Intro

9. Identify the four types of tissue membranes and their locations.

1. Mucous membranes which line tubes 2. Serous membranes which cover body organs by lining body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body (peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial). 3. Cutaneous membranes (skin) 4. Synovial membranes which line joint cavities (and produce fluid in the joint)

organism

An organism is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

Hierarchy of the cavities

Dorsal: contains cranial and vertebral cavities Ventral: contains Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities -Abdominopelvic cavity contains abdominal and pelvic cavities -Thoracic Cavity contains pleural cavity, mediastinum, and pericardial cavities

what's in mediastinum cavity?

Food tube and air tube

Difference between gross and microscopic anatomy

Gross anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification. microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices.

1. Frontal 2. Cranial 3. Facial 4. Oral 5. Mental 6. Axial 7. Brachial 8. Antecubital 9. Antebrachial 10. Carpal 11. Pollex 12. Palmar 13. Digital or Phalangeal

Name 1-13

Describe the anatomy of a serous membranes and cavity.

double layered sac —like a balloon that has a fist in it —visceral layer touches the organ —pericardial cavity (serous fluid) the air in the balloon —parietal layer on the outside—touching the wall

Tissue

group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function

synonyms for: anterior, posterior, inferior

ventral, dorsal, caudal

Name 11 organ systems of the human body.

MURDERS LINC Muscular Urinary Respiratory Digestive Endocrine Reproductive Skeletal Lymphatic Integumentary Nervous Cardiovascular

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. MRI has the major advantage of not exposing patients to radiation. Drawbacks of MRI scans include their much higher cost, and patient Copyright©2017 Thieme Publishers. Page 1 For Personal Instructor Use - Updated 1/9/2017 discomfort with the procedure. The MRI scanner subjects the patient to such powerful electromagnets that the scan room must be shielded. The patient must be enclosed in a metal tube-like device for the duration of the scan, sometimes as long as thirty minutes, which can be uncomfortable and impractical for ill patients. The device is also so noisy that, even with earplugs, patients can become anxious or even fearful. These problems have been overcome somewhat with the development of "open" MRI scanning, which does not require the patient to be entirely enclosed in the metal tube. Patients with iron-containing metallic implants (internal sutures, some prosthetic devices, and so on) cannot undergo MRI scanning because it can dislodge these implants. Functional MRIs (fMRIs), which detect the concentration of blood flow in certain parts of the body, are increasingly being used to study the activity in parts of the brain during various body activities. This has helped scientists learn more about the locations of different brain functions and more about brain abnormalities and diseases.

Physiology Definition

Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life

PET

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving the use of so-called radiopharmaceuticals, substances that emit radiation that is short-lived and therefore relatively safe to administer to the body. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential. The main advantage is that PET can illustrate physiologic activity—including nutrient metabolism and blood flow—of the organ or organs being targeted, whereas CT and MRI scans can only show static images. PET is widely used to diagnose a multitude of conditions, such as heart disease, the spread of cancer, certain forms of infection, brain abnormalities, bone disease, and thyroid disease.

Which organ is found in both the endocrine system and the reproductive system? Urinary bladder Testes Adrenal glands Pancreas Ureters

Testes

X-Ray

The X-ray is a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases. As they are used in medicine, X-rays are emitted from an X-ray machine and directed toward a specially treated metallic plate placed behind the patient's body. The beam of radiation results in darkening of the X-ray plate. X-rays are slightly impeded by soft tissues, which show up as gray on the X-ray plate, whereas hard tissues, such as bone, largely block the rays, producing a light-toned "shadow." Thus, X-rays are best used to visualize hard body structures such as teeth and bones. Like many forms of high energy radiation, however, X-rays are capable of damaging cells and initiating changes that can lead to cancer. This danger of excessive exposure to X-rays was not fully appreciated for many years after their widespread use. X-rays can depict a two-dimensional image of a body region, and only from a single angle. In contrast, more recent medical imaging technologies produce data that is integrated and analyzed by computers to produce three-dimensional images or images that reveal aspects of body functioning.

CT

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body. The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that, as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates 360 degrees around the patient, taking X-ray images. A computer combines these images into a two-dimensional view of the scanned area, or "slice." Since 1970, the development of more powerful computers and more sophisticated software has made CT scanning routine for many types of diagnostic evaluations. It is especially useful for soft tissue scanning, such as of the brain and the thoracic and abdominal viscera. Its level of detail is so precise that it can allow physicians to measure the size of a mass down to a millimeter. The main disadvantage of CT scanning is that it exposes patients to a dose of radiation many times higher than that of X-rays.

Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses the transmission of high-frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real-time image of anatomy and physiology. Ultrasonography is the least invasive of all imaging techniques, and it is therefore used more freely in sensitive situations such as pregnancy. The technology was first developed in the 1940s and 1950s. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development. The main disadvantages of ultrasonography are that the image quality is heavily operator-dependent and that it is unable to penetrate bone and gas.

Organ system

a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body

organ system

a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.

Organ

an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types, each performs one or more specific physiological functions

organ —what its composed of and what it does

an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions

what's in pelvic

bladder, internal reproductive organs

What organs in abdominal cavity

digestive

Anatomy definition

is the scientific study of the body's structures.

List, in order of increasing complexity, the levels of structural organization of the body.

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

Endocrine System Major organs and basic functions

peepee Tat

Identify locations of the pericardium, pleura and peritoneum.

pericardium: surrounds heart pleura: surrounds lungs peritoneum: surrounds digestive organs