Intro to corrections chapter 1 and 2

a term given to the high rate of incarceration in the United States

Mass Incarceration

The criminal justice system is expensive to run because it employs more than

2 million people

On an average there are more than _______ million people under some form of correctional supervision in the United States

7 million

With truth in sentencing laws, more and more inmates were sentenced to prison and required to serve what percentage of their sentence

85 Percent

the court found that Washington state's sentencing guideline violated a defendant's sixth amendment rights because they permitted a judge to consider aggravating factors that would increase the sentence

Blakely v. Washington

The first institution to pay wages to prisoners as a reward for diligence and productivity

Elmira

In many jurisdictions, "prisons' sentences are reduced by about half. This occurs because the offender has earned

Good Behavior

The most noted advocate for the medical model of rehabilitation was

Howard B. Gill

Who believed that the law should accomplish some utilitarian purpose

Jeremy Bentham

Who was the English sheriff who advocated jail reform

John Howard

What is restorative justice

Making amends to the victim or society for the harm resulting from a criminal offense

a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society

Penitentiary

This penal system is based on the belief that most prisoners would benefits from the experience of incarceration

Pennsylvania model

Who prepares the presentence report for the court

Probation officers

Why do we punish offenders?

Punishment helps maintain the government, the social structure, and society

Disparities in sentencing often occur due to

Racial

Who was the Governor of Ohio and later became president doing the first correctional congress held in Cincinnati

Rutherford B. Hayes

This particular act created the US Sentencing Commission

Sentencing Reform Act of 1984

What are the big four states with the largest number of prisoners

Texas, California, Flordia, Georgia

What agency/jurisdiction has the largest number of prisoners

The Federal Bureau of Prisons

the court ruled on two questions of whether the federal guidelines were unconstitutional and whether the federal guidelines violate the sixth amendment right to trail by jury

United States v. Booker

Who pioneered the Manhattan Bail project

Vera Institute of justice

Who developed the Irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release

Walter Crofton

Who was Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in New York

Zebulon Brockway

What are mandatory Minimum sentences

a mandatory minimum sentence specifies a certain required number of years of incarceration for specific crimes

Today, the general public's reaction toward crime is more

active

What are some nonlegal factors affecting sentencing

age, gender, social class, victim characteristics

What is an evidence-based program

are programs that have been rigorously tested in controlled settings, proven effective, and translated into practical models that are widely available to community-based organizations

The largest impact on social cost has affected this racial group more than others

black

Who felt strongly about the merits of the reformatory model

brockway

The three strike law was first passed in this particular state

california

The first formal legal code was called

code of Hammurabi

Know the difference between concurrent and consecutive sentences

concurrent means altogether. consecutive means one at a time

What are the differences between indeterminate and determinate sentences term-35

indeterminate sentencing is a sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his or her sentence. Determinate sentences is sentencing that imposes a sentence for a definite term.

When jury trial is waived, the decision of guilt or innocence falls upon the

judge

legal requirements that persons found guilty of particular crimes must be sentenced to set minimum numbers of years in prison

mandatory minimum sentences

This particular model of rehabilitation focused on treating the disease of offenders and less on punishment

medical model

Prison building is often a boom to many communities who view institutions as a

more money

Who is responsible for the supervision of the offenders who are released in the community

parole officer

Those offender who are convicted of drug offenses and those who are unable to secure pre-trial release are mostly

poor people

Before sentencing takes place in felony cases, it is common for the court's probation staff to conduct a

presentence investigation

Cesare Beccaria, believed punishment should be

public, immediate, and necessary

What is Presumptive sentencing

sentencing in which the legislature sets penalties for criminal acts

What is preventive detention

the imprisonment of a person with the aim of preventing them from committing further offenses or of maintaining public order.