Into to Psychology Final

A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of ______.

100

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is between _____ units of information.

5 and 9

A child with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 12 has an IQ of _______.

75

Which of the following would NOT be a case of mental retardation?

An adult who, after 30 years of normal intellectual functioning, is involved in an automobile accident and has suffered brain damage that has severely limited mental functioning

Thirty-year-old Armand feels compelled to save objects that others might throw away. He is afraid that he will discard something he will need later, so his home is filled with old junk. Armand's neighbors have complained and he feels embarrassed. Which criteria that define abnormality are applicable in this case?

Armand's behavior deviates from the norm and is distressing for him.

Mental retardation falls into what axis of disorders?

Axis II

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?

Dominance

_______ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.

Echoic memory / iconic memory

____ stems from the desire to do something in order to obtain rewards or avoid punishment from the social environment, whereas ____ stems from the desire within (performing an action for self enjoyment or fulfillment).

Extrinsic motivation / intrinsic motivation

Who is considered the "father of American personality psychology"?

Gordon Allport

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was created by _____.

Henry Murray

Professor Rothbaum surveys students about their motivation for attending college. Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation?

I'm in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person."

According to the psychoanalytic approach to psychotherapy, which of the following is an essential part of the job of a psychotherapist?

Interpret the disguised revelations of the unconscious mind to the patient.

______ is based on internal needs (e.g., competence or autonomy). _____ is based on external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

Intrinsic motivation / Extrinsic motivation

Like many of his friends, Justin enjoys watching pornography on the internet. Lately he's been missing work so he can stay home and spend more time on the computer. This behavior is not only jeopardizing his job, it is also interfering with his relationship. Justin's girlfriend is upset about him spending too much time on the computer and she is threatening to break up with him. Justin's behavior meets which of the following criteria for abnormality?

Maladaptive

_____ refers to a language's rules for word formation, whereas _____ refer to the meaning of words and sentences.

Morphology / semantics

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?

Physiological needs (thirst and hunger)

Projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality?

Psychodynamic

Which of the following perspectives views abnormal behavior as the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts?

Psychodynamic therapy

Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE?

Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states.

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria that psychologists use to define abnormality?

Statistically rare

Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone, his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the _____.

Yerkes-Dodson law

Your psychotherapist asks you to "free associate." What are you being asked to do?

You are being asked to just "talk" in an undirected manner without reflecting on what you are about to say.

What happens when your blood sugar level gets low?

You feel hungry

You have to study four chapters of information for your next test. If you decide to use the problem-solving strategy of subgoaling, you would do which of the following?

You would break the topics to be studied into smaller areas and focus on each in an organized sequence.

Social desirability is _____.

a major problem with self-report assessments

Mireille began having brief episodes of overwhelming anxiety about a year ago. She doesn't know what causes them, but she has had them in the grocery store, at busy restaurants, and once while driving. Her heart pounds, she has difficulty breathing, and sometimes she feels like her body no longer belongs to her. She is afraid she will go crazy and embarrass herself in front of other people. Based on this information, Mireille may have

a panic disorder.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and affiliation _____.

after our basic biological and safety needs are meet

Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?

agreeableness

A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem.

algorithm

When a behavior is _____, it is often considered abnormal.

atypical in that it deviates from what is acceptable in a culture

Renee is a social worker in an urban community mental health center. She has just seen a new client who has depression, which she codes on

axis I

Scott was tried for and convicted of murdering his wife. He showed little emotion during his trial. Though he was tearful in some interviews just after she disappeared, given his apparent lack of remorse the tears may have been an attempt to manipulate people into believing he was not involved. Scott demonstrates characteristics of someone with antisocial personality disorder, which is coded on

axis II

Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on the _______ approach to psychological disorders.

biological

The American Psychiatric Association defines abnormal behavior primarily through the _____ approach.

biological

The _____ approach to disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.

biological

Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by someone who adheres to the _____ model of psychological disorders.

biological or biomedical

Recent research on gender differences in language suggests that _____.

both men and women speak approximately the same number of words per day

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore. It also selects which strategies to use to process information and solve problems.

central executive

Research on language development over the lifespan shows that although _____ is an important time for language learning, humans are capable of learning language throughout the lifespan.

childhood

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of _____.

chunking

Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _____ of sports.

concept

_____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

concepts

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for _____.

depression

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target?

displacement

Multitasking is an example of _____.

divided attention

A _____ involves a psychological state, whereas a ______ involves a physiological state.

drive / need

Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class. He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory of the material. You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions, he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples. You tell Chuck to work on making links between new information and everything he already knows. Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?

elaboration

A(n)_____ is a type of self-report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different.

empirically keyed test

In order to remember the content of what you've read in this textbook, you will need to ______ the information.

encode, store, retrieve

_____ refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

encoding

Motivated behavior is ______.

energized, directed, and sustained

Trait theories of personality ______.

examine personal characteristics that are stable across situations

Research shows that gifted children are more likely to grow up to be adults who are _____.

experts in professional domain, creative and innovative, and socially well adjusted

______ can be further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory.

explicit memory

Dr. Billings is a therapist who specializes in psychoanalysis. The types of techniques that she is likely to use would include ______.

free association, dream interpretation, transference, and interpreting the client's resistance to discussing painful memories

Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in hunger, eating, and satiety?

glucose, insulin, leptin

Neurological studies on memory have revealed that the ______ play an important role in explicit memory and that the _____ play an important role in implicit memory.

hippocampus and temporal lobe / cerebellum and cerebral cortex

According to drive-reduction theory, a drive is a created when the body's balanced internal state is disturbed. This balanced state is called ______.

homeostasis

Cookie Monster, one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street, has an intense urge to consume cookies, even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive. Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction. Freud would say that his behavior reflects the fact that Cookie Monster is ruled by his _____.

id

According to Freud, the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle, whereas the _____ operates on the reality principle.

id/ego

______ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

implicit memory

Your textbook describes a case study of a young girl named Genie who was isolated and severely abused. Because her parents never communicated with her in words, Genie lacked exposure to language during her early childhood years. Although she was able to make some language advances while in extensive rehabilitation, as an adult Genie still speaks in short mangled two- or three-word sentences. This case study suggests that language development _____.

is influenced by the environment

According to Freudian dream interpretation, the obvious content of a person's dream hides the true meaning or content of the dream, called the ______ content.

latent

Information can last up to a lifetime in ______.

long term memory

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.

long term memory/ short term or working memory

Of the following factors, _____ is the strongest predictor of whether a person will experience a mental disorder.

low socioeconomic status

When a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered _____.

maladaptive

James dreamed that he went to his neighbor's house at midnight and made himself a sandwich. His psychoanalyst interpreted the dream to mean that James really wanted to have sex with his neighbor's wife. Making the sandwich was the ______.

manifest of his dreams

_____ involves retaining information over time.

memory

A prototype is a _____.

mental representation of the average or typical member of a concept

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance is best under conditions of _____ arousal.

moderate

According to Freud, the ego _____.

must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.

According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible ______.

only after all other needs have been met

Your best friend Kayla is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on?

openness

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to ______.

provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts

The strongest proponents of the human unconscious mind's role in personality are _____.

psychodynamic theorists

Which of the following biomedical interventions for changing behavior is used LEAST often?

psychosurgery

Which of the following forms of treatment would be used only as a last resort to help patients with severely debilitating conditions?

psychosurgery

Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of _____.

rehearsal

______ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

repression

Bruce is seeing a therapist for his depression but he is always late and has missed several appointments. He talks about sports and the weather to try and avoid facing his problems and he often becomes argumentative with his therapist. According to psychoanalytic theory, Bruce's behavior is a classic example of ______.

resistance

William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try to improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?

safety

Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat _____.

schizophrenia

_____ can increase memory performance.

selective attention (focusing on relevant information and ignoring irrrelevant information), elaboration, and imagery

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is _____.

self-actualization

Your memory of civil war history is an example of what type of memory?

semantic memory

Although _____ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

sensory memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short term memory

Critics of the medical model of abnormal behavior argue that ADHD reflects a(n) ______.

social construct rather than a psychological disorder

You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. Your apartment is a mess and you have nothing to wear. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of _______.

subgoaling

According to Freud, the ____ represents the moral system of our personality because it consists of our conscience and ego ideal.

superego

According to Freud, the ______ is your conscience, or internal judge of your behavior.

superego

If one were to translate "white house" to Spanish from English, it would be "casa blanca," or "house white." This demonstrates a difference in _____ between the two languages.

syntax

_____ refers to a language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences

syntax

If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that _____.

the child's IQ is higher than normal

Allport used _____ to conduct research on personality.

the lexical approach

In psychoanalytic theory, the term transference is used to describe ______.

the phenomenon in which the patient comes to relate to the therapist in ways that resemble her or his other relationships

Freud considered ____ to be the primary motivating force of human behavior.

the unconscious

Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. According to the text, Carla should _____.

think outside the box in order to succeed in college

Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for the therapist is called ______.

transference

A good test of intelligence should be ______.

valid, reliable, standardized

When Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon, they found that ______.

when subject report hunger their stomach are contracting

The best way to utilize subgoaling is to _____.

work backward in your planning; first creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal, and then work backward to the subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort