Intro to corrections chapter 1 and 2
a term given to the high rate of incarceration in the United States
Mass Incarceration
The criminal justice system is expensive to run because it employs more than
2 million people
On an average there are more than _______ million people under some form of correctional supervision in the United States
7 million
With truth in sentencing laws, more and more inmates were sentenced to prison and required to serve what percentage of their sentence
85 Percent
the court found that Washington state's sentencing guideline violated a defendant's sixth amendment rights because they permitted a judge to consider aggravating factors that would increase the sentence
Blakely v. Washington
The first institution to pay wages to prisoners as a reward for diligence and productivity
Elmira
In many jurisdictions, "prisons' sentences are reduced by about half. This occurs because the offender has earned
Good Behavior
The most noted advocate for the medical model of rehabilitation was
Howard B. Gill
Who believed that the law should accomplish some utilitarian purpose
Jeremy Bentham
Who was the English sheriff who advocated jail reform
John Howard
What is restorative justice
Making amends to the victim or society for the harm resulting from a criminal offense
a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society
Penitentiary
This penal system is based on the belief that most prisoners would benefits from the experience of incarceration
Pennsylvania model
Who prepares the presentence report for the court
Probation officers
Why do we punish offenders?
Punishment helps maintain the government, the social structure, and society
Disparities in sentencing often occur due to
Racial
Who was the Governor of Ohio and later became president doing the first correctional congress held in Cincinnati
Rutherford B. Hayes
This particular act created the US Sentencing Commission
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984
What are the big four states with the largest number of prisoners
Texas, California, Flordia, Georgia
What agency/jurisdiction has the largest number of prisoners
The Federal Bureau of Prisons
the court ruled on two questions of whether the federal guidelines were unconstitutional and whether the federal guidelines violate the sixth amendment right to trail by jury
United States v. Booker
Who pioneered the Manhattan Bail project
Vera Institute of justice
Who developed the Irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release
Walter Crofton
Who was Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in New York
Zebulon Brockway
What are mandatory Minimum sentences
a mandatory minimum sentence specifies a certain required number of years of incarceration for specific crimes
Today, the general public's reaction toward crime is more
active
What are some nonlegal factors affecting sentencing
age, gender, social class, victim characteristics
What is an evidence-based program
are programs that have been rigorously tested in controlled settings, proven effective, and translated into practical models that are widely available to community-based organizations
The largest impact on social cost has affected this racial group more than others
black
Who felt strongly about the merits of the reformatory model
brockway
The three strike law was first passed in this particular state
california
The first formal legal code was called
code of Hammurabi
Know the difference between concurrent and consecutive sentences
concurrent means altogether. consecutive means one at a time
What are the differences between indeterminate and determinate sentences term-35
indeterminate sentencing is a sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his or her sentence. Determinate sentences is sentencing that imposes a sentence for a definite term.
When jury trial is waived, the decision of guilt or innocence falls upon the
judge
legal requirements that persons found guilty of particular crimes must be sentenced to set minimum numbers of years in prison
mandatory minimum sentences
This particular model of rehabilitation focused on treating the disease of offenders and less on punishment
medical model
Prison building is often a boom to many communities who view institutions as a
more money
Who is responsible for the supervision of the offenders who are released in the community
parole officer
Those offender who are convicted of drug offenses and those who are unable to secure pre-trial release are mostly
poor people
Before sentencing takes place in felony cases, it is common for the court's probation staff to conduct a
presentence investigation
Cesare Beccaria, believed punishment should be
public, immediate, and necessary
What is Presumptive sentencing
sentencing in which the legislature sets penalties for criminal acts
What is preventive detention
the imprisonment of a person with the aim of preventing them from committing further offenses or of maintaining public order.