Informatics Exam #3

Which examples of essential information technology physical hardware infrastructure could cause a downtime if they fail? (Select all that apply.) a. Network cabling b. Network switches or hubs c. Financial applications d. Interface engine e. Email

. Network cabling b. Network switches or hubs

10. ___________ and __________ are ANA recognized "multidisciplinary" terminologies.

SNOMED, LOINC SNOMED and LOINC are ANA recognized "multidisciplinary" terminologies.

An organization implements a policy on installing software service packs on all its computers. This is an example of which type of control? a. Administrative b. Technical c. Physical d. Electronic

a. Administrative

Which considerations should be included in your system evaluation criteria? (Select all that apply.) a. Cost b. Vendor experience c. Organization devices d. Vendor's market and industry understanding

a. Cost b. Vendor experience d. Vendor's market and industry understanding

Which examples are man-made disasters that could affect IT products? a. Cyberattack, nuclear incident, bomb b. Cyberattack, blizzard, nuclear incident c. Nuclear incident, bomb, tornado d. Tornado, blizzard

a. Cyberattack, nuclear incident, bomb

The first country to implement ICD-10 codes was: a. Denmark. b. England. c. Canada. d. the United States.

a. Denmark.

Why is it difficult to establish effective health IT governance? a. Fundamentally, effective governance means that some stakeholders' informatics needs will need to be de-prioritized. b. There is too much literature available on the topic, making it difficult to choose which approach to follow. c. So few activities within a healthcare organization involve informatics. d. No stakeholder wants to have a say in how informatics resources are leveraged.

a. Fundamentally, effective governance means that some stakeholders' informatics needs will need to be de-prioritized.

Which terminologies are recognized by the ANA? (Select all that apply.) a. ICNP b. NOC c. LOINC d. RxNorm

a. ICNP b. NOC c. LOINC

Which groups are relevant stakeholders for health IT governance? (Select all that apply.) a. IT department b. Quality department c. Health services researchers d. Housekeepers

a. IT department b. Quality department c. Health services researchers

What is the primary reason to back up data entered into electronic health records? a. In the event of a system failure, the EHR system can be recovered with accurate data. b. The work of physicians will be disrupted in the clinics if the system fails and there is no backup. c. Administrators cannot continue to bill patients if the EHR fails and no backup exists. d. The interface engine will not be able to function if the EHR fails and no backup is available.

a. In the event of a system failure, the EHR system can be recovered with accurate data.

Which factors represent internal and external forces that require effective informatics governance? (Select all that apply.) a. Increasing demand for decision support and analytics b. Greater expectations for information access and transparency c. Clinician demand d. Meaningful Use and healthcare reform

a. Increasing demand for decision support and analytics b. Greater expectations for information access and transparency d. Meaningful Use and healthcare reform

Which principles are included in IMIA's Code of Ethics for informatics? (Select all that apply.) a. Information-Privacy and Disposition b. Openness c. Elimination of Threats d. Legitimate Infringement e. Accountability

a. Information-Privacy and Disposition b. Openness d. Legitimate Infringement e. Accountability

Why is health IT governance needed? (Select all that apply.) a. It ensures the alignment of informatics resources with institutional priorities. b. It effectively prioritizes the use of informatics resources. c. It optimizes the return on investment on informatics investments. d. It encourages clinician involvement.

a. It ensures the alignment of informatics resources with institutional priorities. b. It effectively prioritizes the use of informatics resources. c. It optimizes the return on investment on informatics investments.

Which statement is true regarding the continuity of care record (ASTM standard E2369-05e2)? a. It is an XML-based extract of the health record that allows for syntactically interoperable records. b. It is an XML-based extract of the health record that allows for semantically interoperable records. c. It is a tab-delimited extract of the health record that specifies constraints on the controlled vocabularies used. d. It is a tab-delimited extract of the health record that paves the way for national health information exchange.

a. It is an XML-based extract of the health record that allows for syntactically interoperable records.

If the planned single system downtime is less than 1 hour in the middle of a Sunday night, which downtime level should be assigned? a. Level 1 b. Level 2 c. Level 3 d. Level 4

a. Level 1

What are some examples of indirect costs to organizations that have security breaches? (Select all that apply.) a. Lost productivity b. Expensive fines c. Damaged public trust d. Remediation costs

a. Lost productivity c. Damaged public trust d. Remediation costs

Which clinical initiatives require informatics to be optimally effective? (Select all that apply.) a. Population health management b. IT governance c. Care pathways d. Reduction in care variability

a. Population health management c. Care pathways d. Reduction in care variability

Which terminology contains nursing problems? (Select all that apply) a. SNOMED b. Logical Observations Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) c. Omaha System d. NANDA

a. SNOMED c. Omaha System d. NANDA

Which activity or intervention is the biggest deterrent to the success of an EHR implementation? a. Schedule the go-live date for a Monday when vendor support staff is most available b. Anticipate user resistance and plan for it c. Possess an understanding that there is no finish line for EHR Maintenance d. Provide ample education to all users with opportunities for practice

a. Schedule the go-live date for a Monday when vendor support staff is most available

Which factor commonly interferes with the goal of successfully completing an EHR implementation that is on time and within budget? a. Scope creep b. Big Bang go-live c. An integrated EHR system d. Delayed transition to ICD-10 codes

a. Scope creep

What should be considered when identifying and selecting a healthcare information system? (Select all that apply.) a. Strategic vision b. Strategic alignment c. Enterprise and information technology goals and objectives d. Operating system e. Vendor strategic planning

a. Strategic vision b. Strategic alignment c. Enterprise and information technology goals and objectives

Which of the following describe information system functionality? (Select all that apply.) a. System response time b. Data validation c. Accuracy d. Ease of use for end users

a. System response time c. Accuracy d. Ease of use for end users

1. What are the main types of PHR? a. Tethered, untethered, stand-alone, and networked b. Integrated, tethered, untethered, and stand-apart c. Tethered, de-tethered, stand-apart, and stand-together d. USB-based, Web-based, and patient portals

a. Tethered, untethered, stand-alone, and networked

A large medical center that specializes in high-risk pregnancies is implementing an entire suite of clinical applications such as CPOE, barcode medication administration (BCMA), nursing documentation, data acquisition system to collect clinical data from cardiac and fetal monitors and ventilators, laboratory system, radiology system, PACS, and cardiology. It has a large, highly skilled, experienced IT team. The project team decided to go with a Big Bang go-live versus an incremental or phased approach. Which factor best supports this decision? a. The Big Bang approach decreases the possibility of errors. b. The incremental approach is best for hospitals with large IT departments. c. The Big Bang approach minimizes overall productivity loss. d. The incremental approach normally has lower implementation costs.

a. The Big Bang approach decreases the possibility of errors.

What is the difference between the safe harbor and expert determination methods of de-identifying data? a. The safe harbor method involves removal of 18 types of identifiers, and the expert determination method involves the application of statistical or scientific models. b. The safe harbor method involves the application of statistical or scientific models, and the expert determination method involves removal of 18 types of identifiers. c. The safe harbor method involves removal of all identifiers, and the expert determination method involves the removal of 18 types of identifiers. d. The safe harbor method involves securing identifiers in an encrypted database, and the expert determination specifically determines the riskiest identifiers to remove.

a. The safe harbor method involves removal of 18 types of identifiers, and the expert determination method involves the application of statistical or scientific models.

ISO 18104:2003, an international standard for integration of a reference terminology model for nursing, does not state specifically the nursing terminologies that should be used in systems. a. True b. False

a. True

What are integral components of a downtime communication plan? (Select all that apply.) a. Who needs to know the details? b. Who has passed the annual charting review exam? c. What details are needed? d. What systems and workflows are impacted? e. Who is going to communicate the information? f. When is the next Joint Commission review scheduled to occur?

a. Who needs to know the details? c. What details are needed? d. What systems and workflows are impacted? e. Who is going to communicate the information?

You want to make sure you consider crucial components as you design your first usability study. One of these components is to consider users and their characteristics. Other components are: a. a developmental timeline, tasks, information, product, and context. b. tasks, information, projected errors, context, and interactions. c. information, a developmental timeline, context, and group interactions. d. information, testing, errors, and context.

a. a developmental timeline, tasks, information, product, and context.

Upon entering an order for two units of packed red blood cells into a computerized physician order entry system, a dialog box is displayed stating that the patient is designated as "Bloodless," meaning that the patient will refuse all blood products. This is an example of: a. clinical decision support. b. evidence-based medicine. c. Heisenberg Principle. d. minimal data set.

a. clinical decision support. b.

A nurse gives a patient the wrong drug. This is an example of an error of: a. commission. b. omission. c. condition. d. remission.

a. commission.

Think aloud protocol is a method for generating rich data when users talk aloud as they use a product. This method is used: (Select all that apply.) a. during initial product development. b. during mature product design. c. after the product is released. d. after the product is used.

a. during initial product development. b. during mature product design. c. after the product is released.

An important component of the informatics infrastructure is: a. establishment and adoption of standards to support semantic interoperability. b. defined standard value sets, groupings, aligners, and attributes. c. organizations enabled to set individual standards for quality measurement and reporting. d. variation in the types of data used to populate the quality metrics.

a. establishment and adoption of standards to support semantic interoperability.

A process of ongoing evaluation must be developed to: (Select all that apply.) a. identify areas of omission. b. validate appropriate responses. c. develop training plans for go-live. d. ensure adequate users. e. determine if any changes to the system are needed.

a. identify areas of omission. b. validate appropriate responses. e. determine if any changes to the system are needed.

Your organization acknowledges that providers want to improve their user experience with health information technology (IT) products. You want to raise awareness of the potential benefits to the organization. You could draw on stated benefits such as: a. improved productivity, patient safety, and decreased customer support costs. b. improved cognitive support, increased maintenance costs, and patient safety. c. decreased user errors, decreased customer support costs, and increased administrative overhead. d. decreased maintenance costs and increased training.

a. improved productivity, patient safety, and decreased customer support costs.

The NIC system includes: a. interventions for illness prevention. b. medication administration records (MARs). c. 30 domains with 7 classes each. d. nursing outcomes.

a. interventions for illness prevention.

Which items are included in the IOM six aims for improvement? (Select all that apply.) a. safe b. patient-centered c. innovative d. effective

a. safe b. patient-centered d. effective

A hospital has an integrated clinical decision support system embedded in the EHR. According to Donabedian's model, this would be considered: a. structure. b. process. c. outcome. d. effectiveness.

a. structure.

The ONC (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology) is best described as: a. the principal federal entity charged with coordination of nationwide efforts to implement and use the most advanced health information technology and the electronic exchange of health information. b. the principal federal entity charged with promoting nationwide sales of advanced health information technology. c. a federal entity charged with increasing public awareness of the value of health information technology. d. a federal agency that regulates the contents and functions of health information technologies, including PHRs.

a. the principal federal entity charged with coordination of nationwide efforts to implement and use the most advanced health information technology and the electronic exchange of health information.

To automatically track the quality of care, standardized quality measures are needed in order to: (Select all that apply.) a. use consistent metrics. b. benchmark. c. standardize data collection. d. ensure clinical efficiency.

a. use consistent metrics. b. benchmark. c. standardize data collection.

The most commonly used functions of personal health records are: a. viewing test results and secure messaging. b. reading patient education materials and renewing medication prescriptions. c. entering data (such as self-measured glucose and blood pressure) and watching educational videos. d. online appointment scheduling and reading clinical notes.

a. viewing test results and secure messaging.

Which of these best describes an example of usability? a. The IT department is surveying your unit to determine the placement of new computer workstations. b. A researcher is conducting a study of how nurses interact with electronic documentation to organize care handoffs. c. The leadership in your institution is asking for your help to determine oncology patient flow across regional institutions. d. The administration has asked you to take responsibility for orientation of new hires and the retraining of selected current employees on use of the automated medication administration system because there have been a consistent number of user errors.

b. A researcher is conducting a study of how nurses interact with electronic documentation to organize care handoffs.

ICD-9 and ICD-10 are examples of which category of terminology? a. Nursing terminology b. Billing code c. Clinical classification d. Multidiscipline terminology used for clinical coding within an EHR

b. Billing code

Which activity or intervention should be avoided when implementing an EHR system? a. Public and unwavering support for the project by the organization's leadership b. Building a large number of aliases for orders and alerts for select clinical scenarios c. Input from representatives from different disciplines over the course of the project d. Default clinical information and responses to order prompts on orders and fill in as much as possible on order sets

b. Building a large number of aliases for orders and alerts for select clinical scenarios

Which of the following are phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? (Select all that apply.) a. System selection b. Design c. Implementation d. Maintenance

b. Design c. Implementation d. Maintenance

Which system is an example of a core clinical application? a. Scheduling system b. Electronic health record c. Claim scrubber d. Physiologic monitoring system

b. Electronic health record

A centralized health IT governance structure is always the most effective. a. True b. False

b. False

Which is included in an RFP but not an RFI? a. Desired system components and functionality b. Financial considerations c. Description of the hospital or health system d. Goals of the organization

b. Financial considerations

Why is the PSQRD a useful framework for research and practice? a. It explains why using computer applications is the best way to support better patient outcomes. b. It supports implementation, performance improvement, and rigorous research methodologies. c. It ensures successful implementation of a clinical process change. d. It increases communication among clinical staff.

b. It supports implementation, performance improvement, and rigorous research methodologies.

Which activities represent dimensions of the National Health Service's Informatics Capability Maturity Model? (Select all that apply.) a. Clinical documentation b. Managing information c. Using business intelligence d. Aligning business and informatics

b. Managing information c. Using business intelligence d. Aligning business and informatics

Which are the most significant financial reasons to implement an EHR or upgrade to the latest version of the current EHR? (Select all that apply.)

b. Migration from HIPAA 4010 Standards to 5010 Standards d. ARRA Meaningful Use requirements

What are the two most commonly owned personal computing devices? a. Game device and MP3 player b. Mobile phone and laptop c. Laptop and desktop computer d. Laptop and MP3 player

b. Mobile phone and laptop

Which components are necessary for effective health IT governance? (Select all that apply.) a. Organizational structures for clinical processes b. Organizational structures responsible for clearly defining institutional priorities c. Organizational structures responsible for ensuring that informatics efforts are aligned with institutional priorities and optimally utilized d. Accompanying processes to operationalize the governance

b. Organizational structures responsible for clearly defining institutional priorities c. Organizational structures responsible for ensuring that informatics efforts are aligned with institutional priorities and optimally utilized d. Accompanying processes to operationalize the governance

Which are examples of secondary use of health information? (Select all that apply.) a. Treatment b. Surveillance c. Research d. Marketing

b. Surveillance c. Research d. Marketing

Which methods will provide information useful in requirements identification? (Select all that apply.) a. Delphi method b. Survey c. Interview d. Direct observation e. Regression analysis

b. Survey c. Interview d. Direct observation

What is the first factor in deciding on an optimal health IT governance for an institution? a. The EHR system in use b. The organizational culture c. The size of the IT budget d. Whether the organization is a for-profit or non-profit entity

b. The organizational culture

Which statement is true of Meaningful Use? a. These are criteria created by patient advocacy groups intended to ensure that patient-facing technology is addressing users' needs. b. These are criteria created by the ONC to determine eligibility for incentives for health information technology adoption and use. c. These are criteria created by Congress that delineate appropriate uses of health data for research purposes. d. These are criteria proposed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement to suggest ways to use health information technology to improve healthcare in the United States

b. These are criteria created by the ONC to determine eligibility for incentives for health information technology adoption and use.

What is a negative impact of the increased use of mobile devices in transmitting health data? a. They support increased health data access for providers. b. They increase the risk of a security breach. c. They decrease productivity. d. They increase the number of medication errors.

b. They increase the risk of a security breach.

An unintended consequence associated with the use of an electronic health system occurs when: a. a physician places a medication order with an inappropriate drug dose for a pediatric patient in a CPOE system. b. a physician enters orders on a patient who was incorrectly selected from a drop-down list of the physician's personal patient list. c. a nurse enters a telephone order from the attending physician into the electronic health system and fails to read back the order. d. a nurse enters PRN pain medication orders on a patient and fails to record the indications for each pain medication.

b. a physician enters orders on a patient who was incorrectly selected from a drop-down list of the physician's personal patient list.

Task analysis is a collection of many different techniques. You can use task analysis to: (Select all that apply.) a. conduct the think aloud protocol. b. analyze users' cognitive processes. c. observe workflow in a cardiology clinic. d. determine crucial errors with CPOE.

b. analyze users' cognitive processes. c. observe workflow in a cardiology clinic. d. determine crucial errors with CPOE.

You are part of a knowledge management team that is interested in improving the user experience for your organization. The team members know you have taken a course in informatics and ask your advice about how to get started with usability in the organization. You recommend: a. talking to the CEO about her ideas. b. examining the support call lists and system change requests. c. working with only physicians, since they have been the most vocal about issues with the EHR. d. hiring a consultant.

b. examining the support call lists and system change requests.

Your team developed a prototype for a mobile health (mhealth) device for diabetics to track their glucose levels, insulin, and preventive care appointments. You want to assess whether the application includes the appropriate content for users (consumers). You plan to ask patients from an ambulatory clinic to participate. The kind of test you would plan is a(n): a. validation test. b. exploratory test. c. comparison test. d. assessment test.

b. exploratory test.

HIPAA (Health Information Portability and Accountability Act) requires that: (Select all that apply.) a. healthcare records be available electronically by 2014. b. healthcare providers keep an audit trail of access to an individual's record and provide copies of the individual's record upon request. c. specific privacy and security measures must be used in all electronic health records. d. healthcare providers must be able to electronically exchange health records by 2014. e. healthcare providers must be able to electronically exchange lab data by 2014.

b. healthcare providers keep an audit trail of access to an individual's record and provide copies of the individual's record upon request. c. specific privacy and security measures must be used in all electronic health records.

You are asked to perform a heuristic evaluation of the new orders management module of your inpatient system. You discover that the flow of the orders is different than the way providers are taught in school. This is an example of: a. consistency and standards. b. match between system and world. c. informative feedback. d. ergonomics.

b. match between system and world.

A nurse forgets to walk a patient during the nurse's shift. This is an example of an error of: a. commission. b. omission. c. condition. d. remission.

b. omission.

A nurse uses a CDS system to make an informed clinical decision regarding a drug dosage ordered for a patient. According to Donabedian's model, this would be considered: a. structure. b. process. c. outcome. d. effectiveness.

b. process.

The NANDA-I classification is a: a. standardized classification of patient/client outcomes. b. set of nursing diagnoses of actual problems, risks, and health enhancement needs. c. standardized classification of interventions. d. unified nursing language system into which nursing terminologies can be cross-mapped.

b. set of nursing diagnoses of actual problems, risks, and health enhancement needs.

A system that incorporates evidence-based content and clinical decision support includes: a. building multiple aliases. b. using Tall Man lettering for select medications. c. enforcing the use of only CMS-approved abbreviations. d. providing real-time updates to the order item master.

b. using Tall Man lettering for select medications.

Nielsen coined the term "Discount Usability Testing" to indicate the design of tests that conserve resources, including funding and time. One example is a reduced number of users who need to participate. He indicates that as few as how many users can find 80% of design issues? a. 3 b. 5 c. 10 d. 15

b. 5

Which organization recognizes nursing terminologies as supporting nursing practice? a. NANDA-I b. International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO) c. American Nurses Association (ANA) d. Alliance for Nursing Informatics (ANI)

c. American Nurses Association (ANA)

Which backup EHR downtime application is critical to avoid disrupting nurses' care of patients? a. The billing system b. The registration system c. CPOE and the MAR (medication administration record) d. the SAN (storage area network)

c. CPOE and the MAR (medication administration record)

A healthcare provider forgets to update a patient's medications. Which fair information principle is being violated? a. Correction b. Openness and transparency c. Data quality and integrity d. Safeguards

c. Data quality and integrity

Which category of objectives contains the need for the system to be intuitive and easy to use? a. Patient care b. Information technology c. Efficiency d. Organization

c. Efficiency

Which examples are natural disasters that could affect IT systems? a. Bomb, flood b. Earthquake, bomb, terrorist attack c. Flood, earthquake, hurricane d. Terrorist attack, hurricane, flood

c. Flood, earthquake, hurricane

Which group is not a major information technology research firm? a. Forrester b. Gartner c. HIMSS d. KLAS

c. HIMSS

Which costs should be considered in determining the total cost of information system ownership? (Select all that apply.) a. User costs b. Supply costs c. Hardware costs d. Software costs e. Resource costs

c. Hardware costs d. Software costs e. Resource costs

National efforts to improve the user experience are under way in the U.S. One organization involved with this effort is the: a. Office of Technology and Disasters. b. American Nurses Association. c. National Institute of Standards and Technology. d. National League for Nursing.

c. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Which terminology serves as a resource to represent domain knowledge of interest and thus facilitates data collection, processing, and aggregation using computer processing? a. Ontology b. Classification c. Reference terminology d. Nomenclature

c. Reference terminology

A large medical practice that specializes in cancer care is weighing the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the most recent version of a commercial EHR or building its own homegrown system for its office. The staff selects a commercial EHR from a major vendor. Which factor best supports this decision? a. A commercial product can be easily customized to accommodate the unique needs of the hospital. b. A homegrown system cannot be certified by the Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology. c. The commercial version is considered one of the "Best of Breed" products. d. A homegrown system is typically interfaced with the organization's ADT system and downstream systems.

c. The commercial version is considered one of the "Best of Breed" products.

Which definition most accurately describes privacy? a. The means to ensure health record privacy and confidentiality b. Accuracy and completeness of health information c. The rights of individuals to control access to their person or information about themselves d. An act that has the potential to cause harm to an informational asset

c. The rights of individuals to control access to their person or information about themselves

The "digital divide" refers to: a. higher adoption and use of information technologies among individuals from ethnic minorities, of lower socioeconomic status, and older age. b. the gap between current adoption of PHRs and their potential use. c. lower adoption and use of information technologies among individuals from ethnic minorities, those of lower socioeconomic status, and older age. d. the difference between rates of overall cell phone ownership and "smart phone" ownership.

c. lower adoption and use of information technologies among individuals from ethnic minorities, those of lower socioeconomic status, and older age.

A unit has been experiencing a high rate of patient falls for the past three months. According to Donabedian's model, patient falls would be considered: a. structure. b. process. c. outcome. d. effectiveness.

c. outcome.

Secure PHR messaging refers to the capacity to: a. send messages between healthcare providers within a single EHR. b. send messages between healthcare providers across healthcare systems. c. send messages from patients to providers via a tethered PHR. d. send messages from patients to providers via a stand-alone PHR.

c. send messages from patients to providers via a tethered PHR.

Which example constitutes an internal security event? a. Servers containing clinical data were stolen from a facility. b. A person hacks into a facility's server and steals PHI electronically. c. A person installs a malicious code past a facilities firewall. d. A system administrator installed a new server without any security measures.

d. A system administrator installed a new server without any security measures.

Which organization works on an international level to improve information privacy? a. Health and Human Services Office of Civil Rights b. Health Information Security and Privacy Collaboration (HISPC) c. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) d. Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)

d. Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)

If an unplanned total network outage occurs with all systems affected during the week at 1300 hours and there is no estimated time to recovery announced, which downtime level should be assigned? a. Level 1 b. Level 2 c. Level 3 d. Level 4

d. Level 4

When evaluating quality and patient safety, which approach defines the framework for Patient Safety and Quality Research Design (PSQRD)? a. Outcomes are driven mainly by Meaningful Use directives. b. Consideration of current managerial processes has no effect on patient outcomes. c. Patient safety is best achieved by minimizing changes to existing processes. d. Quality and safety are based on organization structure, management and clinical processes, and their linkages to patient outcomes.

d. Quality and safety are based on organization structure, management and clinical processes, and their linkages to patient outcomes.

Which system is an example of an ancillary service application? a. Keyless entry system b. PBX switchboard c. Email d. Radiology information system

d. Radiology information system

Who "owns" health IT governance? a. The Chief Information Officer b. The Chief Medical Information Officer c. The Chief Executive Officer d. The type of institution

d. The type of institution

Which statement is true of PHRs? a. They have been used in paper form for many years, and electronic versions offer the same functionality. b. They were a new idea when proposed in the 1990s and are a now a well-established technology. c. Approximately 35% of the US population currently has one. d. They have been used in paper form for many years, but electronic versions offer new functionality.

d. They have been used in paper form for many years, but electronic versions offer new functionality.

International Classification of Nursing Practice is a: a. standardized classification of patient/client outcomes. b. set of nursing diagnoses. c. standardized classification of interventions. d. unified nursing language system into which nursing terminologies can be cross-mapped.

d. unified nursing language system into which nursing terminologies can be cross-mapped.