InQuizitive: CH 7 (The Many Types of Memory)

This timeline depicts events in Amalia's life that she can remember (in green) and cannot remember (red). When did her anterograde amnesia start?

3rd bubble BETWEEN high school graduation & competed in city bike race

Dr. Volt has an idea for a study: Participants will be exposed to a series of trials in which the sound of a dog barking will be reliably followed by a mild electric shock to condition a fear reaction, but other sounds (a baby crying, a bell, and a phone ringing) will not be followed by a shock. When later exposed to the dog barking on its own, the participants' bodily arousal will be measured. The patients will also be asked directly, "Which sound preceded the shock?" Which behaviors would you expect from a participant with hippocampal damage by the end of the experiment? From a participant with damage to the amygdala?

DAMAGED HIPPOCAMPUS will fear the sound of the dog barking will not remember which sound was paired with the shock DAMAGED AMYGDALA will remember which sound was paired with the shock will not fear the sound of the dog barking

Identify each memory as either an episodic memory or a semantic memory.

EPISODIC recalling the day that you first met your best friend, Aylin recalling the selfie you took on your phone from the first time you visited your college campus remembering what color sweater you wore yesterday SEMANTIC recognizing the color green understanding how to use a smartphone recalling that your best friend's name growing up was Aylin

Identify each item as either an explicit memory or implicit memory.

EXPLICIT You remember that you had a doctor's appointment on Monday afternoon. You know that the capital of France is Paris. IMPLICIT Sonjay has started eating dark chocolate every day because he read somewhere that it can prolong your life. (What he actually saw was, "Can chocolate make you live longer?" in an internet advertisement.) After reading a passage about flamingos, Kim was able to more quickly confirm that flamingo was a real word compared to couch. When you were a kid, you got carsick a lot. Recently, you sat down on a chair and instantly felt ill. The chair was covered in the same fabric as your old car seat!

Which of these methods will likely increase the processing fluency of a novel stimulus and lead to an illusion of familiarity?

INCREASE sharpen the focus of the computer display when presenting the target item relative to other presented items slightly increase the exposure time of the target item relative to other presented items NOT INCREASE increase the exposure time of all presented items present the target stimulus in a unique, fancy cursive that is a little difficult to read so that it stands out make the target item slightly blurrier relative to other presented items

How do we know that semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory?

It is possible to disrupt one without disrupting the other.

Identify each question/statement as an instance of recall, recognition, or neither.

NEITHER "I can't find my stapler. Can you help me look for it?" RECOGNITION "This is Zach. Have you already met?" "Is this the correct way to get to the mall?" "I love this song! Have you heard it before?" RECALL "Did you go to the post office yesterday to mail that package?" "Did you see this word first or last in the list?" "Please label the four lobes of the brain in this drawing."

Identify each scenario as an example of either remembering from source memory or using familiarity.

SOURCE MEMORY indicating "remember" when making a "remember/know" distinction A patient with Capgras syndrome recognizes that his father looks like his father but thinks this person is an imposter. remembering that you learned about source memory and familiarity in Chapter 7 of your textbook FAMILIARITY "I know l've seen that actor before ... but in what?" indicating "know" when making a "remember/know" distinction

A month ago, Troy's wife, Darlene, was diagnosed with anterograde amnesia. What should he expect her to still be able to do? What should he expect her not to be able to do anymore?

STILL DO learn how to knit remember which song they chose for their "first dance" at their wedding last year NO LONGER DO recall that the library is now closed on Mondays after the new schedule comes out remember which movie they watched last week

Based on the test performance illustrated in this graph, identify where participants in each condition took their tests. For example, does the first bar in the graph reflect the mean performance of participants who were tested in a noisy room or in a quiet room?

STUDIED IN A NOISY ROOM short bar (1st): quiet testing room tall bar (2nd): noisy testing room STUDIED IN A QUIET ROOM tall bar (3rd): quiet testing room short bar (4th): noisy testing room

Identify these statements as either true or false.

TRUE Our judgments are often influenced by previous experiences that we don't explicitly recall. It is possible to remember something without being aware of it. FALSE Repetition priming only occurs for explicit memories. Implicit memories are best detected using direct memory testing. If something feels familiar, it is because you have source memory for it.

Identify these statements about fluency and judgments of familiarity as either true or false.

TRUE You're likely to interpret fluency as evidence of familiarity if there is additional information supporting this conclusion. If processing of a stimulus is very fluent, we may incorrectly think that we've seen it before even if we haven't. FALSE Stimuli feel more familiar as processing fluency decreases, but you're not sure why. When you see an objectively familiar stimulus, you automatically attribute the processing fluency to a prior event and experience familiarity.

Which events can result from a node firing?

The node that fired is now a source of activation. A connected node may be primed but not fire. Firing of the node draws attention to it within the network.

You see your friend Travis at the coffee shop, but he looks different and you're not sure why. When he catches you looking at him oddly, he laughs and tells you that he had a cooking mishap last week and accidentally singed off most of his eyebrows. Why did you know that something had changed but fail to pinpoint what it was specifically?

You recognized Travis, but your recognition was less fluent than normal and you were sensitive to that change.

Edit the passage to correct any errors. If the passage is correct, select the "No Errors" button. Nodes receive activation from connected nodes. As more activation arrives at a node, the RESPONSE THRESHOLD for that node increases. With sufficient activation, the node will fire. In the case of a subthreshold input, the node will not fire. For this node to fire, it will need AN ASSOCIATION.

activation level additional input(s)

The woman pictured in this photo is completing a mirror-drawing task. For each of the graphs, select the line that best predicts her likely performance on this task on Day 1, Day 2, and Day 3.

day 1: high-to-minimal errors day 2: average-to-minimal errors day 3: minimal-to-no errors

Identify the principle that explains why each memory lapse occurred. (A lapse may have more than one label.)

encoding specificity: A man on the bus waves to you. You wave back, but you don't recognize him. You realize the next time that you go to the gym that it was the man who usually swipes your ID card. You've only ever seen him at the gym. encoding specificity & context-dependent learning: Your friend says she knows a woman who went to elementary school with you, but the name doesn't ring a bell. You picture your school, the playground, your old friends-oh, now you remember her! encoding specificity & context-dependent learning: You leave your bedroom to go to the kitchen. You talk to your roommate for a few minutes, and now you can't remember why you came to the kitchen in the first place. You walk back into your bedroom and remember: a pencil!

Clive Wearing suffers from amnesia. Specifically, he experiences massive disruptions to his _____ memory.

episodic

Edit the statement to correct any errors. If the statement is correct, select the "No Errors" button. The sequence of nodes, and the connections between the nodes, through which activation flows when recognizing a particular stimulus is refered to as SPREADING ACTIVATION.

no errors

The process of spreading activation directly parallels the process of communication between neurons. What term should replace "neuron(s)" in the following statement in order to make it about spreading activation instead of neural communication? Neurons receive activation from other neurons; once a neuron reaches its threshold, it fires, sending activation to other neurons.

node(s)

Identify the disorders each person is experiencing.

retrograde amnesia: Ramit was hit in the head by a flying baseball during this afternoon's game. He is now struggling to remember any event from the past week. anterograde amnesia: Patient H.M. lost his ability to form new memories as a result of surgery that destroyed part of his hippocampus. Korsakoff's syndrome & anterograde amnesia: Larry became an alcoholic 20 years ago. He can recall events from before his alcoolism and can maintain a conversation if there's no interruption, but he can't form new explicit memories.

Match the correct definitions to each type of memory in the hierarchy.

semantic memory: General knowledge, not tied to any time or place episodic memory: Memory for specific events perceptual learning: Recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience classical conditioning: Learning about associations among stimuli priming: Changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience

Based on the principle of context-dependent learning, which of the conditions of participants depicted in this table should perform best on the test?

study at home, test at home study in classroom, test in classroom