Intro to Cultural Anthropology Final Exam Review
Hypodescent
"A single drop of African blood qualified a person as 'black' rather than 'white'" One Drop Rule Mostly applied to people of African descent to justify the white advantages Hypodescent is an American thing
Masai
"Milking Rights": An example of use rights, no ownership, but the right to use. Moran: Masai warriors Age Set: Similar to graduating class, shared experienced of circumcision. Age-class systems are societies in which formal age grades or age sets are crucial to the social structure. These are especially common in East Africa. Age grades are stages through which individuals pass; e.g. upon initiation or upon being made an elder. Age sets are categories of persons united by age. Often members of an age set are defined as those initiated at the same time. Masai Women share work
Divorce in Figel: Ideng Nogon and Mo Ning
1970s Divorce by tiyawan (consensus based legal session) Teknonymy: -Mo=father of -ideng= mother of JUST sinew...indicates that Sinew is not a father Bridewealth society Balaud: pre-eminent legal specialist of Figel Mo-Ning was asked to stay in the middle of town so that if something happened to Ideng-Nogon's family, he would not be blamed Mo-Nana (Ideng Nogon's father) has to return bridewealth to Mo-Ning so he can remarry, give an apology, and promises to return the brideswealth and that he accepts that his daughter was at fault The villagers took steps to contain Mo Ning's rage
Divorce in NYC: Max and Kate
2003 Divorce by arbitration Other options: Divorce through court (judge) Kate makes more money Kate was the one who was doing a lot of the adjusting In terms of lifestyle: Kate would be hypergamous because of Max's NYC lifestyle and wealthy upbringing Max would be hypogamous (marrying down) because of Kate's poorer lifestyle In terms of economics: Max would be hypergamous (marrying up) Kate would be hypogamous (marrying down) In terms of educational status: Max and Kate are equals as they both have their masters
Mati
7 Year old from California Mati's condition is not common in the USA Anatomically, Mati is born in a male body When the child's body in the womb becomes male/female, weeks later there is a surge of hormones that can have different reactions on brain depending on child For Mati, when she became male in the womb and thus, when testosterone flowed to her brain weeks after, her brain was less sensitive to testosterone resulting in a more feminine brain Mati's sex is male Mati's gender is female Mati's sexuality is unknown due to her young age
Sifa
A game similar to hackey-sack, promotes bonding as it is a team effort.
Sodalities
A non-kinship group organized for a specific reason E.g. age sets
Compadrazgo
A relationship between Godparents and Godchild It is a ritual and social relationship It is a kinship through baptism Godparent baptizes godchild Technically means shared mother Fictive Kinship Relationship God parents can only be godparents to one child Creates a life long bond Creates a reciprocal relationship
Crucifix Hill
Alto do Cruzeiro, Brazil Mothers did not name their children to avoid getting attached when it died Mothers in Crucifix Hill don't get attracted to their children unless they're certain that they'll survive E.g. In the article, woman attaches to her child as she gives it a name, nursed it and had pictures of it When the baby died, she was intensely crying, was distraught, etc. This behavior was seen as inappropriate in Crucifix Hill as women weren't suppose to mourn God's plan or anything at all Mingua: Mortal Selective Neglect (Passive) Does not kill the baby, but observes mothers make the decision that certain children "don't want to live" and thus, they do not actively go out of their way to nurture/take care of the baby In Alto de Cruzeiro in Brazil, mother's are expected to delay their love... it is not that they don't have intrinsic love The shape of a mother's love can be various shapes Children would sometimes be locked in a house alone because it was the SAFEST option for the child when the mother would go to work They had no one to leave the baby with and their work areas were not safe (hazardous waters, etc.) Mother's did this because they HAD to go to work Mother's are forced to make extraordinarily hard decisions because of their living conditions SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT DRIVES/MANDATES CERTAIN BEHAVIORS
Gall Bladder
Analogous to English language idiom "heart"
Ascribed vs. Achieved
Ascribed: Involuntary; cannot be chosen Achieved: Accomplished, reflects work Achieved status or authority is that which is earned, while ascribed status authority automatically derives from a person's inherited social position. The distinction is common in political anthropology.
Tete
Bad
Baseball Magic
Baseball is a superstitious sport especially hitters and pitchers who practice rituals, observe taboos and own fetishes because they depend more on chance Rituals Repeated act that has a beginning, middle and an end Set of actions with a specific order Has a desired outcome Taboo "tapu" To mark thoroughly Thing is so prohibited that people MARK the thing saying they do not do that UNQUESTIONED PROHIBITION E.g. not supposed to talk about a pitcher getting a no-hitter Fetish: an object that is believed to have certain supernatural attributes E.g. lucky socks, underwear, a headband A fetish is an object which is believed to have spiritual power, such as a magical charm. The concept was used especially in late nineteeth-century anthropology to describe ritual objects used in supposedly 'primitive' societies. (For the history of the concept see main entry on religion.) Fetishization is the act of treating something as if it were a fetish. The term is often used to describe a process by which a culture or a social group irrationally overrates something (that which it fetishizes). In this sense, the object does not have to be material but may be, for example, a theoretical idea in anthropology. In this sense, the term becomes an accusation which is levelled against theoretical opponents. In a famous passage in Capital, Marx used the image of the fetish to illustrate the way in which people misapprehend the true nature of commodities by treating them as persons, thus attributing power and agency to things, while treating people (who really do have agency) as things, mere repositories of labour power for sale in the market Pitchers and hitters have a greater chance of practicing baseball magic because of the position's uncertainty The display of baseball "magic" is NOT because of individual tendencies such as anxiety "Magic" is a byproduct of uncertainty The higher the uncertainty, the greater the display of magic-based behaviors Fielders are left out of this baseball "magic" due to the control in their position
George Gmelch wanted to test Malinowski's classic anthropological theory that magical practices are closely related to notions of luck andmisfortune. Why did he choose to study professional baseball players?
Because he observed that some baseball players demonstrate greater degrees of belief or reliance on magic in order to ward off misfortune.
Sex
Biological/Anatomical Dimorphism Transvestite Trans: to shift/movement Vest: Clothes Anatomically of one sex, but dresses/presents themselves as the opposite sex "Cross dresser"
The readings and lectures suggest that Uka, a Teduray mentefuwaley libun from the Philippines shares qualities with Dou Donggo sara mone from Indonesia because
Both cultures believe that one's true gender may, through natural accidents of birth, been "missed" when born in the anatomically incorrect body.
Kinship
Both vertical and horizontal Kindred: Bilateral Consanguines and affines are ALL relatives Affines: relatives by marriage; Relationship through marriage. Usually opposed to consanguine (related through blood). Consanguines: relatives by blood; Literally, somone who is related through shared 'blood'; usually opposed to affines and affinity, which refer to relations throughmarriage
Caste vs. Class
Caste: Common system in South Asia, reflects degrees of spiritual purity. Caste Endogamy: Marriage within a caste system Class: An economic system; Marxist terminology, ownership by means of production
Global Census
Census: Conducted by governments to gather data which is important for running the country A Census is Not a survey Implemented by a government (nation-state, colonial state) The sample of 9 countries we studied were: Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, England, Guam, Mexico, South Africa, and USA The information from a census is commonly used for political control, promote national unity, explore racial and ethnic diversity, and combat discrimination.
Weber's hypothesis on uncertainty/supernatural/cosmology
Charisma vs. Routinization Religious practitioners: Shamans and Priests
Large Kin-Based Groups
Clans: Refers to groups of lineages that share a common ancestor; often unilinear, has attributes of political unit (rules of leadership, governance, etc.) Usually defined as a lineage or cluster of lineages in which the exact genealogical connections between all members cannot be traced. The term is generally applied to a corporate group with a strong identity. Although the term comes from a Gaelic word which designated a bilateral kin group, in anthropology it is usually applied to unilineal kin groups. In G.P. Murdock's usage, it designated specifically matrilineal kin groups (patrilineal ones being called gentes) Clan Totems: Shared ancestor far back in time, no more human names, aspects and attributes of the natural world Tribes: Refers to political unit larger than clan but smaller than nation, attribute of membership by descent but limited to this especially in modern nations; often misrepresented as chaotic, disorganized social systems.
Which of the following terms best captures the inequalities in wealth, power and status that tend to exist between individuals who engage in compadrazgo?
Clientage
Drought in Bima vs. Baseball Magic
Common Pattern: Misfortune and Uncertainty Control of the unknown (Malinowski) through ritual and magical practices (incorporating taboos, fetishes) Society worshipping [analogs of] itself (Durkheim)
Uka
Connecting culture bound theories of the "Self" and the "body" to gender and Uka's story Theories of the body and the self: Illness vs. Disease, Feeling vs. Biomedical Culture bound syndromes Body Cosmology Uka: Teduray woman born as a boy; wonderful musician According to Teduray teknonymy, Uka is most likely unmarried with no children Schlegel's cultural background made it difficult to grasp the Teduray concept of mentefuwaley libun because of American cultural assumptions about the body. Teduray Mentefuwaley Libun: "One who became a woman" "She is real (tentu) woman, and not man" Considered a separate gender in Teduray Not based on anatomical structure; it is rather a Socio-Cultural Category Dou Donggo Sara Siwe/Sara Mone: Mone: Male Siwe: Female Sara: "One who missed at being male/female"
Consciousness of Kind
Consciousness of kind does not have to rely on ideology of kinship: place/territory/community and beyond Religious congregations/institutions; voluntary organizations; rotating credit associations; labor unions Teduray social and moral concepts Ideology and practice expressing an actual or desired belonging to a group Through kinship idioms to going beyond kinship idioms E.g. kinship idioms -Lineage (unilinear) or kindred (bilateral) -Large kinship groups transcending locale: clans, tribes, fictive kin E.g. Beyond kinship idioms -Castes. ethnicities, nations -"nation-state" -ethnicity does not mean nationality -nationality does not mean citizenship -jus soli vs jus sanguinis How we describe ourselves Who do you relate/identify with? Voluntary Organizations Labor Unions Does not have to be a kinship group
What facilitated Ama Bose's decision to change his son's name from la Bose to Bakar?
Conversion to the religion of the lowlanders that allowed his family members to self-ascribe as Muslims.
Cosmology
Cosmos: World Logy: Study of Cosmology: Theory of how the world works
Defining Ethnicity
Defining Ethnicity: 1. Descent (biological or adaptive) -Being born there (biological) -Moving there as a child (adaptive) 2. Territoriality (co-residence; actual or ideological "homeland"; diaspora) -Feeling attached to a homeland even though you've never been there 3. Language (heritage or acquired) 4. Shared cultural and socio-structural experiences -(informal to co-residence: lifestyle, friendships, leisure, etc.) -(formal to education: "great books" pantheon; revolution: nation; conversion: religious community) 5. Self-ascription: what do you call yourself?
Reciprocity
Direct, positive: Transactional Nature Doing something for an individual with the expectation that there will be a favor in return eventually Balanced/transacational/direct/positive reciprocity (synonyms) Generalized: Doing something without any expectations of anything back Doing something just because we are expected to do it...like holding the door open for someone Moral Code Paying it forward...there is a common good and we contribute to that common good to behave ideally in society Negative: One gives and gives and one is never paid back Starts to feel take advantage of Repeated patterns of behavior that does not make the giver feel good Sense of unfairness E.g. Stealing Mutual exchange or obligation 3 Types: Generalized, Balanced, Negative Must have a relationship Predictable Patterns
Types of Divorce
Divorce by Mediation: Max & Kate Divorce by Trial/Court Divorce by tiyawan: Mo Ning & Ideng Nogon
Tiyawan
E.g. of adat; dispute resolution process/session/institution; consensus model (circle)
Economic Exchange
Economic Anthropology: Subsistence Strategies: Hunter-gatherers or Foragers Pastoral Nomadism or Transhumance (wild foods to domesticated foods) Agriculture: Horitculture and Extensive Agriculture Intensive Agriculture Industrial Agriculture E.g. Mo Santos and Meat sharing In economics and economic anthropology, the value of something as defined by what it can be exchanged for. It is distinguished from use value, which measures the utilitarian purpose of something. Marx's labour theory of value was largely an attack on the notion of exchange value.
In lay persons' terms we can say that Max "married down" (also known as "hypogamous" marriage). Using other factors, we can also say thatMax and Kate were "equals". These are not a moral judgements of one being a better or worse person than the other, but are technical termsbased on socio-structural factors (or factors that are patterned and predictable). Which of the following statements support the premise ofMax & Kate's structural inequality?
Economic background; he grew up in an upper middle class while hers was often struggling to make ends meet
Economic and Moral Dimensions of "Cooking pot"
Economic: Figel: subsistence rice farmers "Swidden" or dry rice (no irrigation) Adults and Dependents = Household (Rice-Sharing Units) delineates the "cooking pot" Reciprocity: sharing/exchange; at this level occurs between members of the cooking pot Moral: "Eat your own rice": little sharing of rice between households; must feed dependents Rights and obligations of adults -Feed dependents out of the rice farmed in a swidden field -Conjugal couple Rights and obligations of dependents -Contribute to rice growing efforts led by "adults" -Children as well as elders no longer able to farm
Egalitarian vs. Stratified Societies
Egalitarian Societies: Schlegel: Rainforest Teduray communities in the 1970s as radically egalitarian Based on observed economic/material conditions and cultural practices/ideals Many egalitarian societies have ranked systems or other sodalities (e.g. age sets). Equality between individuals in a social system. This ideal is often ascribed to hunting-and-gathering communities. It is theoretically important as a baseline for the comparison of societies on the basis of social hierarchy, including those 'advanced' hunting-and-gathering societies whose subsistence pursuits (e.g. intensive fishing) have led to the development of hierarchical systems. In a rather different context, Louis Dumont has systematically explored the intellectual roots of the modern Western systems. In a rather different context, Louis Dumont has systematically explored the intellectual roots of the modern Western ideology of egalitarianism Stratified Societies: A society partly organized around formal social stratification, such as caste, class, or estate, that limits access to resources and prestige to some individuals.
"Glue" that holds society together
Emile Durkheim's Notion of Solidarity French nation in the face of the first world war Mechanical Solidarity vs Organic Solidarity Colonialist view of differentiating so-called "primitive" vs "modern" societies Challenge/Critique Not fixed, social identities change
Emotion vs. Sentiment
Emotion: Human bodily response to internal or external stimuli Sentiment: Belief that emerges from our emotions; shared by groups
Endogamy vs. Exogamy
Endogamy: Marriage within a given group or category Exogamy: Marriage outside a given group or category (the opposite of endogamy). The term was coined by J.F. McLennan as part of his theory of social evolution to explain the phase of bride-capture and what came after, when groups developed rules against taking mates from within. It is commonly used today to designate any kind of out-marriage, including both rules and practice.
Cultural Self-Identification
Ethnicity vs. Ethnic Identity Corporacy: Occurs in groups with extreme consciousness of kind Globalization/Transnationalism: -"Deterrioralized spaces" -"McDonaldization" -Ethnography of Japanese auto-workers (Honda)
Durkheim's hypothesis on uncertainty/supernatural/cosmology
Ethnographic Examples: How society (historical experience, social structure, etc.)affects worldview/cosmology E.g. Dou Donggo vs Lowland Bimanese responses to drought
Malinowski's hypothesis on uncertainty/supernatural/cosmology
Ethnographic Examples: Magic, ritual; "effective knowledge" and the limits of "practical control" of the world E.g. American baseball magic
Sexuality
Expressive Private Behavior What makes someone sexually happy Transsexual: One who has the anatomical surgery and identifies as the opposite sex
Indicate if this statement is true or false: "The readings or lectures suggest that race is a fixed, natural and universal concept that is the same everywhere in the world and was best demonstrated by the Global Census exercise."
False
Matriarchy
Female Power There seems to be no true matriarchal society, however
Limited Good
For lowland Bimanese, all good comes from God so the good can be limited/restricted by God as well For highland Bimanese, good is not limited and thus, it is endless Limited good VS unlimited good The Dou Donggo believed in UNLIMITED GOOD With unlimited good, one's good doesn't leave them when another person receives good...equal good In limited good, if one has a lot of good, that can mean less good for others
Society and Sex Roles
Friedl Subsistence Strategies: 1. Foragers (old term hunter- gatherers) 2. Horticulture (agriculture for the household) 3. Transhumance (or pastoralism) 4. Intensive agriculture (agriculture for the cities) 5. Industrial agriculture (agri for the world) Culture Groups by Country: Washo of US Hadza of Tanzania Tiwi of N. Australia Eskimo of Canadian/US Arctic Kung San/Dobe San of Southern Africa Yanomamo of Venezuela Semai of Malaysia Iroquois of US Lovedu of South Africa Anthropological insights on concepts of matriarchy vs patriarchy: not mirror images Fried's analysis Cross-cultural examination of sex & gender in production/organization of labor Producing resources per se vs. decision-making over redistribution of resources Iroquois of North America and Lovedu of Africa see women equal to men, women make their own decisions, having their own voice but neither were a true matriarchy. Iroquois: "Women raised food, controlled it's distribution, and helped to choose male political leaders" (pg.101). Lovedu: "Women ruled as queens, exchanged valuable cattle, led ceremonies, and controlled their own sex lives" (pg.101) (MF) Friedl explains the different types of hunter-gatherer societies: those based in cooperation, those based on independence, and those in which the men provide for all E.g. Washo Indians of Sierra Nevada. Men, women, and even children all participated in the communal fish hunts; and in the summer women spent their time gathering, as men fished. Communal hunts allowed for the capturing of jackrabbits. This interdependency allowed for an egalitarian society E.g. Eskimo, in which women are regarded as objects as they make no contribution in providing food. High inequality exists: women are "used, abused, and traded." Societies that assign sex roles for women that require both contribution to economic production as well as a say in redistribution of resources have most impact/most significant
Jonny
From the Dominican Republic Guevedose: A girl before age 12 (born anatomically female), but then during puberty, the child's undescended testicles comes out Did not develop penis until age 12 Society assigns child as female, but then during puberty, child does not feel like they belong to that gender category Symptoms: More aggressive Johnny's friend, Carla, her cousin Katherine went through the same thing...teacher said children cannot make fun of Johnny for his condition....societal support! Jonny is in his early 20's now...thus, he is a man! Guevedose is a common pattern in Jonny's society Parent assigns child a gender until puberty when they transition Sometimes it is unknown if a child is a guevedose right away...figured out in time as the child develops
Fiyo
Good
Roberto/Bobby/Bob
HIs story is told by someone on the outside looking at his story Roberto is trying to change his cultural category Key Racial Identifiers: -Mulatto: Hispanic term for Mixed Heritage (Always Black mixed with another race) -Zambo: Pure race based on physical appearance -Gringo: Non-hispanic, Caucasian, American with European descent, considered an ethnicity not just a race, based off of culture -Mestizola: Roberto was born in Peru, died in Kora fighting for the United States Roberto was considered a Zambo in Peru In the U.S., Roberto was considered black/hispanic Roberto's goal was to become Americanized He took steps to do this, including learning English, using skin-lightening products, wore American fashion, worked American jobs. He wanted to become a Gringo The situation which instigated this desire was when a girl he liked, Qwaka, ran away from him claiming she could not spend time with Zambos Qwaka was fair skinned with light hair, considered a mestizo/a, she was mixed with European heritage. She married a white boy and moved to Kentucky, where she was beat for being mixed and not fully white. Her hierarchical status dropped because in America she was not considered pure white, and therefore "not at the top." This is a form of hypo descent.
Body Cosmology
How the body is understood How people understand the human body There are also parts of the body we cannot see E.g. Soul Christians believe that even though you cannot see it, it is there E.g. Kiti Nuvi
Unlineal Kinship
If it's a matrilineal society, you would call your father's brother (one's Uncle on dad's side) a different name than uncle...would call him "father's brother Chris" Kinship terms show the unilinear effect of relative recognition....recognizing mother's side versus father's side (depending on the side of descent)**modern societies still show aspects of this unilineal lineage by taking father's last name (recognizing father's side)
Shamans
Individuals that people believe are born with an innate gift Religious leaders Have innate qualities related to their specific religion NOT institutionalized... they have an innate gift CHARISMA
Which of the following is true about the US Census category of "Hispanic"?
It is used as one of many "ethnicity" categories that is considered as separate from "race."
Fictive Kinship
Kinship not related to blood-relation Pater: Social Father Mater: Social Mother Compadrazgo: God-parent Although not blood-related, the relationship created is as strong as a blood-related bond Social relations which are perceived as analogous to kinship, but which are based on some other criterion, e.g. godparenthood, blood-brotherhood, or 'fraternal' solidarity in the trade union movement
La Bose/Bakar
La Bose became Bakar His father, Ama Bose, changed La Bose's name so he could fit in at his new high school in the lowlands of Bima, even though they were Dou Donggo. La Bose is young, and unmarried, around 13 (La) His father Ama Bose, converted to Islam so he could give La Bose a good muslim identity, to fit in with his classmates in Bima, however, he continued to be called by both Ama Bose, and Ama Baker. The new identity created a new layer, a new social identity for La Bose, whose name changed to Bakar Dou Donggo is considered to be a lower level of society compared to Bima This situation is common for children who attend high school downtown in Bima Ama Bose changes his son's name in order to: 1. Help transition his son to the Muslim culture of down town Bima 2.Help la Bose fit in so he was not bullied for being Dou Donggo Lowlanders in Bima regard the Dou Donggo as the mountain hicks or the "other" people
Race
Limited set of folk categories based on physical appearance + assigned moral attributes arranged hierarchically on a culturally constructed spectrum. The ways of classifying it are local rather than universal Hints that certain characteristics are better than others and thereby implying certain races have certain characteristics thus making them better or worse than others Race is a socially constructed category; what one society has decided in terms of the races as well as which category of person is most important E.g. USA: white (color category) native american (geographic category) asian (geographic category) african american (geographic category) hispanic (lingual category) **In USA, you just have to choose which one you are but in other places, the content within the racial category varies Limited or hierarchical Latent or manifest racism Considers beauty, intelligence, capacity for ethical behavior, etc.
Patriarchy
Male Power
All of the following culture groups discussed in class during the past semester engage in horticulture as their primary subsistence strategy except for one. Which one?
Masai of Loita Hills, Rift Valley, Kenya
Mayordomo/a
Mixtec rotating organizer in saa sa'a Rotates people because there is an assumption that everyone is equal Everyone will take charge at some point...sharing burden Unit of reciprocity is the village itself
Saa Sa'a
Mixtec term System that Mixtecs instituted in order for celebration of saints to be sustainable Donation made by every family/household Rotating organizer (mayodomo/a) Mixtec tradition in the Santiago Nuyoo village Considered a feast day for the saints Each family brings a set amount of tortillas There are many consequences for not contributing Direct Reciprocity
From the standpoint of justice, who was Mo-Ning waiting to hear from in the earliest periods of rage and anger following Ideng Nogon's elopementwith Sinew? In other words, who needed to come forward to trigger the series of legal sessions that would effectively dissolve his marriage?
Mo Nanah, his wife's father, who had to acknowledge Ideng Nogon's fault as well as promise to repay the bridewealth.
Polyandry
Monogamy: Having one spouse at a time. Middle Growth Polygyny: Having one husband with several wives. Fastest Growth, a lot of births. Polyandry: Having one wife with several husbands. Sometimes it is fraternal (adelphic), where many brothers share a wife. It solves a specific problem (dowry complications), but has slow growth.
Sharing -> Reciprocity
Mutual exchange or obligation The relation between people in an economic system The obligations they have toward each other in such system or the practices they engage in in relation to one another Patterned/Has rules (Implicit or Explicit) Meaningful (Personally, emotionally, culturally) Found across all subsistence strategies (foraging, transhumance, horticulture, intensive agriculture, industrial agriculture) with associated patterns for each
A Drought in Bima
Occurred in Bima, Indonesia in 1982 In the lowlands of Bima, people made money through trade via cash crops and staples such as rice In the highlands (Duo Donggo), farmers met economic means through land/crops-practiced subsistence farming-grew crops for household and not for the economy Bima was going through their dry season and it was taking a while for the dry season to end Lowlanders fasted and prayed for a day to Allah in the center of town to please bring rain...assuming rain comes from God In the highlands, the highlander elders went to the mountain spring, cleaned the "month" of spring and offered to the spirits, asking the spirits to stop interfering with the normal flow of rain. They offered chicken, rice, tobacco, rice wine, betel (nicotine gum), etc. to the spirits (the spirits get what humans would get/like) This was an assumption that the spirits are essentially those that failed at becoming human So, spirits engage in mischievous actions to annoy humans as they're jealous humans are living and thus, humans have to compromise with the spirits to stop the mischievous behavior For lowlanders, God brings the rain and can take away the rain so one has to pray to God to get rain For highlanders, humans and spirits are on an equal level so individuals and spirits negotiate Researchers say one's religious interactions is reflective of one's society Since lowland Bimanese have only been ruled by a king, they have the same type of relationship with God...God ruling people like Kings rule people-the way their society has been organized shapes the way they look at God For highlanders, they are a more egalitarian society explaining why they see the spirits and themselves as equal further explaining the way a person interacts with the spirits Social structure is predictive of how religious affiliations interact in a society Just ELDERS address the drought via a negotiation with the spirits Elders negotiate with the spirits as the spirits are not seen as gods, but as humans who are interfering with the rain
Descent
One lineage Consanguines: blood relatives; Literally, somone who is related through shared 'blood'; usually opposed to affines and affinity, which refer to relations through marriage
Clientage
Patron-Client Relations Inequality If someone were to become the god-parent of a child, the parents of the child are OBLIGED to help you if you ever need it. It creates a web of obligation Patron always trumps client, things owed from client to Patron (Boss)
Bimanese leadership/hierarchy
People in lowland Bima have ALWAYS been run by a king; always experienced hierarchy; Thus, religious system is based off of a hierarchical system seeing God as the ruler In lowland Bima, there is an Imam as the leader Raja=Sultan in Bima In highland Bima, there is no specific leader; egalitarian; equality among Dou Donggo
The Feast in Nuyoo
Reciprocity in Nuyoo Mayordomo Saa Sa'a 40 Tortillas "Community" "Village" "Neighborhood" "Block" Things that we do as part of a sharing unit (labor, goods, specializations, feasts, gifts, etc.) expressed/shaped/resisted culturally or socio-structurally
Social Structural Relationships
Relationships between individuals that are determined by patterned and predictable factors
Gefe
Rights over something that govern use; when applied to land, not ownership of land (because no one owns land) but ownership of rights to use land;land use model (vs land tenure model)
Religious vs. Non-religious Systems
Ritual in religion VS belief systems (non-religious) A drought in Bima VS baseball magic Both engaged in some sort of ritual for a desired outcome but in different ways
Routinization vs. Charisma
Routinization: Routinized leader, priests, islam Priests are where they are today because of routinization Charisma: Charismatic leader, shamans, indigenous religion. In Max Weber's terms, authority based on the personal characteristics of the leader. Quality that is innate...shapes leaders
Teduray moral concepts
Shared human/social obligation: help others maintain a "good gall bladder " • Recall Prologue, Schlegel's son Len's fever & what the Teduray did for his gall bladder
Nanuu Maria
She was hit by lightning Co-essential being: Kiti Nuvi in Mixtec Kiti Nuvi: Small animal sharing individual's qualities; spirit animal Explanatory value American notions: Autonomous individual, body & soul Southeast Asian Notion: Teduray Twin Souls E.g. Teduray believe that you are born with 2 souls, Teduray are SO against the idea of being alone, So, when you're born, one soul stays with you and the other goes to the after life...THUS, when you die, your soul finds the other soul and acts as a guide so you're never alone South & East Asian Notion: Reincarnated souls People's idea of the autonomy of an individual person is "naturally" tied to that of another being, in this case, one's animal or kiti nuvi Monaghan and Just link to Meso-American theory of body cosmology called Vinik triggered by early Spanish Missionaries' introduction of a foreign loan word, the Spanish persona Spanish loan words and indigenous neologisms We see how words reflect entire cultural worlds, but also how words can profoundly change social structure such as what occurs in the complex process of religious conversion In Meso-America, everyone has a kiti nuvi When a person is born, an animal out in the wild is also born The animal becomes connected to the person If something happens to the animal, the person is also affected and vice versa Co-essential being: Shared essence/being Nanuu Maria's animal got struck by lightening and therefore, Nanuu Maria was affected as well Apparently, animals help explain person's character
Adat
Similar to manners but deeper; ways to behave as a Teduray person; similar to English language term "custom"
Uncertainty/Supernatural/Cosmology
So-called psychological responses to uncertainty must distinguish between emotion and sentiment Cultural construction of "anxiety," "grief," "happiness," and "hard work"
Social Organization beyond Kinship
Social Kinship trumps over Biological Kinship Social idioms (social relationships) still refer to biological ideas because of the biological idea's power over human thought Forms: 1. Adoption 2. Age-mates: "blood brothers" (Masaai) 3. Political treaties/pacts: "ritual siblingship": mixing two different people's bloods and drinking it "as if they were blood" (biological) through ritual Typically, in groups larger than kinship groups Organic Solidarity: Emile Durkheim's Notion of Solidarity Parts of society are specialized, but all work together to support a greater being Modern Societies E.g. Baking Bread; complicated process with many parts including, selling, delivering, growing wheat, but all combine into one process. Mechanical Solidarity: Emile Durkheim's Notion of Solidarity Solidarity holding people together is the fact that they are all more or less the same E.g. Dress alike, act alike E.g. Primitive Societies: Mechanical Solidarity is the glue holding the society together Critiques on Solidarity: Monaghan and Just state how primitive societies seem to be made up of similar people (or simple societies), but these people still create differences amongst them. You can look at simple societies and one may think that everyone LOOKS similar/seems to be alike, but amongst themselves, they create differences. E.g. Clans People within a unilineal clan create differences amongst themselves **Irony is that these more modern societies that seem so differentiated (like the USA) find ways to create unity/similarities amongst themselves E.g. USA, National Anthem, Flag
Gender
Social/Cultural Shared conventions/norms: Certain norms associated with each gender; shared socially accepted behaviors with each gender Transgender: Someone who has an anatomical structure of one sex, but identifies as the gender opposite of their sex E.g. Uka
Colorism
Society assigns values/rankings to degrees of skin color, light seeming more valuable/higher status
Culture vs. Social Structure
Someone can share culture with another but have a different social structure (status, degree, job, etc.); depends on context
Status vs. Role
Status: Publicly recognized social positions Role: Corresponding bundle of rights and obligations
Furong
Teduray "specialization" Varies from gift/talent for specialization for settling legal disputes, healing, making or fixing things, teaching a skill, etc. E.g. Hunting wild boar
Cooking pot
Teduray metaphor for family or household Every family grows rice and cooks it in their home....does not share with other households "Cooking pot" is also a metaphor for grown ups...taking care of yourself and your family (feeding yourself and your family)
Teduray Kanduli
Teduray tradition Each household brings rice and the rice gets mixed up...mixing and sharing rice in order to celebrate each other/the equality between one another...mixing rice is symbolic of everyone being ONE When there is a unit of reciprocity, you feel yourself obliged to contribute If one does not contribute, that person is not considered as a part of the group Unit of reciprocity with Kanduli=Figel Shamans Rice-Sharing
TWO ANSWERS NEEDED FOR FULL POINTS: What did Nancy Scheper Hughes' ethnography of Crucifix Hill seem to suggest about a mother's love?
That extreme poverty can shape a culture into one that encourages/idealizes delayed attachment. That extreme poverty can lead institutions like the Church to resist acknowledging high infant mortality rates and instead focus efforts on denying "a culture of death."
What misconceptions about sex roles did Ernestine Friedl seek to debunk in her article? TWO ANSWERS NEEDED FOR FULL POINTS. Remember, you need to choose the false statements from the options below.
That sex roles are fixed and that the natural order proves that humans are "naturally" or "originally" matriarchal That sex roles are fixed and that the natural order proves that humans are "naturally" or "originally" patriarchal
Gender Binary
The classification of gender into two distinct, opposite forms of masculine and feminine, whether by social system or cultural belief.
Intersectionality
The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
Performativity
The notion that gender is constituted by performative acts which are repeated and come to form, or shape a "coherent" gender identity
Nationalism
The political expression of a dominant group claiming autonomy by virtue of its common language, unique customs, and shared origins Nation-States as homogenous? No If not homogenous, claim of a shared heritage and experience Result of a long and complex process (revolution against a shared oppressor, a civil war, a treaty, shared retelling of myths, etc.) Individuals think since they have these things, they should be autonomous or self-ruling Nations are NOT made up of the same kinds or people Dominant group representing nation *Ethnicity can become dangerous when it turns into national policy* -Becoming an expression of national identity -E.g. WWII Germany -Aryan/non-Jewish race standing as a nationality **No place is monocultural, however many places APPEAR to be monocultural -Mononation: modern idea/term
Gender Superiority
The way meat is acquired... there is a relationship between the degree of meat obtained and the measure of male dominance E.g. Eskimos are some of the greatest meat eaters; hunters and foragers; collect meat; Eskimos diet consists of 90% meat The Kuuysan are hunters and foragers, but are mostly plant eaters...AND plant based foods are foraged by woman...80% of the Kuuysan's diet consists of plant-based foods From a social structural stand point, women and men are more equal in Kuuysan than the Eskimos because women are contributing more/are more equal HOWEVER, male/female equality is NOT just about proportions and contributions of resources... it is more about who in the society can take a resource and redistribute it E.g. Man and woman both contribute to family economically (both work, etc.)...HOWEVER, only ONE of the duo decides where that money is redistributed (what is bought, etc.)....Thus, relationship is not equal despite the co-contribution THE MASAAI ARE KEY VICTIMS TO THE CO-CONTRIBUTION, BUT LACK OF POWER/REDISTRIBUTION/DECISION MAKING
Primitive
The way non-western people were described in the past Taylor Boas referred to non-British people as PRIMITIVE and his culture as CIVILIZED...very ethnocentric-"primitive"=first DO NOT USE THIS TERM...insulting Synonyms 1. Barbaric-people who don't speak Greek 2. Savage* Taylor believed all societies developed from savagery, barbarianism, civilization Alternatives to these words 1. Small-scale societies 2.Indigenous peoples/groups: beginners of that specific society
How did the authors Monaghan and Just explain the contrasting responses of the Dou Donggo and the lowland Bimanese to the same drought that gripped their region?
Through the contrast of how each group theorized the cause of misfortune including why droughts happen (due to an all-powerful God being displeased/punishing them vs spirits being mischievous/need to negotiate with them).
Brutnalized
Trained leader Emergence of not trained leaders: Shamans
In any marriage, there is almost always an associated transfer of:
Wealth, rights over future children, rights over labor (pay check, ask each other to do things, etc.)
Mo Santos' Furong
Wild boar hunt: dangerous and time consuming -Use of specially designed spear, trained hunting dogs -Schlegel joined Successful hunt, butchering of meat,32 equal packets including Mo Santos' "share" 32 households= Figel as meat‐sharing unit -Also labor‐sharing unit, other specializations -The neighborhood or community created/recreated/defined by reciprocal relations
Teduray social concepts
adat, tiyawan, gefe
Alienation
the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved
