intro to crim final exam study guide

All of the following are examples of hearsay evidence except

"I saw the defendant Johnny kill his wife."

what emphasizes crime prevention and the development of positive relationships between the police and the public?

community policing

A football player who tackles and injures his opponent without using unfair means can escape criminal liability by using the

consent defense

A(n) ____ is a document that specifies the components of a government, the duties of each component, and the limits of their power.

constitution

Determinism is the idea that

criminal behavior is a product of biological, psychological, and social forces that are beyond a person's control.

The idea that we come to define ourselves by the way we perceive others see us is called the

looking-glass self.

Challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in recruitment include all of the following except

low attrition.

what is an example of enforcing the law?

making an arrest

A local news station reports a burglary that occurred in a small town. The house was broken into, and only small items were taken. After watching the news, some neighbors on the other side of the town decide to get together and set up a vigilante group to police their streets. They also decide that it is necessary to arm themselves with firearms while they roam their neighborhood. This reaction is an example of _________

moral panic

There is nothing more harmful to a law enforcement agency than

officer misconduct.

n general, who are more likely to support community policing?

officers of color

According to Michael Gottfredson and Hirschi, people with which character trait are most likely to commit crime?

people who are impulsive

A recent outgrowth of crime analysis is _________

predictive policing

Which of the following acts, enacted after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, gave the government wide authority to engage in various kinds of electronic surveillance?

the USA PATRIOT Act

A _________is a legal document permitting police to conduct a search or seizure or to arrest someone.

warrant

A writ of habeas corpus is a

writ requesting a judge to determine if a person is being held unconstitutionally.

The individuals most likely to be victims of crimes are

young males

Which state police department developed CompStat?

the New York City Police Department

The UCR, or the Uniform Crime Reports, was created in the year _________.

1930

When was the due process model at its peak?

1960s

Which of the following is a false statement about the homeless?

All homeless people are unemployed.

How does the public's view of racial profiling affect their opinion of the police?

Arab Americans fear the police because of what they view as increased surveillance and racial profiling of Arab Americans.

which pillar is associated with the National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism, which was promulgated by the federal government in 2021 for the first time?

Confront long-term contributors to domestic terrorism.

____is a technique used by police to pinpoint the locations and times of crimes.

Crime mapping

What is the primary method of execution used in South Carolina?

Electrocution

___means there is a lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies in the same geographic region due to the existence of many small departments.

Fragmentation

Which of the following exemplifies an instance of how unobtrusive vulnerabilities increase the likelihood of being victimized?

Hamid is robbed on the street and they do not try to stop the robber as they were affected by the trauma of being a victim of bullying as a child.

Steven Smith, an African American, was convicted of murdering a victim who was a white. Steven received a death sentence and was awaiting his execution in Texas. As a last resort, Steven argued in court that he was being detained illegally and requested the court to either release him or review his case to determine the legality of his confinement. This appeal was successful. As a result of his successful appeal challenging the legality of his confinement, what likely happened to Steven?

He received a new trial.

Which of the following statements is a false statement about the background investigations of police applicants?

Improperly conducted background investigations are common.

_____is the capacity to learn or comprehend, manifested by the ability to solve problems and adapt to life's everyday experiences.

Intelligence

Which of the following is a drawback of police discretion?

It allows some people who deserve punishment to escape it.

Which of the following is true of drug use in minority neighborhoods?

It is only slightly higher than that in more affluent nonminority areas.

Identify an accurate statement about a subpoena.

It orders a witness to appear in court even if unwilling

Which U.S. Supreme Court case helped to shape the role of the courts in the U.S. justice system by giving the Supreme Court the right of judicial review, that is, the authority to interpret laws and constitutions?

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Which famous case, introduced in 1966, made it a requirement for the police to notify suspects of their rights?

Miranda v. Arizona

Which of the following cases required that defendants must be informed of certain rights prior to custodial interrogation?

Miranda v. Arizona

What is true about the order of a criminal trial?

Once the prosecution finishes the direct examination, the defense may choose to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses.

Whiat is a difference between Schedule I and Schedule II drugs?

Schedule I drugs do not have an accepted medical use, whereas Schedule II drugs have a medical use.

Cocaine powder is classified under ____ of controlled substance schedules.

Schedule II

_________blank refers to the suffering of crime victims caused by their subsequent treatment by the police, the courts, or personal acquaintances

Secondary victimization

Across the United States, most inmate executions have taken place in the

South.

in 2006, which of the following rules did the Supreme Court pass concerning suspected terrorists?

Special military courts could not try suspected terrorists being held at Guantanamo Bay.

___are laws enacted by Congress or by the state legislatures.

Statutes

For deterrence to be successful, what goal must it achieve?

The public must be educated about sentencing policies and how the criminal justice system works.

Which of the following statements is true about the death penalty for juveniles and individuals with an intellectual disability?

The execution of such juveniles and individuals is unconstitutional.

What statement is false about warrants in the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?

The government must obtain a warrant before agents can conduct any reasonable search.

What were the findings of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Project?

The level of patrol in a neighborhood had no effect on the offense rates, response time, and level of public fear.

Which of the following is a characteristic of small communities?

The members live closely together frequently and have tight bonds to one another.

Tommy is arrested on charges of attempted murder. He goes to his bail hearing in a small state court in Texas. At the bail hearing, the judge rules that Tommy's bail is $5 million. Tommy claims that this is a violation of his Eighth Amendment rights. The judge still denies his request for lesser bail. Why can the judge impose such a high bail for Tommy?

The privilege against excessive bail does not apply to state defendants and only applies to federal defendants.

The dark figure of crime refers to the

group of unreported and unrecorded crimes as revealed by crime victim surveys.

_____are civil disputes in which one party sues another for the damages that the defendant's actions have caused.

Torts

The police are looking for Trevor Brown, a suspect in a murder. Detective Lewis obtains Trevor's cell phone number from an informant and calls him. When Trevor receives the call, the detective immediately begins asking questions about the evening of the murder. Detective Lewis does not have to read Trevor his Miranda rights because

Trevor Brown is not in Detective Lewis's custody.

All of the following are agencies within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) except the

U.S. Customs and Border Protection.

_________ are interviews with individuals who have been personally affected by specific crimes.

Victim surveys

_____is the use of volunteer, self-appointed committees organized to suppress crime and punish criminals.

Vigilantism

The Supreme Court first articulated the exclusionary rule in the ________case.

Weeks v. United States

Which of the following would be considered a private place according to the Fourth Constitutional Amendment standards?

a persons home

Some thieves break into an empty house with an intention to steal a TV. On entering the house, they realize that there is no TV in the house. So, they take the AC instead. Which of the following crimes did the thieves commit?

a property crime

Which officer is reported to experience the least amount of stress?

a white male officer

Police disregard for policies, rules, or laws in the performance of their duty is called _________

abuse of authority

Johnny Smith shot his wife at a theater. Johnny's act is an example of _________

actus reus

A(n) _________blank is a sentence that is served by an offender in a treatment facility or in community service.

alternative sentence

Marcie works for a private law firm but takes indigent clients on a case-by-case basis and is paid a set fee for representing those clients. Marcie is

an assigned counsel.

What percentage of U.S. adults suffer from a form of schizophrenia?

approximately 1%

According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, _________is holding society's values and opinions as true for oneself.

belief

Behaviors that are considered deviant...

change over time and across locations.

Criminologists recognize two major schools of thought or belief systems as among the first attempts to organize a view of crime causation. Identify these schools of criminology.

classical and the positive

Eyewitness testimony and videotape documentation are examples of

direct evidence.

State trial courts are also called

district courts.

The ________is a clause of the U.S. Constitution that represents the proposition that government laws and proceedings must be fair.

due process clause

A public defender is

employed and paid by the government.

The exclusionary rule states that

evidence obtained in violation of an individual's Fourth Constitutional Amendment rights cannot be used against the individual in a criminal trial.

In which type of cases are all defendants entitled to a grand jury under the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution?

federal felony cases

An intoxicated man breaks into a house he thinks is his own and falls asleep on the couch. When the residents of the home find him, they call the police. The man is arrested for breaking and entering. The judge sentences the man to an in-house treatment center for 30 days. The man received a(n)

formal sanction.

A ________ is a panel of citizens who may investigate certain crimes and determine whether sufficient evidence exists to bring a defendant to trial

grand jury

Crimes that have no mens rea requirement are called _________

inchoate crimes

The criminal justice process

is long and complicated

An example of a court of limited jurisdiction is a

juvenile court.

Maintaining order is also known as

keeping the peace

The document that contained relevant information about Frank (employment status, mental health status, prior criminal record, etc.) that was used by the judge to determine his sentence is called a(n) _________

presentence investigation report

The practice of holding a suspect without bail because he or she is believed to pose a potential danger to the community or to be at risk of fleeing the jurisdiction is called _________

preventive detention

identify the roles that police responsibilities have evolved to encompass on the frontlines of responding to the opioid crisi

public safety

Recent research comparing sentences in time periods with and without sentencing guidelines found that female offenders

receive more lenient sentences than similar male offenders.

Prosecutors have all of the following duties except

sentencing offenders.

Which of the following lists the policing eras from the oldest to the most recent in the correct order?

slave patrols, the English model, the political era, and the professional era

examples of an inchoate crime?

solicitation attempt conspiracy

Many states require judges to sentence certain offenders (often drug offenders or those who use a firearm in the commission of their crime) to a specific minimum sentence, referred to as a(n) _________

statutory minimum

Sally is a good student and does not get into trouble. After her father gets killed in a car accident, she gets upset and starts exhibiting patterns of violent behavior. Which of the following theories best explains Sally's shift in behavior?

strain theory

Detective Villanueva reads the Miranda rights to the suspect in a rape case, who waives his rights. During the interrogation of the suspect, Detective Villanueva becomes enraged over the horrific details that the suspect provides. The detective hits the suspect to coerce more details of the crime out of him. In this scenario, which constitutional amendment has Detective Villanueva violated?

the Fifth Amendment

Which constitutional amendment applied the due process clause to the states?

the Fourteenth Amendment

the most commonly used standard for insanity?

the McNaughtan Rule

Which group experiences more property crimes than the other age groups?

the elderly

Which of the following is a defense that sometimes protects very young offenders from criminal liability because they do not understand the consequences of their actions?

the infancy defense

Which defense is also known as the "lesser of two evils" defense?

the necessity defense

In a retention election, who decides whether a state judge has performed well enough to warrant staying on the bench?

the voters

Critics of the criminal justice system believe that its procedures are often

time-consuming. expensive complicated

Henry works at the CIA and has access to confidential government information. The government of another country bribes him to pass on certain information. Henry agrees and provides the government with the necessary information. Based on this scenario, it is clear that Henry's actions directly challenge the state. Which of the following crimes did Henry commit?

treason

What was the number of executions in the United States in 2020?

under 20

Conflict and competition among groups vying for power are the results of

unequal distribution of resources in society.