InQuizitive: Chapter 7: Memory

Match each task with its corresponding memory type. 1. Long-term storage 2. Working memory 3. Sensory memory 4. Short-term storage

1. After two weeks of self-testing, a student recalls information for a cumulative final exam. 2. A person repeats a phone number until he enters it into his contact list. 3. A person drives by a store and glances at the clothes for sale in the window. 4. While looking idly out the car window, a man sees an interesting bird and begins to pay attention.

Match each brain area with the type of information it processes or stores. 1. Amygdala 2. Temporal Lobe 3. Cerebellum 4. Prefrontal Cortex 5. Hippocampus

1. Learning to feel afraid when you hear ominous string music. 2. Remembering the plot of a book you read. 3. An experienced chef chopping an onion. 4. Repeating a phone number until you can write it down. 5. Learning your way around a new city.

Match each aspect of the memory process with its related task. 1. Auditory memory 2. Visual memory 3. Maintenance rehearsal 4. Elaborative rehearsal

1. Machala makes up a rhyming song to learn her chemistry formulas. 2. Joseph looks up a word in a dictionary to learn how to spell the word. 3. Maria repeatedly uses flash cards to learn vocabulary definitions. 4. Nina relates the new knitting pattern to something she had learned previously.

Match each example of memory failure with the name of the memory failure process. 1. blocking 2. absentmindedness 3. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

1. Paige knew her friend's phone number, but she couldn't remember it. 2. Talking with a student after class, the professor forgot his briefcase in the classroom. 3. Jeanne could remember where the restaurant was and the menu items but not the name of the place.

Match each type of memory distortion with its corresponding example. 1. Suggestibility 2. Bias 3. Misattribution

1. The teenager is told that a neighbor has a vicious dog, then mistakenly recalls a time when the dog chased him. 2. Monique recalled her elementary school friend as shy because she recently learned that her friend has social anxiety. 3. The student thought the psychology professor had assigned a 10-page paper, but her history professor had given that assignment.

Based on the levels of processing memory model, place in order how deeply the following information about dogs will be encoded, from the shallowest to the deepest.

1. a person glances at a magazine and sees a picture of a dog 2. a person can remember all the breeds of dogs because she knows a song that lists (acoustic encoding occurs at a medium level of processing) 3. a person dog-sits and spends the weekend walking and playing with a dog (experienced directly linked to a person are encoded at a deeper level) 4. a person who grew up with a dog enjoyed walking in the woods with her pet (personal, meaningful, repeated experiences are encoded at the deepest level) What indicates memory problems as a result of forgetting?

Match each term with its definition. 1. Elaborative rehearsaL 2. Maintenance rehearsal 3. Schema

1. connecting new information to long-term memories 2. rote repetition 3. long-term memory structures

Match each term with its corresponding memory process. 1. Encoding 2. Storage 3. Memory 4. Retrieval 5. Attention

1. processing information for storage 2. retention of information 3. the nervous system's ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information 4. remembering stored information 5. focusing mental processes

How might false memories be constructed?

CORRECT -A person may falsely remember that a word was part of a list, if it was related to words that were in the list. -An imagined event will form a mental image that may be later recalled as a real event. -A person may encode as true a story someone else tells about him. INCORRECT -A person immediately rehearses information he learns. -A person attends to details of an actual event.

Which of the following are characteristics of sensory storage?

CORRECT -Each sense contributes to sensory storage. -There are five different sensory stores. -Senses are available as a brief memory trace. INCORRECT -It is available for 20 to 30 seconds. -It causes us to experience motion of objects in discrete, separate steps.

Which of the following are characteristics of short-term storage?

CORRECT -It has a limited memory span. -Information is maintained through rehearsal. -Information is available for 20 to 30 seconds. INCORRECT -Information is available for 2 to 3 seconds. -It holds information from one source at a time.

Which of the following examples indicate memory problems as a result of forgetting?

CORRECT -Jane cannot find her keys. -Bill cannot answer a question on an exam after studying for it. INCORRECT -After hearing news that his high school friend was arrested for drunk driving, John falsely remembered a time his friend was drunk in class. -Mike thought he remembered his boss telling staff about a policy change, but in actuality, the conversation occurred among staff.

Which of the following strategies enhance long-term memory by using retrieval cues?

CORRECT -Jason practices his speech in the classroom where he will deliver it. -Joe drinks coffee while he studies, so he buys a cup of coffee on his way to his exam. -Ellen visualizes the empty spots in her kitchen cupboards to recall her grocery list. INCORRECT -Marc looks at a long list of terms he has never seen and tries to memorize them by rote repetition. -Janet always drinks coffee and eats sweets when she studies, but she attempts to take her exam without relying on coffee or sweets. -Bill practices the speech he will deliver to a full auditorium in his quiet bedroom.

José wants to do well on his final exam. What can he do to increase working and long-term memory?

CORRECT -group concepts into meaningful units -self-test INCORRECT -rote repetition -skim the chapter again

In which of the following ways do schemas help a person encode and retrieve information?

CORRECT -organize the information -process the information -use the information -perceive the information INCORRECT -form short-term memories -enhance maintenance rehearsal

which of the following are examples of explicit memory?

CORRECT -recalling a conversation a person had with a friend -recalling the rules for playing a card game -recalling the driving directions to a new friend's house INCORRECT -eating while reading a book -walking on the beach while gazing out at the ocean waves

Which memory tasks would H.M. (Henry Molaison) and others with his type of memory deficit have trouble completing?

CORRECT -repeating a conversation he'd had after his surgery -remembering a new bus route -recalling he had met someone recently INCORRECT -tying his shoes -recalling events prior to his surgery -performing motor tasks learned after his surgery

flashbulb memory

Highly emotional or surprising events can create vivid, detailed memories that may or may not be accurate.

sensory input

Information enters memory through

Label the different long-term memory systems.

Long-term Storage / \ Explicit Memory Implicit Memory | | / \ / \ / \ / \ Episodic Semantic Classical Procedural Memory Memory Conditioning Memory

Suggestibility

being influenced by misleading information about a memory

Memory Bias

changing of memories over time in light of current beliefs and attitudes

Elaborative rehearsal

encodes information by making meaningful connections to information already stored in long-term memory.

Short-term storage

has limited capacity and maintains information through rehearsal. info that is not manipulated is lost

Implicit memory

is automatic memories without specific awareness. does not require conscious effort and cannot be verbally described.

Sensory storage

is fleeting and temporary. unattended info is lost

Classical conditioning

is memory for associating stimuli without recalling when you learned the association.

Procedural memory

is memory for doing something, coordinating movements, and muscle memory.

Semantic memory

is memory for facts and knowledge

Episodic memory

is memory for personal experiences.

Long-term storage

is relatively permanent and limitless in its capacity. some info may be forgotten

Absentmindedness

is the inability to recall something due to not paying attention.

Attention

is the process of moving sensory storage to short-term storage.

Encoding

is the process of moving short-term storage to long-term storage.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

is when a person remembers part of the information, but can't retrieve the exact word they are looking for.

Misattribution

misremembering the time, place, person, or circumstances

Visual memory

relies on how a word or object looks for encoding and retrieval.

explicit memory

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences requires conscious effort and can be verbally described.

Maintenance rehearsal

uses repetition to keep information current in short-term storage or working memory.

Auditory memory

uses sounds and rhymes to encode and retrieve information.