Intro to exercise science chapter 1

• Logical validity

"face" validity - Not typically a major issue

Accredited Certifications for • NSCA

- CSCS (BS Degree Required) - NSCA-CPT - TSAC-F - CSPS

Accredited Certifications • NFPT - National Federation of Personal Trainers

- Certified Personal Fitness Trainer

Accredited Certifications for • NASM

- Certified Personal Trainer

Accredited Certifications • ACSM - American College of Sports Medicine

- Certified Personal Trainer - Exercise Specialist - Health/Fitness Instructor

Certifications for ACE

- Clinical Exercise Specialist - Group Fitness Instructor - Lifestyle and Weight Management Consultant - Personal Trainer

• Popular magazines:

- Men's Fitness - ProCycling Magazine - Runner's World - Shape Magazine - Women's Health

Accredited Certifications • NCSF - National Counsel on Strength and Fitness

- National Certified Personal Trainer

• Reliability:

- The consistency or repeatability of a measurement • Error in measurement can come from several places • If error is high, repeating the score is difficult - The objectivity of the measurement and the person administering it

validity

- The degree of truthfulness in a measurement - Does it measure what is intends to? - Has 4 different sub-types

• Goal of research in EXSS:

- To disseminate recent discoveries/publications. - To update current knowledge, which changes rapidly, and integrate it into practice. - To enable exercise scientists, trainers and coaches to differentiate fact from fiction. • "Research consumerism" • EBP

Science

A systematic attempt to explain observed phenomena and the knowledge gained from those attempts ("Evidence")

Benefits to ACSM Members

ACSM members earn automatic subscriptions to its three professional publications, discounts to conferences and certification applications, access to an electronic book review service, inclusion in an online membership directory, and access to group liability insurance and consumer discounts for travel. • Levels of membership are available to professionals-in-training and students

measurement

Act of assigning a number to each member of a group based on the amount of a specific attribute each possesses. - E.g. time for a 40-yd dash

ACE

American council on exercise

NSCA- National Strength Coaches Association

As the worldwide authority on strength and conditioning, we support and disseminate research-based knowledge and its practical application to improve athletic performance and fitness. • International, nonprofit, educational association

National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA)

Certification programs may apply and be accredited by the NCCA if they demonstrate compliance with each accreditation standard • NCCA's Standards exceed the requirements set forth by the American Psychological Association and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Measurement purposes

Classification • Motivation- goal setting • Achievement assessment - Progress (formative) - End (summative) • Forecasting potential and prediction • Diagnosis- weakness and deficiencies • Program evaluation • Research

• Criterion validity

Concurrent- "new" vs. established test - Predictive-something used to predict future performance, e.g. talent ID

• Strength and Conditioning Journal

Designed for strength coaches, personal trainers, physical therapists, athletic trainers, and other health professionals in the field. - Practical Applications - Held by U of M library

EBP- Evidence based practice

EBP is becoming the new standard for healthcare, and is trickling down to all EXSS professions • Entire textbooks are being written about the topic! • It is - Systematic - Continuous - Research-based

• Peer-reviewed scientific journals:

Journal of Applied Physiology - Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

• Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (JSCR)

Journal that prints original research literature - Held by U of M library - Abstracts and articles are available online to members

Late 20th Century

Kraus-Weber physical fitness test (1953, Eisenhower) • Cold-war era competition between the West and the communist nations

Harvey's Discovery of the Peripheral Circulatory System

Led to other developments in medicine and exercise • Used physical activity as a model

ACSM Member Categories

MEDICINE • Members typically hold an M.D. or Ph.D. They practice medicine in hospitals, sports medicine clinics, medical schools or on the sideline. - BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES • Includes exercise scientists, exercise program directors and students. • Members work in institutions such as NASA, the United States Military, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, to name a few • EDUCATION AND ALLIED HEALTH - Physical education teachers, nurses, athletic trainers and physical therapists fit this category, from a collegiate environment or in a clinical setting.

Sport and Athletic Competition

Movement in structured and organized activities that involves a competitive aspect • While exercise and sport are similar, sport primarily deals with the competitive nature (i.e. becoming a better competitor, rules, etc...) • In sport, health is not primary, but in exercise, it is.

NASM

National Academy of Sports Medicine

Nonscientific Literature

Popular magazines, newspapers, and websites • Not peer-reviewed • Subjective - Opinion-based articles - Beware of hidden and not-so-hidden marketing • Can increase people's awareness of issues • Not to be ignored, but need to keep in perspective

ACSM- • The American College of Sports Medicine

Promotes and integrates scientific research, education and practical applications of sports medicine and exercise science to maintain and enhance physical performance, fitness, health and quality of life.

Examples of Measurement for Physical Activity

Questionnaires - Recall - Global self-report • Observation • Heart rate • Accelerometers • Calorimetry • 3D kinematics

Reasons for Emergence of Modern-Day Exercise Science

Scientific-based principles of exercise - Preparing soldiers for WWI and WWII - Becoming even more prevalent in today's military • TSAC • THOR3 -Tactical Human Optimization Rapid Rehabilitation Reconditioning A means to correct myths regarding exercise - Muscle-bound - Athlete's heart - No benefit to older individuals? Now one of the biggest areas of EXSS! - No pain, no gain!-Not necessary for basic health and fitness

• Both validity and reliability

Situation-specific - Relative

evaluation

Statement of quality, goodness, value, or merit about what was measured. - Involves comparison, judgment and decision making - E.g. 40-yd dash time is "fast" or "slow"

Era of Enlightenment

Stephen Hales making the first measurement of blood pressure • This contributed to other studies of CV function

Measurement Activities— In the Psychomotor Domain

Three primary areas of interest: - Physical fitness - Physical activity - Sport skills and motor activities

Content validity

Usually related to education - Does the test accurately sample course material?

1.Develop a problem to help your client/patient/etc. 2. Find evidence 3. Evaluate the evidence (some is stronger than others) 4. Incorporate the evidence into practice 5. Periodically reevaluate the evidence

What are the steps in EBP?

Your Point of View

When you are assigned a term paper for class, where do you begin your research? Do you start with the sources listed in your textbook, popular magazines you may read, the Internet, or somewhere else? • Where do you go from there? • How carefully do you scrutinize your sources?

ACE

a nonprofit organization committed to enriching the quality of life through safe and effective exercise and physical activity

interactive component

a part of an examination whereby the candidate taking the examination must respond to a visual situation

certification

a process whereby individuals demonstrate knowledge and proficiency in content, skills, and abilities of the specefic areas for which they are intending to work

credentialing organization

a professional organization or government agency that oversees and administers examinations for certification, licensure, or registration of an individual program

deconditioned

a state of being unfit to perform physical activity or exercise

exercise

a structured movement process that individuals consciously and voluntarily engage in and includes these activities that improve or maintain fitness and health

sequential research

a type of research that combines both cross sectional and longitudinal research

descriptive research

a type of research that illustrates specific characteristics about a question or a problem.

longitudinal research

a type of research that involves the study of change over time

cross sectional research

a type of research that requires the collection of data on individuals of different characteristics who represent different attributes being investigated

experimental research

a type of research that requires the manipulation of at least one variable to answer a question or problem.

•Physical activity

activities of daily living that include all movement that humans perform

continuing education units

additional professional education that is required to maintain certification licensure or registration

committee on the accreditation for the exercise science

an organization designed to establish standards and guidlines for academic programs that facilitate the preparation of students seeking employment in the health,fitness, and exercise industry

Discipline

an organized formal body of knowledge.

academic discipline

an organized formal body of knowledge. such as biology, chemistry,and mathematics

exercise science

an umbrella term used to describe the study of numerous aspects of physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic performance that have the common characteristic, of movement and the adaptions that occur as a result of physical activity and regular exercise

exercise and sport psychology

behavioral and mental aspects of exercise, sport, and athletic peformance

motor behavior

control of body movement in healthy and diseased conditions and improvement of sport and athletic performance

descripitve research

describes the current state of the problem does not require the manipulation of the experimental variables provides no conclusion about why an effect occurs offers no explanation of what happens

what is an example of applied research of clinical exercise physiology?

do different drug therapies combined with exercise decrease the recovery time after a myocardical infarction?

what is an example of applied research in exercise and sports medicine?

do elevated muscle glycogen levels improve endurance exercise performance?

registration

documentation of professional qualification information relevant to government licensing regulations

what is an example of applied research in clinical and sport biomechanics?

does a mechanical knee brace improve the ability to freely amublate in patients from injury?

what is an example of applied research of exercise physiology?

does alteration of whole body pH levels through the use of an ergogenic aid improve distance ruining performance?

what is an example of applied research in exercise and sport psychology?

does listening to music before an athletic competition improve performance during the competition?

what is an example of applied research in motor control and learning?

does the administration of the neurotransmitter sopamine improve the qualitly of life inpatients with parkinson disease?

what is an example of applied research in athletic training and sports medicine?

does the duration of cold application improve the healing process of an injured muscle

fitness industry

global term used to describe components related to improving health and fitness of individuals through physical activity and exercise

licensure

granting of permission by an official or legal authority to an individual organization to engage in a practice or activity that would otherwise be illegal

• Construct validity

how scores measure a construct (latent variable) - IQ - Some psych measures

ISSA

international sports science association

Anatomic Kinesiology

is a course concerning the musculoskeletal system and its function (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

experimental research

manipulates a variable or variables to investigate the effect on some outcomes provides conclusions about why an effect occurs

clinical and sport biomechanics

mechanical aspects of movement in disease, injury, sport, and athletic performance

sequential research

method combines the longitudinal and cross sectional methods it involves studying several different samples over several years it allows individuals differing in some characteristic to be compared at the same time to indentity current differences

cross sectional research

method that requires the collection of data on individuals of different characteristics who represent different attributes being investigated (examples include age, gender, race, and fitness levels) It allows all the data to be collected at once performance might be affected for reasons other than the variables being measured

NASPSPA

mission is to develop and advance the scientific study of human behavior when individuas are engaged in sport and physical activity, faciliate the dissemination of information, improve the qualilty of research and teaching in the physchology of the sport,motor development, and motor learning and control

ASB

mission is to encourage and foster the exchange of information and ideas among biomechanists working in different disciplines and fields of application, biologic sciences, exercise and sports science,health sciences,ergonomics and human factors and engineering and appiled scienceand to factiitate the development of biomechanics as a basic and applied science

NATA

mission is to enhance the quality of healthcare provided by certified athletic trainers and to advance the athletic training profession

AAHPERD

mission is to promote and support leadership, research,education, and best practices in the professions that support creative,healthy, and active lifestyles

ISMC

mission is to promote basic and applied research in the area of control of movements of biologic systems

ISB

mission is to promote the study of the biomechanics of movement with a special emphasis on human beings, encouraging international contacts among scientist in this field, promoting knowledge of biomechanicson an international level,

ISBS

mission is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas for sports biomechanics researchers, coaches, and teachers, to bridge the gap between researchers and practitioners,to gather and disseminate information and materials on biomechanics in sports

AASP

mission is to provide leadership for the developmentt of theory, research, and applied practice in sport, exercise, and health psychology to offer and deliver services to athletes, coaches, teams, parents, and other groups involved in exercise

AACVPR

mission is to reduce morbidity, mortality, and disability from cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases through education, prevention, rehab, research, and aggressive diseases management

ASEP

mission is to represent and promote the profession of exercise physiology and is commited to the professional development of exercise physiology, its advancement,and the credibility of exercise physiologists

NSCA

mission is to support and disseminate research based knowledge and its pratical application to improve athletic performance and fitness

physical activity

movement activities of daily living including work, and job related activities, leisure time activities and activities performed around the home

sport and athletic competition

movement in structured and organized activities that include a competitive aspect including all athletic events

exercise and sport nutrition

nutritional aspects of disease prevention and improvement of sport and athletic performance

exercise physiology

physiologic responses to physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic competition

athletic training and sports medicine

prevention,treatment, and rehabilitation of sport and athletic injuries

ACSM

promotes and integrates scientific research, education,and practical applications of sports medicine and exercise science to maintain and enhance physical performance, fitness, health, and quality of life

credentialiting

providing certain documents showing that an individual is entitled to credit of has a right to perform certain functions or actions

basic research

research detected toward the increase of knowledge or understanding of the subject under study

applied research

research directed toward finding solutions in an immediate practical problem

quantitative research

research that uses a scientific approach designed for the collection and analysis of numerical data typically obtained from subjects through direct testing or questionnaires.

qualitative research

research that uses extensive observations and interviews to provide non numeric data obtained in natural environments

Exercise

structured movement process for the purpose of improving fitness and performance

committee on the accreditation of training education

the agency responsible for accreditation of profesional athletic training exercise program

what is an example of basic research of clinical exercise physiology?

the effect of different drugs on cardiac muscle fiber contractile strength

what is an example of basic research atheltic training and sports medicine?

the effect of different durations of cold application on the change in intramuscular temperature

what is an example of basic research in motor control and learning?

the effect of different levels of neutrotransmitters in the control of movement

what is an example of basic research in exercise and sports medicine?

the effect of different meal compositions on muscle glycogen resynthesis

what is an example of basic research in exercise and sport psychology

the effect of different types of music on psychological arousal

what is an example of basic research in clincal and sport biomechanics?

the effect of differnet stride lenths during ambulation on balance

peer reviewed

the evaluation of a professional colleague's work

program accreditation

the granting of an academic program standing of meeting acceptable criteria for the preparation of students enrolled in the program

what is an example of basic research of exercise physiology?

the influence of muscle pH levels and lactic acid movement out of the muscle fibers

commission on accreditation of allied health education programs

the largest organization for program accreditation in the health and exercise field

allied healthcare

the professional field that works to deliver patient car services for the identification, prevention, and treatment of diseases,disabilities, and disorders

mortality

the rate of death

morbidity

the relative incidence of a particular disease

longitudinal research

the study of change over time, the most reliable of the three types of experimental research, because societal and technological factors usually do not have a large effect on results learning or familiarization is often the problem because repeated testing may affect the data because individuals learn how to take the test

kinesology

the study of movement

anthropometry

the study of the physical measurements and characteristics of humans and animals

clinical exercise physiology

using movement in the prevention and the rehabilitation of acute and chronic diseases

Secondary Sources

• Academic book or textbook chapters - Books can be sometimes dated at time of publication - Very good for general classes in the field • Review papers - Summary (qualitative) - Synthesis (quantitative)

Primary Sources

• Basic and applied research articles • May be a large number of studies on any topic - Can't really draw conclusions from one study since most EXSS topics are quite involved - Therefore secondary sources are also useful

Domains of Human Experience

• Cognitive: Knowledge and mental achievement • Affective: Attitudes and perceptions • Psychomotor: - Physiological and physical performance - EXSS at the U of M focuses on this domain in our research

Objectivity

• Differences in test administrators can result in more subjectivity - Can lead to low reliability - Basketball score vs. gymnastics score • Be sure to administer tests carefully and according to instructions! • In cognitive domain: - Multiple-choice tests = more objective - Essay tests = more subjective

Early Influences

• Diskobolos—more commonly known as Discus Thrower, 460-450 BC • Da Vinci and Galileo were also very interested in sport and exercise

Examples of Measurement for Physical Fitness

• Endurance runs • Calculation of percentage of body fat • Musculoskeletal function

How has Exercise Science evolved

• Evolved from physical education • Early influences - Greeks and Romans: sport (Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Socrates) - Renaissance period: anatomy (da Vinci, Galileo) - Era of Enlightenment- Publishing work in exercise - 19th century-Physicians interested in physical activity • Many of these early influences are also considered advances in medicine

Measurement Activities— In the Affective Domain

• Intriguing areas of research since the mind influences the body and vice-versa: • State (situation) vs. trait (stable) measures • General vs. specific measures • How do you select team members with regard to assessment of psychological traits? • What factors affect attitudes toward physical activity and motivation?

Levels of measuremet

• Nominal - Minimal information - Categories (gender, race, etc.) • Ordinal - Ranking - Don't know size of the differences between ranks Interval - begins to take into account the size of the interval - No absolute zero (Pullup example) • Ratio - Most research information - Has an absolute zero

NSCA Resources

• Professional Journals • Online Resources • Conferences • Scholarships, Assistantships, and Grants • NSCA Education Recognition Program - Recognizes higher education institutions that meet stated guidelines - University of Memphis

Scientific Literature

• Readers can draw conclusions: - From the results of a study - From the author's interpretations • Scientific literature is peer-reviewed • There are primary and secondary sources, and there are important differences between the two

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory (1927-1947)

• Studied environmental physiology among other things • Again, physical activity is a model in some cases • Contributed to WWII efforts of the Allies • George W. Fritz is considered the "Father of Exercise Physiology"