INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 3700

PHASES OF THE INTEL PROCESS

1.IDENTIFYING REQUIREMENTS 2.COLLECTION 3.PROCESSING & EXPLOITATION 4.ANALYSIS & PRODUCTION 5.DISSEMINATION 6.CONSUMPTION 7.FEEDBACK

low earth orbit- LEO

200-1,000 miles above the Earth; typically imagery satellites for detailed Earth view

geosynchronous orbit- GEO

22,000 miles above the Earth

espionage

HUMINT- use of human spies

national technical means

NTM- variety of satellites & other technical collectors by both parties to collect needed intel

FIVE EYES

U.S., BRITAIN, AUSTRALIA, CANADA, AND NEW ZEALAND

reconnaissance

a mission to acquire info about a target

surveillance

a systematic observation of a target over a period of time

Supplementals

a way for Congress to take care of agreed on needs without making long-term budget commitments; must be approved by Congress

verification

ability to ascertain whether treaty obligations were being met

processing and exploitation

after collection goes through this before it can be regarded as intelligence and given to analysts

mirror imaging

assuming other states/ individuals will act just the way a country or person does

medium earth orbit- MEO

between LEO and GEO

National Intelligence Priorities Framework

carries out the broadest evaluation activity in the intelligence community- part of the DNI's office

spies

collection platforms; not necessarily a human being

wheat vs.chaff/ noise vs.signals

comes back to critical thinking skills- you want the wheat and the signals

Principals Committee

coordinating body of the NSC structure, consisting of the assistant to the president for national security affairs

requirements

defining those policy issues or areas to which intelligence is expected to make a contribution, as well as decisions about priority

resolution

degrees of visual clarity

anti-satellite(ASAT) weapons

delete satellite capabilities

feedback

dialogue between intel consumers and producers; policy makers should give the intel community some sense of how well their intel requirements are being met

crosswalks

efforts to coordinate programs to make difficult choices between programs

national intelligence

first in 1940 (foreign, domestic, homeland) arose with creation of Coordinator of Information- Monroe Doctrine of 1832

groupthink

forced consensus; the value of consensus overrides the value of critical thinking

national intelligence

foreign, domestic, homeland- all intel

intelligence

general term for collection

footnote wars

goal is to maintain a separate POV regardless of the salience of the issue at stake; opposite of groupthink

vacuum cleaner analogies

how to extract desired intel from huge load of info

competitive analysis

if intelligence officers have a strong preference for a specific policy outcome, their intel may display bias

politicized intelligence

if intelligence officers have a strong preference for a specific policy outcome, their intel may display bias

all source intel/ fusion intel

intel based on many collection sources to compensate for their shortcomings of each and profit from their combined strengths

analysis and production

intel is giving to analysts who are experts in their respective fields & can turn the intel into reports that respond to the needs of policy makers

SIGINT- signals intelligence

interception of signals between 2 or more entities (people, technologies, etc.)

priority creep

issues can and do move up and down in the priority system- dynamic and responsive to changes in the international situation

Intelligence

issues related to national security; info that meets the stated or understood needs of policy makers

monitoring

keeping track of someone's activities, helps with verification

negation search

looking at past imagery to determine when an activity commenced

Deputies Committee

made up of the deputies of PC members & has a similar function, working on issues before the PC committee

traffic analysis

monitoring changes/ flow (not content) in communications -abrupt changes in pattern; increased interaction

sun-sychronous orbit

moving in harmony with Earht's rotation so always functioning in daylight- problem is it produces and easily tracked orbit; it also will become less relevant with infrared capabilities

dissemination

moving intelligence from the producers to the consumers

tyranny of the ad hocs

not every ad hoc merits higher priorities; a system that responds to every ad hoc soon has little control over priorities and quickly breaks down

debris field

orbiting pieces destroy satellites

consumption

policy makers consume the intelligence & the degree to which the intel is used are important

competing collection priorities

prioritization of collection requirements occurs due to a limited number of collection platforms

collection

produces information, not intelligence

current analysis

reading messages & analyzing what they mean

highly- elliptical orbit- HEO

sits over Northern Hemisphere (more targets) than Southern Hemisphere (less targets)- roughly 16 hours a day over Northern

downstream activities

steps that follow the collection of intelligence; these activities are dependents upon technology

denied targets

target areas to which one doesn't have ready access

collection "swarm ball"

tendency of all collectors to collect on an unimportant issue to enhance their standing (re: budget allocation)

collection discipline

the means of collecting intel

downstream activities

the specific steps of P&E that follow collection

render

to deliver someone to a 3rd country for incarceration or interrogation

ad hocs

unexpected issues inevitably crop up with little or no warning

automatic change extraction

using computers to do the negation search

deception

when a targeted nation uses knowledge of collection capabilities to avoid collection

denial

when a targeted nation uses knowledge of collection capabilities to avoid collection

key judgements

when intel community produces an estimate on the likely course of events & possible indications of success or failure

collection synergy

when one means of collection provides tips/cues to guide collection via other means

shutter control

when the U.S. limits commercial satellite functioning for national security reasons