Integumentary system 2
nail make up and function
-Lunule: moon of nail -nail matrix: thickend porton of bed for nail growth -act as a protective cover
three pigments that contribute to skin color
1. Melanin 2. Carotene 3. Hemoglobin
bruise
black and blue marks -blood vessels that are broken that stay under the skin
excessive sun exposure
- damages skin - Elastic fibers clump, causing skin to become leathery - Can depress immune system and cause alterations in DNA that may lead to skin cancer
ceruminous glands
-apocrine gland -produce ear wax
mammary glands
-apocrine gland -secrete milk
hair make up
-dead keratinized cells -none of palms, soles, lips, nipples, and external genitalia -originate in the dermis and make way up to surface
pili
-flexible strands of dead keratinized cells (hair)
eccrine gland
-found throughout body -sweat when you're hot -water and a few salts -evaporates and odorless -thermal regulation -sympathetic nervous system
apocrine glad
-genitals and armpits -milky or yellowish sweat that contains fat and proteins -begin to start during puberty -B.O.
sebum
-oil -keeps hair and skin soft
melanin
-only pigment made in skin -skin starts to darken -melanocytes -protects skin against sun
sebaceous glands
-secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis -activated as puberty is reached - leads to acne - testosterone
arrector pili
-smooth muscle when it contracts we get goose bumps -cold, scared, alarmed
sudoriferous glands
-sweat glands -eccrine glands -apocrine glands -effectors= involuntary and regulated with smooth muscle
hair function
-warn off insects on skin -protection form physical trauma -protect from heat loss -shield skin from sunlight
carotene
-yellow orange pigment -most obvious is palms and soles -converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health
review of sebaceous glands 1. functions 2. type of secretion 3. method of secretion 4. secretion exits duct at 5. body location
1. lubricate skin and hair, prevent water loss, antibacterial properties 2. sebum (oily secretion) 3. holocrine 4. upper part of hair follicle 5. everywhere except palms and soles
review of apocrine 1. functions 2. type of secretion 3. method of secretion 4. secretion exits duct at 5. body location
1. sexual scent 2. filtrate of blood plasma 3. exocytosis 4. upper part of hair follicle 5. axillary and anogenital regions
review of eccrine 1. functions 2. type of secretion 3. method of secretion 4. secretion exits duct at 5. body location
1. temp control, antibacterial properties 2. hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma 3. exocytosis 4. skin surface 5. everywhere but especially palms, soles, forhead
hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
pheomelanin
Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair
pallor
anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin from lack of O2
melanocyte
cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin (melanin)
sweat glands location
found everywhere except genitals and parts of armpit
alopecia
hair thinning in both sexes after 40. -for women they need both x chromosomes to have the bald gene
hemoglobin
pinkish hue of fair skin due to lower levels of melanin
erythemia
redness, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
regions of hair
shaft: scalp where keratinization is done root: within the scalp where keratinization is still going on
janundice
yellow cast, liver disorders
nails
Scale like modifications of the epidermis that contain hard keratin
hypotension
low blood pressure, can cause change in skin color