Intro to Biology Quizzes
How many haploid cells are produced after the first stage of meiosis (meiosis I)? • 1 • 2 • 4 • 0, because meiosis I produces diploid cells • 0, because the homologous chromosomes haven't separated at this stage
2
How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis? • 2 • 4 • 6
2
Imagine a locus with four different alleles for fur color in an animal. The alleles are named Da, Db, Dc, and Dd. If you crossed two heterozygotes, DaDb and DcDd, what genotype proportions would you expect in the offspring? • 25% DaDc, 25% DaDd, 25% DbDc, 25% DbDd • 50% DaDb, 50% DcDd • 25% DaDa, 25% DbDb, 25% DcDc, 25% DdDdDcDd • 50% DaDc, 50% DbDd • 25% DaDb, 25% DcDd, 25% DcDc, 25% DdDd
25% DaDc, 25% DaDd, 25% DbDc, 25% DbDd
ABO blood type in humans exhibits codominance and multiple alleles. O is a result of being homozygous recessive. What is the likelihood of a type-A father and a type-A mother having a type-O child? • it is impossible • 25% if both parents are heterozygous • 50% if both parents are heterozygous • 25% if only the father is heterozygous • 25% if only the mother is heterozygous
25% if both parents are heterozygous
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA? • the twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands • the 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the direction of the other strand • base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands • one strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines
the 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the direction of the other strand
What happens during the S-phase of the cell cycle? • centrosomes produce mitotic spindles • the amount of DNA doubles • the nuclear envelope disappears
the amount of DNA doubles
In a healthy cell, the rate of DNA repair is equal to the rate of DNA mutation. When the rate of repair lags behind the rate of mutation, what is a possible fate of the cell? • the cell can be transformed into a cancerous cell • the cell will become embryonic • RNA may be used instead of DNA as inheritance material • DNA synthesis will continue by a new mechanism
the cell can be transformed into a cancerous cell
What is a cell's genome? • its metabolic output • the G1 checkpoint • the G2 checkpoint • the cell's DNA • snippets of RNA
the cell's DNA
In cats, a sex-linked gene affects coat color. The O allele produces an enzyme that converts eumelanin, a black or brown pigment, into phaeomelanin, an orange pigment. The o allele is recessive to O and produces a defective enzyme, one that does not convert eumelanin into phaeomelanin. Which of the following statements is accurate? • the phenotype of o-Y males is black/brown because the nonfunctional allele o does not convert eumelanin into phaeomelanin • the phenotype of OO and Oo males is orange because the functional allele O converts eumelanin into phaeomelanin • the phenotype of Oo males is mixed orange and black/brown because the functional allele O converts eumelanin into phaeomelanin in some cell groups (orange) and because in other cell groups the nonfunctional allele o does not convert eumelanin into phaeomelanin • the phenotype of O-Y males is orange because the nonfunctional allele O does not convert eumelanin into phaeomelanin, white the phenotype of o-Y males is black/brown because the functional allele o converts eumelanin into phaeomelanin
the phenotype of o-Y males is black/brown because the nonfunctional allele o does not convert eumelanin into phaeomelanin
Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? • the two strands of the double helix would separate • the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken • the pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars • all bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars
the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken
Why are theories stronger and more reliable than hypotheses? • we believe in them more • they have a control group • they are based on many experimentally tested hypotheses
they are based on many experimentally tested hypotheses
Why do charged molecules have difficulty crossing a phospholipid bilayer? • they are too big • they are too nonpolar • they are too polar
they are too polar
Explain why phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer when mixed with water. • the polar tails come together inside of the membrane • they have one end that is polar and one end that is non-polar • the polar head groups come together
they have one end that is polar and one end that is non-polar
How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? • they produce ATP • they produce glucose • they store it in molecules of carbon dioxide • the energy is coupled to oxygen
they produce ATP
Which base pairs with adenine in DNA? • thymine • guanine • cytosine
thymine
Which of the following components does not form part of the transcription complex at a eukaryotic promoter? • RNA polymerase • transfer RNA • start point • transcription factors • TATA box
transfer RNA
Which type of microscope can be used to view cellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body? • light microscope • scanning electron microscope • transmission electron microscope
transmission electron microscope
The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from: • glucose • water • carbon dioxide
water
What is the equation for the cellular respiration of glucose? • C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy • 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
A scientist wants to test the hypothesis that a certain bird species in her back yard changes its songs to warning calls whenever it detects the presence of a potential predator. Which of the following most likely describes her initial observations? • The scientist noticed that whenever she opened a door to her house, she heard birds beginning to sing. • Each time the scientist let her cat outside, the birds abruptly changed their songs. • The scientist noticed that the birds only appeared at certain times of the day, always singing the same song during those times.
Each time the scientist let her cat outside, the birds abruptly changed their songs.
A scientist wishes to test a new antibiotic's ability to treat stubborn bacterial infections. He tests his hypothesis that the antibiotic works better than existing treatments by giving bacterial infections to mice and treating them with the antibiotic. He then determines how many of the mice recover from their infections. What is missing from his experimental design? • He is missing a control group of mice that received a half dose of the new antibiotic. • He is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new antibiotic. • Nothing is missing. He has done everything he needs to do for this to be a successful experiment.
He is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new antibiotic.
A scientist observes that when she opens the back door of her house to let her cat out, the songs of a certain species of bird abruptly change. She wants to follow up on her observations with an informal experiment. Which of the following is the best hypothesis for explaining the birds' song changes? • The bird species switches from song to warning call whenever it sees a potential predator. • The bird species has a variety of songs that it sings, regardless o what is happening in its environment. • The scientist is mistaken and the songs do not change.
The bird species switches from song to warning call whenever it sees a potential predator.
The following were observed from many crossings of the same pea plants. What genotypes were the parents? 465 purple axial flowers 140 white axial flowers 152 purple terminal flowers 53 white terminal flowers • PpAa x PpAA • PpAa x ppAA • PPAA x ppaa • PpAa x PpAa • PPaa x ppAA
PpAa x PpAa
What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food, and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms? • chemotrophs • autotrophs • heterotrophs
autotrophs
In what way is mitosis similar to meiosis? • both divide the nucleus in eukaryotic cells • both increase the ploidy level from 1n to 2n • homologous chromosomes pair during prophase • both increase genetic diversity • sister chromatids form chiasmata to recombine the DNA
both divide the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
What is the general term for diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth? • cytomyopathy • cancer • chronic wasting disease • sepsis
cancer
The "backbones" of the macromolecules of life made of what element? • carbon • nitrogen • oxygen
carbon
The end products of aerobic cellular respiration are: • oxygen and heat • carbon dioxide and water • FADH2 and NADH
carbon dioxide and water
The _____ describes the different states of cell life. • cytophenology • development strategy • bio-plan • cytomorphology • cell cycle
cell cycle
The visible structures that form at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged are called: • tetrads • cleavage furrows • metaphase plates • chiasmata • cell plates
chiasmata
Why are most plants green? • chlorophyll-b primarily uses green light as the source of energy for photosynthesis • chlorophyll-a absorbs green light • chlorophyll-a reflects green light
chlorophyll-a reflects green light
A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates: • the blending model of genetics • incomplete dominance • complete dominance • a dihybrid cross • the mistakes made by Mendel
complete dominance
The attempt to disprove a hypothesis is accomplished by which of the following tasks? • conducting experiments • making initial observations • proposing a theory
conducting experiments
Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? • production of CO2 • conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds • a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule
conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds
Which base pairs with guanine in DNA? • adenine • thymine • cytosine
cytosine
A biologist isolates a large, unidentified molecule from some cells in his lab. He determines that the macromolecule breaks into smaller pieces with the concomitant loss of water. What reaction has he observed? • hydrolysis • condensation • dehydration
dehydration
DNA is made up of nucleotides. Which of the following correction lists some of the components of a nucleotide? • deoxyribose sugar, peptide, phosphodiester bond • deoxyribose sugar, base, peptide • deoxyribose sugar, base, nucleotide base • phosphate, base, amino acid
deoxyribose sugar, base, nucleotide base
The fusion of two haploid cells to form a diploid cell is called: • gametogensis • cytokinesis • fertilization • symbiosis • haplodiploidy
fertilization
Which of the following is part of the light reaction? • regeneration of NADP+ • formation of waste products in the form of O2 • reduction of carbon
formation of waste products in the form of O2
Pyruvate: • forms at the end of glycolysis • is the molecule that starts the citric acid cycle • is the end product of oxidative phosphorylation
forms at the end of glycolysis
A pea plant is heterozygous as the independent loci for flower color (white versus purple) and seed color (yellow versus green). What types of gametes can it produce? • two gamete types: white/white and purple/purple • two gamete types: white/yellow and purple/green • four gamete types: white/yellow, white/green, purple/yellow, and purple/green • four gamete types: white/purple, yellow/green, white/white, and purple/purple • one gamete type: white/purple/yellow/green
four gamete types: white/yellow, white/green, purple/yellow, and purple/green
The study of DNA and inheritance is known as: • anatomy • genetics • physiology
genetics
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? • the citric acid cycle • glycolysis • electron transport chain
glycolysis
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called: • grana • stomata • cristae
grana
Which base pairs with cytosine in DNA? • adenine • thymine • guanine
guanine
The dominant stage in the life cycle of fungi is a: • diploid • haploid • sporophyte • zygote • gonad
haploid
What type of chemical bond stabilizes the three-dimensional shapes of nucleic acids and proteins? • covalent bonds • ionic bonds • hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds
The inside of a phospholipid bilayer is known as being: • hydrophilic • hydrophobic • hydrotonic
hydrophobic
An "educated guess" as to what causes an observed phenomenon is known as a: • theory • hypothesis • control
hypothesis
During aerobic cellular respiration, the energy that was in glucose: • becomes stored in molecules of ammonia • is used to manufacture glucose • is transferred to electron carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
is transferred to electron carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
DNA has two functions: it can self-replicate, and it acts as a template for the transcription of RNA. DNA is capable of these functions because: • its nucleotides can base-pair with both ribose and deoxyribose nucleotides • its two strange are held together by easily broken covalent bonds • its replication is semiconservative • replication and transcription are thermodynamically spontaneous and require no enzymes
its nucleotides can base-pair with both ribose and deoxyribose nucleotides
What is the source of energy that provided the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? • cellular respiration • NADPH • light
light
Fatty acids are a component of what type of macromolecule? • lipids • complex carbohydrates • nucleic acids
lipids
In most green plants, chloroplasts are: • concentrated in a portion of the leaf called the stroma • located in leaf tissue called the mesophyll • evenly distributed throughout the leaf tissue
located in leaf tissue called the mesophyll
Sporophyte cells produce haploid spores by: • ovulation • gametogenesis • fertilization • mitosis • meiosis
meiosis
At what state of mitosis is there a regulatory checkpoint that detects chromosomal abnormalities? • interphase • S-phase • prophase • anaphase • metaphase
metaphase
Haploid gametophytes produce haploid gametes by: • induction • synapsis • mitosis • fertilization
mitosis
Which of the following lists correctly presents levels of organization from simplest to most complex? • organs, organ systems, organelles, organisms • biosphere, atoms, communities, organisms • molecules, cells, populations, ecosystems
molecules, cells, populations, ecosystems
A scientist discovers a putative new life form and notes that the creature's body is bilaterally symmetrical and consequently satisfies the criteria for defining life in which of the following categories? • order • growth and development • none, symmetry is not a basic characteristic of life
none, symmetry is not a basic characteristic of life
In prokaryotic cells, densely concentrated DNA is found in the: • nucleus • nucleolus • nucleoid • nucleosome • cytosol
nucleoid
Where is most of the DNA found in the cell? • Golgi body • nucleus • mitochondria
nucleus
Pea plants were particularly well suited for use in Mendel's breeding experiments for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: • peas show easily observed variations in a number of characters, such as pea shape and flower color • it is possible to control matings between different pea plants • it is possible to obtain large numbers of progeny from any given cross • peas have an unusually long generation time • many of the observable characters that vary in pea plants are controlled by single genes
peas have an unusually long generation time
What property of the phospholipid bilayer allows proteins to move laterally in the membrane? • phospholipid molecules are not covalently bonded to each other • phospholipids are attracted to each other by opposite charges • proteins attract each other with opposite charges
phospholipid molecules are not covalently bonded to each other
What is the name given to autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source? • photoautotrophs • chemosynthetic autotrophs • fungi
photoautotrophs
What organisms typically exhibit alternation of generations? • plants • animals • fungi • all of the above
plants
Genes can be transferred between prokaryotic cells when they exchange: • ribosomes • nuclei • mitochondrial DNA • cytoplasm • plasmids
plasmids
Water molecules have one oxygen atom that is more electronegative than the two hydrogen atoms bound to it. As a result, which type of bonding holds water molecules together? • non-polar covalent bonding • polar covalent bonding • ionic bonding
polar covalent bonding
Which of the following statements correctly identifies and describes the type of covalent bond found between oxygen and hydrogen in water molecules? • polar covalent bonds, because hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen • hydrogen bonds, because hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen • polar covalent bonds, because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
polar covalent bonds, because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
When inheritance for a particular characteristic depends on the combined effects of numerous genes, it is due to: • polygenic inheritance • linked genes • traditional Mendelian genetics • a test cross
polygenic inheritance
What level of protein structure is associated with the sequence of amino acids? • primary • secondary • tertiary
primary
Which of the following macromolecules are made from amino acids? • proteins • complex carbohydrates • nucleic acids
proteins
During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? • G1 • G2 • S-phase • mitosis or meiosis
s-phase
Which of the following elements is NOT particularly associated with living things? • nitrogen • silicon • oxygen
silicon
What separates during anaphase of mitosis? • centrioles • sister chromatids • spindle apparatus • homologous chromosomes • nitrogenous bases
sister chromatids
Cells that make up most of an organism and are not involved in reproduction are called _____ cells. • gamete • somatic • dormant • gonadal • germ line
somatic
CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via: • grana • stomata • thylakoids
stomata
In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the: • matrix • stroma • stomata
stroma
What is the last stage of mitosis? • interphase • prophase • telophase • metaphase • anaphase
telophase
As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of how many ATPs? • 0 • 1 • 2
2
If roan cattle (incomplete dominance) are allowed to breed, what ratio of phenotypes is expected in the offspring? • 1:1 red:whit • all roan • 1:2:1 red:roan:white • 3:1 red:white • 1:1:1 red:roan:white
1:2:1 red:roan:white
Which of the following are found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells? • DNA • Golgi body • ribosomes
Golgi body
Which of the following must happen before a cell begins meiosis? • cell plate formation • nuclear fission • DNA replication • tetrad formation • crossing over
DNA replication
During DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized as Okazaki fragments. This is because: • DNA synthesis can take place only in the 5' to 3' direction • DNA polymerases can bind to only one strand at a time • two different DNA polymerases are involved in replication (DNA polymerase I and III) • there are thousands of origins of replication on the lagging strand
DNA synthesis can take place only in the 5' to 3' direction
At which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? • G2 • Metaphase • G0 • G1 • S-phase
S-phase
A scientist believes that she has found a new life form. Which of the following conditions is NOT considered essential in determining whether the putative new life form is alive? • The creature possesses purposeful anatomical structures that differ from one another. • The creature's body is bilaterally symmetrical. • The creature seems to react to being touched.
The creature's body is bilaterally symmetrical.
Which of the following statements is true? • populations only contain 2 alleles for a given gene • variants (mutations) are always recessive • a test cross always uses a homozygous recessive individual • Punnett squares contain a maximum of 4 squares
a test cross always uses a homozygous recessive individual
Which base pairs with thymine in DNA? • adenine • guanine • cytosine
adenine
In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is: • an oxygen atom • a molecule of carbon dioxide • a molecule of water
an oxygen atom
What is the main purpose of conducting experiments? • proving a theory • making initial observations • disproving a hypothesis
disproving a hypothesis
Inside which organelle are secreted proteins usually synthesized? • Golgi body • nucleus • endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is NOT true of RNA processing? • exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus • nucleotides may be added at both ends of the mRNA • ribozymes may function in RNA splicing • RNA splicing can be catalyzed by spliceosomes
exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus
Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide? • nitrogenous base • fatty acid • sugar
fatty acid
