Integumentary system 2

nail make up and function

-Lunule: moon of nail -nail matrix: thickend porton of bed for nail growth -act as a protective cover

three pigments that contribute to skin color

1. Melanin 2. Carotene 3. Hemoglobin

bruise

black and blue marks -blood vessels that are broken that stay under the skin

excessive sun exposure

- damages skin - Elastic fibers clump, causing skin to become leathery - Can depress immune system and cause alterations in DNA that may lead to skin cancer

ceruminous glands

-apocrine gland -produce ear wax

mammary glands

-apocrine gland -secrete milk

hair make up

-dead keratinized cells -none of palms, soles, lips, nipples, and external genitalia -originate in the dermis and make way up to surface

pili

-flexible strands of dead keratinized cells (hair)

eccrine gland

-found throughout body -sweat when you're hot -water and a few salts -evaporates and odorless -thermal regulation -sympathetic nervous system

apocrine glad

-genitals and armpits -milky or yellowish sweat that contains fat and proteins -begin to start during puberty -B.O.

sebum

-oil -keeps hair and skin soft

melanin

-only pigment made in skin -skin starts to darken -melanocytes -protects skin against sun

sebaceous glands

-secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis -activated as puberty is reached - leads to acne - testosterone

arrector pili

-smooth muscle when it contracts we get goose bumps -cold, scared, alarmed

sudoriferous glands

-sweat glands -eccrine glands -apocrine glands -effectors= involuntary and regulated with smooth muscle

hair function

-warn off insects on skin -protection form physical trauma -protect from heat loss -shield skin from sunlight

carotene

-yellow orange pigment -most obvious is palms and soles -converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health

review of sebaceous glands 1. functions 2. type of secretion 3. method of secretion 4. secretion exits duct at 5. body location

1. lubricate skin and hair, prevent water loss, antibacterial properties 2. sebum (oily secretion) 3. holocrine 4. upper part of hair follicle 5. everywhere except palms and soles

review of apocrine 1. functions 2. type of secretion 3. method of secretion 4. secretion exits duct at 5. body location

1. sexual scent 2. filtrate of blood plasma 3. exocytosis 4. upper part of hair follicle 5. axillary and anogenital regions

review of eccrine 1. functions 2. type of secretion 3. method of secretion 4. secretion exits duct at 5. body location

1. temp control, antibacterial properties 2. hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma 3. exocytosis 4. skin surface 5. everywhere but especially palms, soles, forhead

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

pheomelanin

Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair

pallor

anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin from lack of O2

melanocyte

cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin (melanin)

sweat glands location

found everywhere except genitals and parts of armpit

alopecia

hair thinning in both sexes after 40. -for women they need both x chromosomes to have the bald gene

hemoglobin

pinkish hue of fair skin due to lower levels of melanin

erythemia

redness, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

regions of hair

shaft: scalp where keratinization is done root: within the scalp where keratinization is still going on

janundice

yellow cast, liver disorders

nails

Scale like modifications of the epidermis that contain hard keratin

hypotension

low blood pressure, can cause change in skin color