strongest in infants who have good communication with their parents.

Jean Piaget's approach to cognitive development in children differed from Lev Vygotsky's approach in Jean's belief that

knowledge is primarily self-constructed

A multicultural, multilingual curriculum for infants and toddlers means ________.

learning from parents about their culture and how it applies to what they want for their children in the infant-toddler care setting

Which of Abraham Maslow's levels of needs is usually addressed by state licensing requirements?

level 1

Selective intervention

limited interference that is positive in effect

The most interesting object in the play environment of newborns and very young infants is a

live human face

An infant's ability to move from one place to another is referred to as ________.

locomotion

Children who are given food when they are not hungry or are bundled up when they are not cold are most likely to

lose the ability to determine what they need

A high-quality infant-toddler environment has balance in all of the following dimensions except

loud-bright

The philosophy of infant-toddler care and education stressed in this book comes from the work of

magda gerber and emmi pikler

If a caregiver involves children in things that concern them, it would

make the children active participants in what happens to them

self-actualization

making choices that move toward one's potential

Caregivers can set up an environment to support play of infants and toddlers by

making sure that everything in the environment is touchable

The overall development in the hands and fingers is known as ________.

manipulation

Chronically ill or medically fragile children ________.

may need closer attention to health and sanitation practices because of possible immunity problems

Providing attention

meeting children's needs without manipulative motives

Consistency

minimization of change so children can predict what will happen

pointing to objects in a picture book

mobile infant

The most effective way to help a child learn new behavior is to _________

model it

The most effective way to help a child learn new behavior is to ___________

model it

Arms fling out and seem to grasp if head support is released.

moro reflex

Specialized nerve cells are called ________.

neurons

basic building blocks of the brain

neurons

Being concerned about the quality of development in each stage means that

none of the answers are correct

When disciplining infants and toddlers, all cultures ________.

none of the answers are correct

Infant-toddler education is the same as ___________

none of the answers is correct

The ability to remember an object or person even though they cannot be seen, touched, or heard is known as

object permanence

A dialogue ________.

occurs when both parties seek to understand each other's point of view

Which of the following does NOT support creating a curriculum out of play and exploration

offering structured rules and guidelines

self image

one's own perception of oneself that relates to body image and awareness

NAEYC

organization that publishes information on DAP

Hands curl tightly around objects.

palmar grasp reflex

reciprocal relationship

partnership behavior (24 months on)

stage 3

partnership with parents

What is the belief behind a primary-caregiver system

paying special attention to three or four children promotes strong attachment

Sensory integration is critical to the development of ________.

perception

The ability to take in sensory information and organize it is called ________.

perception

DAP

practice based on child development principles relating to typical development

IAP

practice that fits what is known about individual differences

CAP

practices that come from different values, beliefs, perceptions, traditions, etc

The beginning of language and the ability to pretend signal the beginning of the ________ of cognitive development.

preoperational stage

The beginning of language and the ability to pretend signal the beginning of the ___________ of cognitive development.

preoperational stage

primary-caregiver system

promoting attachment through assignment of a small number of children to one caregiver

To promote self-help skills at meals, you should remember to

provide small amounts of food

Which of the following practices related to the physical environment is NOT recommended as developmentally appropriate for infants?

providing novel multisensory toys with visually stimulating bright colors and movement

Which of the following is NOT an adult role in infant-toddler play

providing solutions to problems children encounter in their play

Crawling toward, following with a gaze, and crying when separated from an attachment figure are all ________.

proximity-seeking behaviors related to attachment

Which of the following is an example of promoting autonomy in young children

pulling socks half off and asking them to finish the job

always smiling or, conversely, often irritable

quality of mood

tactile perception

rates to motor abilities

Respectful and responsive infant-toddler curriculum is based primarily on

relationships

conditioning

relearning a previously frightening situation

eating and sleeping on an unpredictable schedule

rhythmicity

Formal written observations are called ____________ and involve carefully and objectively noting everything that happens as it happens

running records

level 2

safety, security

stage 1

savior complex

Autonomy is Erik Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development.

second

A prerequisite for promoting cognitive development is ________.

security and attachment

In the final stage of caregiver stages of relating to parents, caregivers

see themselves as supplements and supports to parents.

Timing and __________ are important skills for caregivers to acquire in order to facilitate infant-toddler social play

selective interaction

Timing and ________ are important skills for caregivers to acquire in order to facilitate infant-toddler social play

selective intervention

level 4

self-esteem

If your body movement and appearance say one thing but your words say something else, how might this impact a child's understanding of the communication

sends two potentially conflicting messages

The first stage of Piaget's cognitive theory is the ___________.

sensorimotor stage

The problem of the match, as discussed by J. McVicker Hunt, is ________

setting up an environment that is familiar yet appropriately challenging

Which of the following is an attachment behavior observed in mobile infants (up to 18 months)

showing affection for a familiar person

Tactile sensation is of great importance in aiding infants and toddlers to explore their world. Which of the following is NOT a tactile experience?

smelling an essential oil's aroma

A critical component of language growth is ________.

social interaction

Legs move in response to pressure on them in an upright position.

stepping reflex

sensation

stimulation of sense organs

The ________ levels are fully developed at birth and regulate most reflexes and fundamental activities in the body.

subcortical

connections that are formed as an infant experiences his or her world

synapses

In the context of finding resources for children with special needs, a good resource

takes cultural diversity into account

aesthetics

that which is judged beautiful

When a baby has a depressed parent who ignores the baby's cues for emotional interactions, ________.

the baby may have reduced brain activity

________ is a young child's greatest resource.

the family

Which of the following is an infant's main learning tool in the first months after birth?

the mouth

Identify a true statement about individuals in the self-actualization process.

they are objective and creative

Which of the following behaviors shows development of language in mobile infants (8-18 months)?

they look at picture book with interest

Identify an issue of parents of children with special needs.

they often carry a heavy burden of guilt

Identify a true statement about the role of adults in infant-toddler education

they should model behavior that they want a child to imitate

Pretend play is when children

think of their world without directly experiencing it

The brain reaches nearly 90% of its adult weight by age ________.

three

self-calming behaviors

thumb sucking, sharing feelings

Infant vision at birth, although blurry and not yet completely developed, is equipped ________, which aids in forming attachments.

to see human faces from eight inches away

Scaffolding is used to assist a child in problem solving. It is important

to time your assistance for when the child is about to give up

Scaffolding is used to assist a child in problem solving. It is important ______________

to time your assistance for when the child is about to give up

spoken vocabulary of 200 words

toddler

Children grow rapidly in a nurturing environment. By his or her first birthday, an infant's weight ________.

triples

A caregiver's choices can encourage or discourage a mother's decision to continue breastfeeding.

true

A newborn's emotional responses are not very defined and are correlated with immediate experiences.

true

A practice that fits research and child development principles but does not fit some children and their families cannot be called a culturally appropriate practice in the larger sense

true

A practice that fits research and child development. principles but does not fit some children and their families cannot be called a culturally appropriate practice in the larger sense

true

A strong attachment behavior most babies have at birth is the ability to establish eye contact.

true

A toddler's brain is more active than an adult's brain.

true

According to Lev Vygotsky, social interaction is a prerequisite for children to develop problem-solving skills.

true

Active listening includes stating what the other person seems to be feeling.

true

Age span and group size are important environmental factors that influence infant and toddler play

true

An opportunity to hear the labels of familiar objects repeated in familiar contexts is important to the beginning of word usage in a young child.

true

Bilingualism and biculturalism benefit infants and toddlers, so they are skills to be valued and nurtured.

true

Body awareness affects children's images of themselves.

true

By six months, the average infant's vision is comparable to that of an adult.

true

Caregivers should take good records so that they can see an emerging developmental profile from each child they work with

true

Caregiving, as a curriculum, is an activity-based approach

true

Communicating with parents whose culture is different from the caregiver's may be difficult, but at the same time educational and rewarding.

true

Crying is a good release for infants as a source of expression because it involves both sound and physical activity.

true

Cultural diversity has an important role in how children are socialized.

true

Early play and exploration provides an important foundation for later learning and understanding

true

For toddlers, gross motor activity should be available in both the indoor and outdoor environments.

true

Having a sense of possession is part of the process of learning to share.

true

In gaining gross motor control, it is more important for a child to get into the position than to be in the position.

true

In response to language, infants interact with synchrony by moving their bodies to the rhythm and body movements of those who talk with them.

true

Infants and toddlers need to know they can influence the people and things around them

true

Infants and toddlers need to know they can influence the people and things around them.

true

It is important to understand that our perception of appropriate touch is influenced by our culture.

true

Jean Piaget called infants' skill of taking in new information and processing it "assimilation."

true

Knowledge of a child's comfort devices is an important part of a needs and services plan.

true

Language delays can be the result of a lack of nurturing interactions.

true

Language is defined as the systematic arrangement of arbitrary symbols that has generalized meaning.

true

Readiness for toilet learning is an example of autonomy.

true

Recognizing he uniqueness of each child, his or her developmental level, and his or her cultural environment can offer an understanding of what responsive relationship-based care is about

true

Responsive, repeated experiences strengthen specific neural pathways.

true

Social supports are a crucial element in people's happiness, healthiness, and productivity.

true

Some infant group care programs would actually benefit from reducing environmental stimulation

true

Standing back and observing children's abilities to figure something out is a way of allowing them to gain feedback on their own without adult input

true

Stress and frustration are an important part of infant-toddler education.

true

Teachers must be able to adapt teaching strategies and care routines to meet the individual needs of infants and toddlers in their care, including those with special needs

true

The Child Development Associate (CDA) assessment process defines quality settings for infant and toddler care as those that are safe and promote health and learning.

true

The ability of newborns to distinguish their mothers from other women by the sense of smell clearly indicates that smell plays a role in attachment.

true

The basis of infant-toddler curriculum is interaction with caregivers, peers, and objects

true

The development of self-direction and self-regulation begin from a force within us that provides the natural thrust toward maturity, guides growth, and gives direction to our life.

true

The self-esteem of caregivers is important.

true

The two measures most frequently used to reflect an infant's awareness of a change in an event are the infant's level of activity and heart rate.

true

The way you guide behavior can influence children's ideas of and feelings about themselves.

true

To assess what an infant or toddler needs, you should look, listen, and feel for the answer

true

To help ensure a safe environment, infant and toddler caregivers should all receive training in first aid and CPR.

true

When change is carefully thought out and minimized, infants and toddlers learn that they can predict what will happen

true

When infants and toddlers are in the same room, it is important to be flexible.

true

When referring to infant-toddler curriculum, it is helpful to think of it as a meandering river rather than a set course of study

true

support furniture

upright infant

stage 2

urge to educate all parents

Redirecting a child from what he or she should not be doing to something similar that is OK to do is different from distracting him or her in that redirecting involves

using energy in an acceptable way

Tips for conferences with parents include all the following except

using jargon so the parents respect the professional's expertise.

The slowest sense to develop is _________.

vision

floor time

when a child exhibits difficult behavior, the caregiver provides one to one non-directive attention

Which of the following statements acknowledges a child's inner delight

you must feel good about washing your hands by yourself

which of the following statements acknowledges a child's inner delight

you must feel good about washing your hands by yourself

babbling

young infant

perception

ability to take in and organize informationf

There are two types of caregiver presence mentioned in chapter 2. They are

active and receptive

clear attachment

active closeness is sought (8 months to 18-24 months)

moving around a lot

activity level

easily approaching new things

adaptability

The first noticeable slowing of brain activity happens during ________.

adolescence

Caregivers create curriculum out of play and exploration by

aiding children in the pursuit of special interests

How should a caregiver respond to an older toddler whose sense of initiative is growing?

all of the answers are correct

The stages of becoming a caregiver include ________.

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following is NOT recommended for infants under six months because it may produce food allergies

all of the answers are correct

sends energy or impulses to other neurons

axon

sends energy or impulses to to other neurons

axon

Changing behavior in toddlers can involve all of the following except

expecting more than they can give or do

Asking questions with one right answer is the best way to teach language to infants and toddlers.

false

During the preoperational period, children begin to use abstract, logical thought.

false

Infants and toddlers acquire language before they develop the ability to think.

false

Infants are born with language.

false

The process by which young children acquire language rapidly is known as ________.

fast mapping

Coupling the unfamiliar with the familiar can help a child cope with ________.

fear

Reading to infants daily at circle time

is not recommended

Which of the following sentences best defines the term "positive reinforcement?"

it is a response to a behavior that strengthens the chances of its recurrence

Which of the following is a disadvantage of large playrgroups

it is hard for children to get absorbed in play

bassinet

newborn

Resistance to being diapered is a sign of growth

true

Within a year and a half, most infants have learned many of the basic motor skills.

true

Young children have the capacity to solve many problems

true

Three Rs

types of interactions

What is free play and exploration

undirected play

trust vs. mistrust

0-1 year

________ is a first consideration in planning for infants and toddlers.

safety

level 5

self-actualization

The stimulation of the sense organs is called ________.

sensation

modeling

setting good examples for infants and toddlers

Self-calming devices appear at ________.

birth

smiling when spoken to

birth to 3 months

Effective partnerships between caregivers and families ________.

both of the answers are correct

Which of the following strategies can be used to expand children's ideas about gender roles?

by refraining from linking occupations to gender

scribbles spontaneously

10 to 21 months

neat pincer grasp

7 to 12 months

Which theorist focused on the establishment of trust?

Erikson

wants-something quality time

caregiver is fully available and gently directing the child during diapering, feeding and grooming

Happenings

chance events and purposeful experiences

Safety and learning through interactions are _____________

overarching themes in supporting play for infants and toddlers

palmar grasp

2 to 7 months

following two combined requests

24-36 months

initiative vs. guilt

3-6 years

looking for a sound or noise from toys

4-6 months

group size 9

8-18 months

Explain and give examples of how the right kind of attention should be provided to infants and toddlers. Include evidence from the text to support your examples.

A caregiver should ignore an undesirable behavior as long as it does not involve someone getting hurt. The caregiver should pay lots of attention to behavior that is desirable. For example, a toddler or infant is throwing "soft" ball in the air. This can be ignored. The toddler walking in the house instead of running. The caregiver could say, "John, I saw you walking in the house. That makes me happy." An infant screams every time you look away. The caregiver can smile or acknowledge the infant when he/she is playing. For example, the caregiver is repeating words, sounds, and facial expressions back to the infant in play.

Caregiving that is done with respect allows relationships to grow. Relationships provide children with opportunities to learn _____________

All of the answers are correct

Interactional synchrony is like an "emotional dance" between a caregiver and a child, sending important signals and sharing emotions. What does this "emotional dance" form for the child

All of the answers are correct.

The pathways in the brain that form the physical foundation of trust are caused by what behavior?

All of the answers are correct.

What is early intervention?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is an example of receptive language?

An infant responds to the repeated sounds and pictures in a storybook.

How is infant stimulation be different from infant education

Infant stimulation is when the infant needs to perceive their own involvement in simulating experiences. Their involvement comes from when they are able to interact with people and things that are part of the experience. Infant and toddler education is when infants are not provided particular activities or predetermined outcomes.

Identify a true statement about the perception of sight in infants.

Infants can discriminate among colors within a few weeks of birth

Which of the following occurs in the second stage of caregiver stages of relating to parents?

Caregivers have an understanding of what affects the parents' child-raising practices.

concrete operational stage

Child has logical thought, but only in regard to concrete objects

Which of the following is a major challenge in early intervention or identifying a child with special needs?

It is difficult to recognize which developmental delays are temporary and which may persist.

Explain why it is important for caregivers to spend time focusing one child. How does this type of interaction support a child's development?

It is important for a caregiver to spend time focusing on one child so they learn about that child. They know what he likes and dislikes. They know their temperament. They know what their triggers are. The child's needs must be provided for, to be an effective teacher. The caregiver can provide activities and learning activities around this. It also develops a trusting relationship between child and caregiver.

Why has identity formation become such an important issue in today's early care settings?

Many more infants and toddlers are spending their waking hours away from their families than ever before in the United States.

________ accounts for the rapid gain in overall brain size after birth.

Myelinization

What does "responsive, relationship-based curriculum" mean to you? What does this curriculum look like in the infant-toddler environment? Describe caregiver behaviors that reflect this type of curriculum

Responsive, relationship-based curriculum means that when a caregiver responds to infants and toddlers in a respectful way, building relationships, while providing learning opportunities and experiences. These may be from planned or on the spot learning. Teachers need to have an understanding in child development. They also need to have observation skills to be responsive minute by minute and over time. The need to be able to reflect and make adjustments based on the individual child's needs. They need to plan environments and experiences. The caregiver needs to have goals or desired results which relate to the whole child to be able to reach their desired goals and potential. These are related to the mind, body, and feelings. They need to adapt to the environments and experiences that work for developing children no matter of physical, mental or emotional challenges in the program.

Explain the three-R interactions. Describe a caregiving interaction that is reflective of a three-R interaction. Analyze your example, and identify the ways that the caregiver demonstrated respect, responsiveness, and reciprocity

Responsive, respectful, and reciprocal are the three R interactions. Responsive is when a caregiver responds to the child and vice versa. Reciprocal is when there is a whole chain of responses going back and forth between the caregiver and the infant/toddler. Respectful is a way of treating something or someone. A caregiver interaction that is a reflection of all 3 R interactions is attending to a child that fell down the steps and scraped his knees. You show respect when you acknowledge, and ask if you can look at his scraped knees. You show responsive by pausing and waiting for the child's response and continue to engage in back and forth interaction in response to the child's cues. You show respect by letting the toddler know what you are going to do before you do it. For example, "I'm going to wash you knees with soap and water to get the germs out." Encourage the child's participation whenever possible. For example, "Would you like to help me wash your knees?"

self-concept

a child's perceptions of and feelings about himself or herself

A responsive interaction chain is all of the following except

a clear demand of expectations from another

Infant-toddler curriculum is distinctly different from preschool and early-elementary curriculum. List the characteristics that make infant-toddler curriculum unique, and explain why it is a legitimate course of study

The curriculum means that the child not only gives input but also is actually in charge of his or her own curriculum in partnership with the caregivers. It also includes developmentally appropriate practice which is based on research and child development principles that relate to development. Practice that fits what is known about individual differences. Culturally appropriate practice. All of these makes a legitimate course of study. You are laying the foundation and. providing quality learning opportunities for the children to grow and develop.

Identify a true statement about large muscles in infants.

These muscles are involved in controlling head movements.

Which of the following is an advantage of family child care homes?

They are a great comfort to children who are easily stimulated.

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of social skills?

They are inborn instinctive qualities and have nothing to do with learning.

Identify a true statement about mirror neurons.

They fire both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action being performed by another animal.

Identify a characteristic of resilient children.

They look for resolutions to problems.

cultural identity

a part of self concept influenced by where we come from

gender identity

a part of self concept that is influenced by the way adults treat children of different sexes

sensory impairment

a problem with one's ability to process sensory information

RIE

a resource program for infant-toddler educators

Toes fan out if the sole of the foot is stroked.

babinski reflex

Intimate human interaction is time spent ______________

being fully focused on a child during caregiving routines

wants nothing quality time

caregiver is fully available without directing the action

The causes of fear ________ as infants grow into toddlers.

change

Which of the following actions illustrate the concept of respecting an infant or toddler

checking if a child needs reassurance or physical help

Which of the following actions illustrates the concept of respecting an infant or toddler

checking if a child needs reassurance or physical help

preoperational stage

child can use symbols and has better reasoning skills, but is perceptually bound to the here and now

formal operational stage

child has abstract, logical thought

sensorimotor stage

child has limited awareness of cause and effect but has the ability to separate self from objects

Continuity of care

children staying with one caregiver for several years

level 3

closeness, love

The process of gathering information, organizing it, and using it to adapt to the world is known as __________.

cognitive experience

Three policies need to be in place to have an effective relationship-based curriculum. These policies include a primary-caregiver system, continuity of care, and ___________

consistency

Jean Piaget believed children ________ their understanding of the world, whereas Lev Vygotsky believed learning is ________.

construct; co-constructed

Which of the following is NOT a suggested guideline for fostering language development in infants and toddlers?

correct all grammar on the spot

Which of the following hormones is released by the brain during stressful events?

cortisol

Early experiences have a ________ impact on the architecture of your brain.

decisive

The first step in considering ways of changing behavior in a child is to ________.

define what is undesirable behavior

In the context of the perception of sight, toddlers who become entertained observers

demand constant visual change and get bored quickly.

neural pathways

dendrite connections between brain cells

receive impulses from other neurons

dendrites

In helping infants and toddlers cope with anger, all of the following are helpful except ________.

denying the anger

Infants internalize what they take in through their senses and _________.

display it in physical movements such as mouthing

All of the following are important suggestions to assist caregivers in supporting a parent with a toddler suffering from separation anxiety except

distract the child with an activity so he or she won't feel sad.

social-emotional

domain related to feelings

physical

domain related to the body

cognitive

domain related to the mind

Technologies in neuroscience that are noninvasive

don't interfere with natural brain function