International Relations Final Exam (ALL)

Tariff Barriers

A fee that a government charges to the importer of a foreign good. Tariffs are passed along to the consumer through higher prices on imported goods.

Persian Gulf

A mediterranean sea which is located in Western Asia between Iran and Arabian Peninsula. It was the battlefield of Iran-Iraq War.

Collective Security

A security arrangement in which each nation in the system should accept one response and commit to collective response to threats or to peace. More ambitious and problematic against themselves (UN) Alliance security (NATO) agree to defend its own group against outside attacks

Hamas

a Palestinian Islamic Org. with military in the West Bank and Gaza. Hamas=enthusiasm. In local, it runs a social welfare program, schools, hospitals and religious institutions.

Shiite

a branch of Shia

Al-jazeera

a broadcaster in Doha

Regionalism

a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region.

Curds

a group of Islamic people living in Kurdistan. They are recognized as terrorists in Turkey with Iraq.

Investment Barriers

a kind of trade barriers

Earth Summit

a large international meeting held in Brazil in 1992, at which the leaders of the countries of UN discussed ways of protecting the environment and preserving the Earth's biodiversity

Amnesty International

a nonprofit, independent international organization, which protects Human Rights (ex. freedom of expression) largest grassroots human rights organization

Asylum Seakers

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum (Nazi, Jewish professors)

Dumping

a predatory pricing in international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another at a priceL 1) below the price in hometown 2) below its cost of production (EX. U.S. sells TV 500$domestically, but 300 in France)

Import Substitution Industrialization

a trade policy attempts to reduce its foreign dependency through the domestic production (protect domestic industries from competition by imposing high tariffs or quotas on imports)

Civil War

a war between organized group within the same state or republic. (between two countries created from a formerly united state)

Feminism

advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality (EX. US19th amendment female vote)

EDC (European Defense Community)

an attempt by western European powers with United States support to counterbalance the overwhelming military power of the Soviet Union in Europe and to subsume West German forces into a European force

Cultural Relativism

an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture

Ebola

an infectious disease marked by fever; not curable

Organization of American States

an inter-continental organization for the purposes of regional solidarity and the cooperation of its member states

Micronutrients

are used to trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms (EX. Vitamin and minerals-human metabolism)

Ethnocentric

evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's won culture

Overt

explicit operations (EX. Law)

Constructivism

international relations are historically and socially constructed rather than inevitable consequences of human nature (ex. a professor argues China act according to specific historical culture not on the objective structure of the international system)

Intergovernmental Organization

is composed of sovereign states. is an important aspect of public international law It is founded by a constituent document, not like G8 which is only a task group (EX: UN, WTO, IMF, EU, NATO, AU)

Adjudication

make a formal judgement or decision

Sphere of Influence

not only the control of your borders; some big and powerful countries like China, U.S., Russia have more spheres of influence than others

Uni-lateral

only one party make a promise that is open and available to anyone who performs the required action, like collecting the reward for finding a lost pet. This sometimes applies to advertisements to an extent.

Merchandise Trade

only trade in goods, no service trade, capital transfer and foreign investments. can be used to oversee the health of the U.S. overall economy

Sunni

orthodox major Islamic (EX. Iraq, Syria) Terrorist

Power Vacuum

power vacuum EX. the small countries (Austria Hungary) between EU and Russia. Once these countries elapsed, EU and Russia both want to control them because these are their borders. So both power will vacuum in these borders.

Asymmetrical Weapons

relative military power differs significantly (WW2: Winter War-Finland-Soviet Union)

International Investment

strategy of globally-based investment, such as exchange-traded funds. advantage: spread the investment risk among foreign companies

Balance Power

symmetrical weapons, where two powers have similar military power and resources, different only in details (common)

UN Sanctions

the Security Council impose sanctions as voted on by the member nations to give punishment. (EX. an arms embargo and nuclear weapons on North Korea 2006)

Brinkmanship

the act of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping (Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis)

Favorable/Unfavorable Balance of Trade

the balance of trade compares the value of a country's exports and services against its imports Exports＞Imports: trade surplus (favorable) Imports ＞Exports: trade deficit (unfavorable)

Economic Nationalism

the economic policy that emphasize domestic control of the economy even if this requires more imposition.

Economic Internationalism

the economic policy that emphasize international control of the economy (EX. WTO)

Economic Structuralism

the economic policy that emphasize the importance of taking into structural features (root from Marxist)

Per Capita Income

the mean income of the people in an economic unit such as a country or city.

Jurisdiction

the official power to make legal decisions

War Crimes

the war that violates international rules of war (WW2: Japan to Nanjing Massacre-inhumane treatment of Prisoners of War)

Refugee

those who are outside their home country because they suffer persecution on account of race, religion, nationality or political opinion. A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.

Sharia law

"A path to be followed"moral code and religious law against with law. Being argued to be unconstitutional, including harsh punishment and intolerance, and avoid pride

Derivatives

"Junk bomb" get profit by the increasing or decreasing prices of the objects Convince states (LDCs) to buy derivatives EX. U.S. invest to build the roads in Nigeria so that U.S. hopes to increase the sale of oil

Environmental Degradation

A big threat in environment through which reduces biological diversity and the general health of the environment by human activities (EX. Habitat pressures force animals into a small area/ Pollution-vehicle emission)

Primary Goals of Foreign Policy

1) Control Your Borders (Sphere of Influence) 2) Control Your Enemy 3) Establish Alliance Systems 4) Access to Military Facilities 5) Access to Major Trade Routes and Waterways 6) Access to Trade Partners 7) Establish Strong Trade Relations 8) Access to Natural Resources

Formal Economy

1) Has a formal contract with the employer 3) Gets an assured and decent fixed salary with incentives 4) Has fixed duration of work time 5) Is part of an organized group of people working in the same environment legally and socially 6) Is covered by a social security for health (EX. Work in Software)

Secondary Goals of Foreign Policy

1) Propaganda value 2) Reaction to Idealogical value 3) Response to foreign policy 4) Humanitarian consideration 5) Human rights violation

Sovereign State

A state that possesses full sovereignty over its affairs, existence, and territory. Major characteristics: 1) a defined territory on which the state exercises internal and external sovereignty 2) a permanent population 3) a government, not under the control of a foreign power 4) independence from other states and power 5) the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states.

Blockade

Acts of War

Chechyna

After the dissolution of Soviet Union, the southern Russian is Chechnya, which is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian territory.

Human Rights

Almost all states profess that they observe the basic human rights of their citizens. These rights exist based upon the universal belief that one is human and is therefore entitled to be treated in a way befitting that status. However, some states disagree about the precise content of this body of rights and others deny that these rights are governed by international law. Nonetheless, there has been a change in the last forty years, stemming from three major precedents: the Nuremberg Trials, genocide, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This change has moved international law away from its traditional, exclusive focus on the state toward a new interest in protecting the individual through treaties and documents. However, the will to enforce such laws rests with the states, which can be tenuous at best.

Sanctions

Economic Sanctions are similar to Embargoes, which are domestic penalties applied by one country to others (unilateral or multilateral). Include trade barriers and restrictions on financial transactions

International Law

Although opinions differ on the definition and scope of international law, in general international law can be defined as the body of rules that nations recognize as binding upon one another in their mutual relations. The existence of international law is different from the enforcement of international law. The latter depends upon the will of many sovereign nations and no overall, superior entity exists that can force nations to comply with international law. Sources of international law include treaties, customs, general principles of law, resolutions and declarations of international organizations, equity, and writings of judges and legal scholars.

Trade Deficit

An economic measure of a negative balance of trade in which a country's imports exceeds its exports. Represents an outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets. (EX. US) The value by which a nation's imports exceeds the its exports. For poorer nations, trade deficits can lead to a shortage of convertible currency. When exceedingly large, trade deficits can contribute to an economic crisis and undermine the value of a country's national currency.

Ummah

Arabic word meaning "nation" or community

CDC

Center for Disease Control The national public health institute of the U.S. A federal agency to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury and disability. (EX.)

ECOSOC

Economic and Social Council are mid-sized committees, which tackles issues ranging from UNHRC's focus on refugees and UNDP's MDGs

GDP Per Capita

Especially useful when comparing one country to another because it shows the relative performance of the countries.

Zero Sum Negotiation

Export (+) Import (-) A negotiation in which one party wins and the other party loses. This is in contrast to "positive sum" negotiations in which it is possible that both or all sides gain something from the negotiation. Successful and lasting negotiations normally depend upon the latter type of engagement and the perception that all parties involved have something to gain from the negotiation.

CIT

Commercial Investment Trust a United States financial holding company Provides financing and leasing capital to its middle market clients and their customers

Covert

Convert operation aim to fulfill their mission without any parties knowing who sponsored or carried out the operation (EX. in US, CIA must lead covert operations- beginning for Cold War, CIA direct Chile )

Multinational Corporation

Corporations that operate in more than one country. MNCs generally seek to maximize their returns by locating their operations based on labor costs, transportation issues, lax regulations, etc.

DISEC

Disarmament and International Security Committee (EX. Nuclear proliferation)

Postmodernism

Distrust of any human life which claims to have access to the "truth" (critique: Marxism)

Monetary Barriers

EX. block currency

ECOWAS

Economic Community of West African States 1975: to promote economic integration across the region. achieve "collective self-sufficiency" for its member states by creating a singe large trading zone Also a peacekeeping force in the region

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: A multilateral agreement regulating international trade under WTO (EX. MFN)

GDP

Gross Domestic Product the total value of all final goods and services produced in a year within that country. An indication of the size of a country's economy.

Retrovirus

HIV is a retrovirus that infects cells of the immune system

Euro Dollar

Hard currency

HRC

Human Rights Commission; the general name of all HR org. international, national or subnational (EX.UN, AU,)

HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; a disease that prevents the human immune system from fighting disease. Millions globally have been infected with HIV/AIDS, the majority of them living in Sub-Saharan African countries.

Displaced People (IDP)

Immigrants (refugee, prisoner, slave laborer) who are forced to leave native place

EU

Inside countries is decreasing The group of Europe is increasing A union created in 1958 to encourage and facilitate trade among the member countries. Currently, there are 28 EU member states

ICBMs

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile A missile with a minimum range of more that 5500km designed fir nuclear weapons delivery Have a high accuracy It was developed in WW2 by Nazi Germany

ICC

International Criminal Court- the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

International Norms

International norms are ideals, values and practices held in common by a majority of states in the international system. If enough states recognize a specific norm and consistently use it in their relations with other states, that norm will likely become part of international law.

LDC

Least Developed Country According to the United Nations, it exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with the lowest HDI (EX. Cambodia and Laos)

Embargo

Legal barriers to trade Partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country or a group of countries

Bi-Lateral

MFN

PROC

People Republic of China

IDPs

People who have fled their homes either due to conflict, fear of conflict, or human rights violations but remain within their own country borders.

Non Tariff Barriers

Regulations or requirements designed to meet non-trade related goals, but which limit or restrict imports. Health regulations may be considered non-tariff barriers to trade if one nation has higher health standards than another.

Islamic Law

Sharia is the body of Islamic law

Religious Fundamentalism

Sharia law; a religious movement to return to fundamental principles by intolerance of other views

Ethnic Cleansing

Sometimes used as a euphemism for genocide. not necessarily mean killing groups of people, but can include the use of coercive methods for driving people out of a territory, including rape and the destruction of homes and villages.

Supernational Organization

Sovereign states + international treaties Multi-national organization where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states EX. NAFTA, EU (the only entity which provides for inter'l popular elections beyond the political integration), UN

Genocide

Systematic, state-sponsored or encouraged killings of members of a specific, identifiable group.

General Assembly

The only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Oversee the budget of the UN, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council

Service Trade

The trade of intangible product, service, between the producer and consumer, such as tourism

Functionalism

This theory focuses more on peace and economic and political acts, compared with Realism's military force and security,. * the substantial role of intern'l org. (EX. global integration by erasing state sovereignty-UN)

Multi-Lateral

UN

UNICEF

UN Children's Fund Provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. Created by UN General Assembly

OECD

US Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 34democracies with 70 other members to promote economic growth and sustainable development

SOCHUM

Under General Assembly, Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (EX. Minority and Refugee rights)

UNGA

United Nations General Assembly The only one in which all member nations have equal representation Oversee the budget of UN Appoint non-permanent members to the Security Council Receive reports from other parts of UN

UNHCR

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees A UN agency that serves to protect and support refugees worldwide, at either the bidding of an individual country's government or by UN mandate.