Intro to Exercise Science Final
Consider the main finding of the ultraendurance race paper (Helge, 2007) as you answer this true/false question. It takes many thousands of years to activate metabolic genes. T/F?
False
What statement below is best supported by the results in the graph below?
Both groups used less phosphocreatine during this bike test after training, compared to before training.
Br. Colm explained the diagonal running exercise. We do certain things to distract the body. This exercise is a distraction to core strength. Can you make any connections between these exercises and things we have examined in the Motor Behavior section? What does your body have to do if you are swinging your arms to the side like this while jogging?
Both of the above are true.
Which of the following recommendations represents important critical gaps and future directions for the detection of sickle cell trait (SCT) and the prevention of sickle cell disease (SCD)?
By including educational materials and providing genetic counseling at the same time that families are given positive SCT results, the occurrence and public health burden of SCD might be reduced.
Select the true statements about the figure below. (Blood lactate v.s. exercise intensity)
C marks the location of a person's lactate threshold, Runners in the ultraendurance race spent most of their time at location A on this curve, An increase in lipoprotein lipase enzyme would result in this person's curve being shifted to the right.
In the graph psychometric test results from the Navy Seal hell week study , what conclusions did the data support?
Caffeine improved scores related to vigor and depression.
Which of the following nutrients is predominately responsible for providing energy during moderate to high intensity physical activity or exercise?
Carbohydrates
The brain and spinal cord are the main components of the
Central Nervous System
TED - Glymphatic. How does the glymphatic system work?
Cerebrospinal fluid moves around on the outside of blood vessels to flush wastes out of the brain.
What does closing the eyes do to the amount of postural sway in healthy adults?
Closing the eyes increases postural sway.
Among the following, which provides ATP most quickly?
Creatine Phosphate
Usain Bolt ran the 100-meter dash in 9.68 seconds. Which of the option below provided most of the ATP he used?
Creatine Phosphate
Based on key paragraphs in a paper about creatine supplementation in vegetarian athletes (provided in this module), which of the following statements are true.
Creatine supplementation is not effective in vegetarians because they do not get enough protein, Data indicates that creatine supplementation might be most beneficial for athletes with low pre-existing muscle creatine stores, data indicates that creatine supplementation might be most beneficial for athletes with low pre-existing muscle creatine stores, When supplemented with creatine, vegetarians had greater gains in muscle strength compared to omnivores.
Based on key paragraphs in a paper about creatine supplementation in vegetarian athletes, which of the following statements are true.
Data indicates that creatine supplementation might be most beneficial for athletes with low pre-existing muscle creatine stores & When supplemented with creatine, vegetatians had greater gains in muscle strength compared to omnivores.
Which of the following athletes tend to be more emotionally stable and introverted?
Defenders
The Han Chinese and Sherpa people both inherited the Epas1 gene. This gene was inherited from whom?
Denisovians
TED - Glymphatic. What is the significance of sleep for the glymphatic system?
During sleep, brain cells shirnk and this provides room for cerebrospinal fluid to flow.
Select all the true statements about erythropoetin (EPO).
EPO is a hormone & Stimulates the production of red blood cells & Is released by the kidney and acts on the bone marrow.
During the lowering phase of a bicep curl, the bicep muscle contraction is _________, and is this type of contraction can generate the ________amount of force.
Eccentric, Greatest
Which of the following sense organs detects tension in the muscle-tendon unit?
Golgi Tendon Organ
All of the biology that we observe is a set of problems and solutions. Select the correct statements about the glymphatic system below.
Good sleep and a well functioning glymphatic system can remove amalyoid beta protein and reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease & In the glymphatic system, brain neurons shrink while a person sleeps and this allows cerebrospinal fluid to flush wastes out of the brain.
In the PBS video about Marathon, there was a section about Hitting the Wall. What two physiological systems were most involved in this condition?
Energy & nervous
Select the TRUE statement about energy processes in the mitochondria.
Energy processes in the mitochondria are relatively slow but provide a lot of ATP.
When Brother Colm O'Connell took the position at St. Patrick's Mission School, what was his experience as a coach?
He coached soccer.
After breaking records and having big successes in racing, Br. Colm had David Rudisha return to Iten and do something very important. The aim was to make sure that he returns to reality from the world of being a media icon. What did David do when he returned to Iten?
He led training sessions for the school's junior athletes.
Carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide poisoning affect which of the following?
Hemoglobin
In figure 2a of the ultraendurance race paper (Helge, 2007), what happened to the exctracellular glucose levels in subject three during the period of time when they were nauseous (upset stomach) can could not eat food?
Extracellular glucose dropped to a level that was much lower than that of Subject 6, who was able to eat food during the same period of time & the glucose level dropped from a peak of around 6-7 units to about 3 units.
A motor unit consists of all the motor neurons that are dedicated to a muscle. T/F?
False
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law (the inverted U), high levels of arousal indicate a problem with anxiety. T/F?
False
As a person increases their muscular force, motor units become involved in a random order. T/F?
False
Chambers of the heart are filling during systole. T/F?
False
At this point in the semester we might be feeling increased tension, fatigue and confusion . If this is true what would we say about our profile of mood states.
It is a bit flat
TED - Glymphatic. What metaphor did Dr. Iliff use to describe the role of sleep in brain health?
It is like daily house cleaning.
What town in Kenya is the location of the St. Patrick's school where Brother Colm teaches, trains and mentors the athletes?
Iten
Which person below won the gold medal in the 1968 Olympics and inspired a nation of runners.
Kip Keino
Which of the following occurs in the mitochondria?
Krebs cycle
Lactate made by producers like the fast twitch fibers is transferred to consumers such as slow twitch fibers or through the blood supply to organs (brain, liver, kidney and heart) that can use lactate as a fuel. What is this process called?
Lactate shuttle
Which of the following tests is based on a blood draw taken at different exercise workloads?
Lactate threshold test
In rapid elbow extension, a component of throwing, movement velocity is increased by
Later antagonist burst
If you wanted to look for evidence of adaptations to long term training, what part of the heart would be most informative?
Left ventricle
For what reason involving the endocrine system would sleep loss impair strength gains? (TED: Sleep as a superpower)
Less testosterone
VO2 Max is a measurement of which of the following?
Maximal oxygen consumption per minute
Early studies demonstrated that living at high altitude can improve performance in endurance events like running. The researchers then wanted to learn the reason why this would happen. They hypothesized an increased number of red blood cells. What term best describes this type of research?
Mechanistic
Assuming that you are not of the Sherpa ethnicity, would any of your adaptations to high altitude training be passed on to your children?
No
Match the organelle with the most related statement.
Nucleus - is the location of the genetic code(DNA) for a cell, Mitochondrion - produces a lot of ATP aerobically, Ribosome - Synthesize(make) proteins
Which of the studies below is the best example of applied science?
Physcians do not know how many platelet rich plasma injections are needed for the best recovery from a muscle injury. This problem is investigated in two groups of mice that either get one shot or two shots per week after a muscle injury.
Which statement below is most consistent with the results of the study by Gottschall and Palmer on the bike to run transition in triathlon?
Pedalling faster in an easier gear just before you switch to running will result in a faster running speed.
In the research paper that compared sprint interval training to endurance (continuous) training, what was the main general conclusion?
Sprint interval training can provide similar aerobic (oxitative) adaptations as endurance training in much less time.
From whom did Br. Colm learn his early coaching?
The athletes he was training
Which process requires more oxygen?
Using fats for energy.
Which of the following was a main conclusion of the moving room experiment?
Very young children (toddlers) are highly dependent on visual inforamtion for the control of upright stance.
Considering material in Hamiton's podium presentation between minutes 16 and 20 (the whole thing is worth watching), do you believe that a person who cheats in one aspect of life (like academics, athletics, or sport) is more likely likely to cheat in another aspect of life? This is a fill in the blank question and you should either type 'no' or 'yes' to receive credit. For grading purposes, both answers below are correct in the answer key. The point here is for your learning to occur during your reflection on ethical behavior in academics and life.
Yes
Which portion of the graph indicates where a person's RER is more likely to be closer to 1.0. (blood lactate concentration vs. exercise intensity)
B
Which of the following items below is one of the main components of the endocrine system?
hormones
Which of the following conditions is due to swelling and the accumulation of fluids in the lungs.
high altitude pulmonary edema
You want to train for improved balance and know that the speed of small muscle contractions is more important than strength. Which adaptation at the motor unit level are you more interested in achieving?
higher initial motor unit firing rates
Perhaps you are sitting in a chair with good posture. Select two terms from the list that describe this position. Your lower extremity joints are in the positions of ....
hip flexion, knee flexion
What brain area is involved in memory and learning and what does sleep loss do to it? (TED: Sleep as a superpower)
hippocampus, shuts it down
Throughout the documentary, was there any evidence that the success of these athletes is a result of modern science and technology, such as the use of kinematics, kinetics, blood analysis, muscle fiber typing?
no
Which image below provides the more accurate representation of the musculoskeletal system?
B
Select the option below that is the approximate mechanical power that an elite endurance bicyclist can sustain for a 7-day continuous race.
165 Watts
The flat bench press involves the muscles primarily of the chest and arms. The 1-RM and 10-RM tests are two means to measure the strength of these muscles. One test will inform you more about muscle size and fiber type while the other test relates more to the ATP-PC system. Which test is more informative on the ATP-PC system?
10-RM
Consider the mechanical properties of muscle. Which two letters above mark locations where muscle force is the greatest.
A and F
Sleep loss and overtraining have which of the following in common?
A reduction in growth factors or anabolic hormones.
Consider the paper "Improvement of anticipatory postural adjustments for balance control: Effect of a single training session". Which of the following would be considered an anticipatory postural adjustment (APA)?
Activating your postural muscles before you catch a heavy medicine ball & Activating your postural muscles before you take a high velocity slapshot in hockey.
Brain imaging studies performed by Hubert et al. (2007) showed that during the earliest stage of motor learning, the prefrontal cortex of the brain was highly active. As motor learning progressed towards expert performance, the prefrontal cortex became less active. Select the best interpretation below.
Activity in the prefrontal cortex is required for the cognitive phase
How is glucose stored in muscle?
As glycogen
Select the correct statement about the image below. (blood lactate vs. exercise intensity)
At location A, a person would be using more fat to support the exercise, compared to locaton B.
In the paper about push-off mechanics in speed skating, Klap skates improved power output by how much?
25 watts
Interview with Silas Too, another student who trains with David Rudisha. How many times do you train each day?
2x per day on school days and, on holiday, 3x / day, with the first workout at 5:00 am.
Which of the following is the direct energy source for muscular contraction?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
In a study we discussed about the effects of strength training on maximal motor unit firing rates, which of the following observations were made?
After six weeks of training, maximal firing rates in older adults were close to those seen in young adults & Maximal motor unit firing rates increased in young and old adults before the training program even began
In the research paper that compared sprint interval training to endurance (continuous) training, Figure 1 supports what interesting finding about both types of training?
After training, the body uses more fat and less carbohydrate during continuous exercise at 65% of a maximum exercise intensity.
Professor Boit was asked "What does Br. Colm do that is so special?". What was his answer?
All of the above
How long was the race in the ultraendurance race paper (Helge, 2007)?
4-5 days
The part of the neuron that carries nerve impulses to muscle fibers in the periphery.
Axon
In part 3, Eamonn went for a morning run with Samuel. About how many runners joined the group by the end?
50
In the interview of Tyler Hamilton, he mentions a hematocrit level that the cheating cyclists would try to get to without going over. What was this level? (Do you know what hematocrit is?)
50
We discussed a paper about specific aspects of balance control in class. It involved healthy young adults. In a follow up study, the same research team trained a sample of people who have had a stroke. The exercise was throwing and catching a medicine ball. Electrodes were taped to the skin over several muscles of interest to record muscle activity. The graph below show the results from the study and Time 0 is when the ball was caught by the subjects. The control group was a sample of healthy people who were the same age as the people in the stroke group. NES (erector spinae) and NRA (rectus abdominus) are muscles that stabilize your trunk (or core). Select the correct statements about these results below.
Before practice, people in the stroke group were activating trunk stabilizers after catching the ball, Practice with the medicine ball improved anticipatory postural adjustments in the stroke group, These are data from electromyography.
Which energy system produces the greatest amount of ATP per molecule of substrate?
Beta Oxidative Pathway
Which of the following item(s) below contributed to the natural selection of genes that promote elite high altitude performance in Himalayan Sherpa.
Better birth outcomes in Sherpa women
Which of the following subdisciplines of exercise science is best aligned with the research paper about triathlon transition T2? The methods used in the study will give you a hint.
Biomechanics
Recall the video about the Falls Lab and Perturbation Treadmill When you watched the video, you heard a discussion of "motion capture" and you saw what leading edge technology can do. You saw a camera system and reflective markers taped do different locations of the human body in both the upper and lower extremities. Recordings are converted to a stick figure or skeletal representation of the subject, from which positions, velocities and accelerations are calculated. What term below is describes this category of analysis?
Biomechanics - kinematics
Cutaneous sensation from the skin is the one sensory modality that does not contribute to our sense of position. Skin informs us about different aspects of touch and pain but not about movement. T/F?
False
In the Results section of a scientific paper you can expect the author to explain whether the hypothesis was supported by the study and how the new findings fit within the current understanding of the topic. T/F?
False
In the Tale of Two Cyclists vignette from class, the German sprint cyclist needed to maintain 300 watts in order to cook toast. T/F?
False
One study about slackline training for balance resulted in a reduction in medio-lateral sway while on the slackline that was due to and increase in reflex strength. T/F?
False
Sherpa means to carry. T/F?
False
The number of motor neurons in a motor unit depends on how many muscle fibers there are (more fibers need more neurons). T/F?
False
You are in a research study about motor unit firing rates. You produce an increase and then a decrease in isometric muscle force that resembles a triangle. Among the motor units recruited into this task, the LAST one to stop firing probably has the largest soma. T/F?
False
You have been training to improve your anaerobic power. You go to a lab where they can test your blood lactate threshold. Compared to pre-training, you would want your post-training curve to be shifted to the left. T/F?
False
In a person with long term paralysis of the legs, what would be the most abundant muscle fiber type in the legs?
Fast Glycolytic (FG)
Which muscle fiber type has more anaerobic enzymes?
Fast twitch fiber
Which of the following types of electrical stimulation needs to specify the timing of muscle stimulation in a way that produces a useful activity of daily living?
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)
Which of the following substrates is used in glycolysis to make ATP?
Glucose
This question assesses your developing intuition about human movement. You will not find a direct answer in our asynchronous learning materials for this module. Earlier in this course we learned about different research approaches that are used to study human movement. One was computer modeling (the elite figure skating example). In the problem represented below, a falling older adult is modeled as an inverted pendulum. Think of the pendulum on an antique clock and turn it upside down. In the image, the person begins to fall forward as represented by the two lighter gray images. The position of the faller is shown at 100 and 200 milliseconds (ms). The red arrow represents the rotational muscle force, also called torque, that would needed to bring the faller back to the upright position. Think about this problem to select the correct responses below. Consider standing up and leaning forward to different positions. Keep a straight body and feel the different amounts of ankle torque you use to lean a little or a lot. Your body is your own learning lab.
If a person's proprioceptors detect the fall earlier, the fall is more likely to be prevented, If the person responds to the fall ealier (100 ms) rather than later (200 ms) they can correct their position using less muscle force, If a person has more of the fast myosin heavy chain isoforms, a fall is more likely to be prevented, Consider a faller that has arms. If a person cannot more their arms fast enough while falling, they will be more likely to have a head injury
Consider the equation below and select the correct statement about the kinematics of running. running speed = stride frequency X stride length.
If stride frequency increases, running speed can stay the same if the runner decreases their stride length.
Which of the following are the characteristics of sickle cell disease?
In SCD, the red blood cells become hard and sticky and look like a C-shaped farm tool called a "sickle", Sickle cells die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood cells, Sickle cells can get stuck in small blood vessels and block the flow of blood and oxygen to organs in the body. These blockages cause repeated episodes of severe pain, organ damage, serious infections, or even stroke.
Emotion, startle and knee joint stiffness. Dr. Swanik at UD studies neurocognitive factors related to injury. In one experiment, knee joint stiffness was measured by a machine that produces very fast knee flexion in human subjects while they are sitting at rest. When the motor causes this knee flexion movement, a force sensor measures how much stiffness (resistance to movement) there is at the knee joint. This very fast and brief movement can also be measured immediately after a subject is startled by a very loud and unexpected noise. The control subjects in this study have uninjured knees. The ACLR subjects in this study tore their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and have had reconstruction surgery. To modify the subject's emotions, in the 100 milliseconds before the rapid knee extension and startle /non-startle event, the subjects are shown a picture that is either neutral, fearful, or shows a knee injury. Select the correct responses about this graph and the research scenario below.
In the ACLR group, the lowest knee stiffness occurred when in the non-startle condition, The rapid knee flexion would activate muscle spindles in a stretch reflex response, Startle increases knee stiffness compared to non-startle
Emotion, startle and knee joint stiffness. Dr. Swanik at UD studies neurocognitive factors related to injury. In one experiment, knee joint stiffness was measured by a machine that produces very fast knee flexion in human subjects while they are sitting at rest. When the motor causes this knee flexion movement, a force sensor measures how much stiffness (resistance to movement) there is at the knee joint. To modify the subject's emotions, in the 100 milliseconds before the rapid knee extension event, the subjects are shown a picture that is either neutral, fearful, or shows a knee injury. The data below are from measures of electroencephlography (EEG, "brain waves"). Larger negative values indicate increasing attention or mental effort. Select the correct responses about this graph and the research scenario below.
In the context of this study, showing different images might modify the person's state & In the parietal lobe, images that show a knee injury caused the biggest increase in attention and mental effort, compared to neutral images
Title: Biomechanics of cross-country ski racing (modified from Bilodeau et al., 1996) This study investigated the evolution of skiing velocity, cycle length, and cycle rate in elite and subelite skiers during cross-country ski races. Senior male cross-country skiers were videotaped as they skied two different 30 meter sections of a race; a 7 degrees uphill section and a flat section. Results demonstrated that faster skiers had longer cycle lengths than slower skiers. Cycle rate was not different between skiers of different performance levels. Decreased velocity observed during the second half of the race was almost entirely due to a decrease in cycle length. We conclude that slower athletes should emphasize extending cycle length during their technical training. Therefore, skiers should place an emphasis on strength and power training to increase their propulsive kick forces and pole pushes and enhance cycle length. Think about the findings of the triathlon transition study compared to the findings of this study. In cross country skiing, a "cycle" is equivalent to a "stride" in running. Select the statements below that are true about the two studies.
In the cross country skiing study, the faster athletes had longer cycle length, The practical suggestion in the cross country ski paper was to train the kinetics in order to improve the kinematics, Both studies used motion capture technology to obtain kinematic measures
The figure below is from Gottschall & Palmer (2002). Select the correct interpretations of the figure below. Be sure that your interpretations are only based on the data in the figure shown.
In the first four laps, stride frequency changed the most in the fast conditon & The differences between conditions was statistically significant & The fast condition resulted in higher stride frequency and the slow condition resulted in lower stride frequency, compared to control cycling cadence
Below are the results of a study that compared speed skating in Conventional skates vs. Klap skates. Select the true statements below based on these results and how they compare to results in the triathlon transition study (Gottschall & Palmer).
In the table above, the independent variable is skate type & Klap skates and the high cadence condition in the triathlon study both increased velocity in similar ways
Below are the results of a study that compared speed skating in Conventional skates vs. Klap skates. Select the true statements below based on these results and how they compare to results in the triathlon transition study (Gottschall & Palmer).
In the table above, the independent variable is skate type & Klap skates and the high cadence condition in the triathlon study both increased velocity in similar ways.
I am facing a training partner and we are throwing a weighted ball back and forth to each other. When she throws it to me I catch it and take a backwards step so that I do not fall over. Complete the matching exercise below.
In what plane did I move? - saggital, In what direction did I step? - posterior
Tyler Hamilton, a professional cyclist and teammate of Lance Armonstrong on US Postal cheated by using a substance called erythropoetin (EPO). What did this do?
Increased hematocrit
A knowledge of geography can be quite relevant in health sciences. You might also benefit from an elective in entymology (the study of insects). Look at Africa in the image below. Why is there a clear horizontal line above which the origin of sickle cell disease ends (it is orange)? What do you know about North Africa? Hint: look up a map of the Sahara desert. Also consider the definition of a vector (from the CDC): Some mosquitoes can be vectors. A vector is an animal, insect, or tick that spreads pathogens (germs) to people and animals. The germs (viruses and parasites) that mosquitoes spread can make you sick. What else do we know? Some mosquitoes like living near people, while others prefer forests, marshes, or tall grasses. All mosquitoes like water because mosquito larvae and pupae (Links to an external site.) live in the water with little or no flow.
Mosquito poulations in the Sahara desert are quite low because of the dry climate. Therefore, there was no slective pressure of malaria causing people from the norther part of Africa (Saharan) to keep the sickle cell gene.
Why is it unlikely that a runner will bonk (hit the wall) within the first two hours of a run?
Muscle glycogen storage
Protein that carries oxygen in muscle
Myoglobin
A 24 week Tai Chi program improved the ability to detect passive motion of the knee and ankle joints in older women. This is an improvement in _______________.
Proprioception
Imagery duplicates a motor pattern in the brain but on a smaller scale. It activates the same brain areas used in the real movement. What hypothesized mechanism of Mental Imagery is this?
Psychoneuromuscular theory
Select the correct statement about the transfer of power across joints by the biarticular muscle rectus femoris (RF), which crosses the hip and knee.
RF transfers power generated by the hip extensors to become knee extension power.
Which of the motor behaviors below involves the triphasic burst pattern?
Rapid movements like throwing
Your running goal is to improve the speed of your 5 kilometer (k) race pace. Your current 5k race pace is currently around a 8 minute/mile. Which of the training ideas below is best aligned with the overload principle for this speed-based goal?
Run an interval workout as follows: 5 minutes easy warm up Three 1k intervals run at 7:30 minute/mile pace with full recovery between 5 minutes easy cool down
What behavior change theory is related to the wall of pictures and the well-known history of past students?
Self efficacy through vicarious experiences
Voluntary Exercise Promotes Glymphatic Clearance of Amyloid Beta and Reduces the Activation of Astrocytes and Microglia in Aged Mice. Xiao-Fei He et al. (Links to an external site.)PMID: 28579942, PMCID: PMC5437122, (Links to an external site.)DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00144 (Links to an external site.) Abstract: Age is characterized by chronic inflammation, leading to synaptic dysfunction and dementia because the clearance of protein waste is reduced. The clearance of proteins depends partly on the permeation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or on the exchange of water and soluble contents between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the interstitial fluid (ISF). A wealth of evidence indicates that physical exercise improves memory and cognition in neurodegenerative diseases during aging, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the influence of physical training on glymphatic clearance, and neuroinflammation remains unclear. In this study, glymphatic clearance were evaluated in aged mice. The mice performed voluntary wheel running exercise and their water-maze cognition was assessed; astrocyte and microglial activation, and the accumulation of amyloid beta were evaluated. Voluntary wheel running significantly improved water-maze cognition in the aged mice, and accelerated the efficiency of glymphatic clearance. Our study suggests that voluntary wheel running accelerated glymphatic clearance, reduced the accumulation of amyloid plaques, and ultimately protected mice against synaptic dysfunction and a decline in spatial cognition. These data suggest possible mechanisms for exercise-induced neuroprotection in the aging brain. What does this study about exercise have in common with the TED talk about sleep by Dr. Jeff Iliff?
Sleep and exercise both have beneficial effects on the removal of amyloid beta & Both included investigation fo the glymphatic system
Through what mechanism does sleep contribute to cancer prevention? (TED: Sleep as a superpower)
Sleep improves immune function by increasing natural killer cells. These cells attack tumors.
Mark the two recommendations to improve sleep that Dr. Walker considered most important. (TED: Sleep as a superpower)
Sleep in a cooler room & Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends.
What do we know about how the timing of sleep affects the learning of new material? (TED: Sleep as a superpower)
Sleep is critical before and after learning new material.
Based on the research done by the National Geographic photo journalist, what is one main reason why Sherpa parents send their children to the city for education?
So that their children do not have to earn a living by climbing Mt. Everest.
Two papers in this class have 1) compared sprint interval training and endurance training and 2) described the effects of prolonged ultraendurance exercise. What statement below most accurately describes the adaptations reported in these two papers?
Sprint interval training, endurance training, and ultraendurance competition all stimualte changes that help maintiain carbohydrate (glucose) levels during submaximal exercise.
In the paper that compared sprint interval training to traditional endurance training, which of the following effects of training was observed?
The endurance training group had an increase in citrate synthase activity & The sprint interval training group had an increase in citrate synthase activity
In the reading assignment about how to read a scientific article, which goal was emphasized in the text.
To become more efficient at reading scientific papers by learning where certain information is located.
The figure below is from Gottschall & Palmer (2002). Select the correct interpretations of the figures below.
The independent variable is the same in the two graphs & Knowing these two dependent variables would allow a person to make a conclusion about running speed & If we multiply a stride length of 3 m/stride by a stride frequency of 1.5 stride/s we will get a running speed of 4.5 m/s
Where is the most likely place to find the hypothesis statement in a scientific paper?
The later paragraphs of the introduction.
Select the true statements about the image below. (L knee straight, R knee bent)
The position on the right has greater knee flexion.
Which sensory receptor or sensory apparatus contains fluid that moves when we accelerate our bodies?
The vestibular apparatus
What does Eamonn Coghlan ultimately conclude about why the runners from St. Patrick's (and Kenya) are so good.
There is no single thing. It is a "perfect storm of conditions".
The image below is the result of a survey that asks about how a person feels in 6 different domains listed along the x-axis. These are real data from medical doctors. The lines marked as 'pre' (solid) and 'post' (dashed) represent results of the survey before and after a 24-hour shift of being on-call (assume significant sleep loss). These data were collected to improve performance of staff based on 1) reducing medical errors and 2) improving doctor-patient interactions. Select the items below that correctly interpret the results.
These data suggest a greater risk of medical errors during long "on-call" shifts & The pattern of change resembles that seen with overtraining in athletes
Match the statement on the left with one option on the right.
This detects muscle force - golgi tendon organ, The movement of endolymph activates this - hair cell, This detects changes in muscle length - muscle spindle, This is the dominant sense organ for postural control in toddlers - eye, This might be impaired if you have a head cold or ear infection - vestibular apparatus
After 6 weeks of running 1 mile per day, my resting heart rate has decreased. Which is the best statement to describe this change?
This is a chronic adaptation to exercise that may be related to an increased stroke volume.
Some researchers will place a subject's hand or foot in an ice bath to stimulate the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This is called the cold pressor test. A healthy response includes the following an increase in heart rate the nervous system stimulates vasoconstriction in muscle tissue blood pressure goes up. If these responses do not occur, this might indicate a problem with the sympathetic nervous system. Select true statements below.
This would be better categorized as applied physiology, rather than as exercise physiology, because there is no mention of human movement or adaptive response to exercise training. Rather, this scenario looks more like integrative physiology, Examining how the nervous system regulates blood pressure using the cold pressor test is an example of mechanistic scientific inquiry, An example of an application of this knowledge about the nerual control of blood pressure would be the problem of hypotension (chronic high blood pressure).
Thomas DeLorme is typically credited with establishing the principles of progressive overload resistance training, which relates to the overload principle. Select the true statements below.
Thomas DeLorme's work with progressive overload in wounded warriors is an example of the fact that knowledge and our scientific understanding of something can change over time & Recognizing the greater need for strength than endurance among the wounded warriors, he was applying specificity.
In the paper we examined about triathlon transitions (Gottschall and Palmer) the authors proposed a mechanism to explain how prior bicycling cadence might affect running performance. Which item below most accurately represents the authors suggestion?
Through perseveration the human body will involuntarily continue the rhythm of a preceding movment if it is performed for an extended period of time.
The figure below is from Gottschall & Palmer (2002). Select the correct interpretations of the figure below. Be sure that your interpretations are only based on the data in the figure shown.
Throughout the 16 laps of running, when the triatletes started at a high speed, the were able to maintain a high speed to the finish & The difference between the fast and slow conditons was approximately .5 m/s
Br. Colm used a training framework with the acronym F.A.S.T. What does the letter T stand for?
Timing
Trailmaking A and Trailmaking B are two timed psychometric tests that provide information about a person's cognition (information processing and executive function). Trailmaking B is a more complex task and the resulting times are longer than those from Trailmaking A, which is simpler. Select the best option below.
Trailmaking B is like choice reaction time
A motor unit in a muscle that is designed for precision would have fewer muscle fibers per motor neuron. T/F?
True
A myocardial infarction (heart attack) can be caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. T/F?
True
Based on the graph below, one could conclude that prior bicycling cadence can affect stance time immediately after the transition but this affect will wear off as the run progresses. T/F?
True
During a muscle contraction with a steady increase in force, slow twitch muscle fibers are recruited before fast twitch muscle fibers. T/F?
True
During the acute response to exercise, cardiac output increases due to both increases in heart rate and increases in stroke volume. T/F?
True
Even though there is no biological basis for different races, the social construct of race remains an important topic in health sciences research because there are huge racial differences in health. T/F?
True
Hebb's rule (or Hebb's law) is a foundational theory that related to psychology motor learning and neuroscience. You may find different versions of the rule, but it states something like this: "When one cell repeatedly assists in firing another, the axon of the first cell develops synaptic knobs (or enlarges them if they already exist) in contact with the soma of the second cell." Some have simplified the principle further to say that "cells that fire together wire together." And, related to this, the formation of new synapses is called synaptogenesis. T/F?
True
If ATP is not available, the myosin head will not let go of actin. T/F?
True
In the Tale of Two Cyclists vignette from class, the Swiss winner of the Race Across America (RAAM) maintained 162.9 watts for about 7 days that included 168.9 hours of riding time and only 15 hours of time not moving (~2 hours per day). T/F?
True
In the paper that compared sprint interval training to traditional endurance training, the sprint interval training group improved their aerobic capacity. T/F?
True
One of the mechanisms through which higher physical activity levels can enhance learning is through the release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). T/F?
True
Sherpa have higher levels of nitric oxide compared to non-Sherpa lowlanders. T/F?
True
Stretching the skin around a joint can cause errors in position sense. T/F?
True
TED - Glymphatic. According to Iliff, sleep is a part of the biological solution for waste removal from the brain. T/F?
True
The difference between 6 and 8 hours of sleep is large enough to cause health problems. (TED: Sleep as a superpower) T/F?
True
The right amount of physical activity (moderate amount and intensity) can help your immune system to fight illness. T/F?
True
The sickle-shaped red blood cells, although a cause of anemia, were protective against the mosquito-borne disease called malaria. T/F?
True
This course is designed so that knowledge that is gained early in the week can be applied to problems of interest later in the week (Wednesday and Friday) during lecture. Therefore, your learning will be most effective when you review all asynchronous learning materials before the lectures. T/F?
True
Today, the discipline of exercise science (or kinesiology) is not focused solely on peak athletic performance. Rather, it examines the function of the human body throughout the lifespan and in response to varying levels of physical activity, specific exercise training practices and different modalities of physical rehabilitation or injury/disease prevention. By studying peak performance and training practices, we can gain knowledge that is applicable to clinical conditions. T/F?
True
When I promote exercise for people with Parkinson's disease, I like to show a video in which one of our research participants named Bob tells his success story with exercise. He is 74 years old and has Parkinson's disease. Which aspect of self efficacy theory does this strategy follow?
Vicarious experience
What was David Rudisha's answer about east African running success?
When we were young we were barefooted and learned a good feeling with the ground.
Which measurement below is is better for predicting a hockey player's performance during 30-45 seconds of intense play ?
Wingate test
Match the statement on the left with the most relevant physiological system on the right.
Within muscle cells is where you will find the creatine kinase enzyme and mitochondria - energy system, Growth hormone amnd testorsterone are two hormones that will contribut to increases in muscle size - endocrine system, the porocess of muscle contraction is initiated by the arrival of small electrical impulses called action potentials at the muscle cells - nervous system, neuromuscular electrial stimulation has been shown to result in the growth of new capillaries - cardiovascular system
You coach several runners who range in age from young to old. You read a research paper and the conclusion was that the older Achilles tendon in older adults requires more time to recover after a half marathon than in young adults. Keeping all other training parameters equal, you reschedule training to place two recovery days after the long run of the week in your older runners. Select the true statement below.
You are applying the principle of individual differences
Your progressive overload training has been going well. You started with an inclined treadmill walking program with 12 miles per week and and you are now running that same weekly distance (still inclined) at about 6.2 miles per hour. You were tested with a metabolic cart before your training began and again after 6 weeks. You were tested on a stationary bike at the same submaximal exercise intensity at both visits (150 Watts). Which statement below best matches your expectations about your respiratory exchange ratio (RER) results.
Your RER decreased from .84 to .74.
A bundle of muscle fibers (muscle cells) contained within a sheath of connective tissue is called
a fascicle
TED - Glymphatic. Being able to recognize broad patterns that exist across a body of knowledge is a good indicator of your intellectual abilities. What did Dr. Iliff have to say about how we can think of all of biology that we observe? What can we think of biology as???
a series of problems and solutions
Title: Biomechanics of cross-country ski racing (modified from Bilodeau et al., 1996) This study investigated the evolution of skiing velocity, cycle length, and cycle rate in elite and subelite skiers during cross-country ski races. Senior male cross-country skiers were videotaped as they skied two different 30 meter sections of a race; a 7 degrees uphill section and a flat section. Results demonstrated that faster skiers had longer cycle lengths than slower skiers. Cycle rate was not different between skiers of different performance levels. Decreased velocity observed during the second half of the race was almost entirely due to a decrease in cycle length. We conclude that slower athletes should emphasize extending cycle length during their technical training. Therefore, skiers should place an emphasis on strength and power training to increase their kick and pole pushes and enhance cycle length. A summary like this at the beginning of a paper is called the ________________.
abstract
On a multi-day expedition, who will lose more weight due to changes in metabolism?
acclimatized and trained non-Sherpa lowlanders
Which neurotransmitter communicates excitation from nerve to muscle?
acetylcholine
Once an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, there is a sequence of events that result in muscle contraction. Place these events in the correct numerical sequence.
acetylcholine is released, action potentials travel down, calcium is released, the binding sites for myosin heads are exposed, cross bridges form
Which of the central themes of Exercise Science is best represented by the difference between the dotted line and the solid line in this figure? Note that 'absolute load' is exercise load and this means the total of training frequency, duration and intensity. Figure 2. The relationship between load and risk of illness in recreational and subelite athletes (J-shaped curve) versus elite athletes (S-shaped curve). From Schwellnus et al., 2016.
adaptive processes
In very long tests of endurance (8 hours), the more likely source of stored energy is.
adipocytes
The size of the mitochondrion is known to increase with training. Which of the following would make the mitochondrion increase in size?
an increase in citrate synthase & in increase in ATP synthase
Over the summer your friend switched to something called a Paleo diet. She says that she has more energy and that she has been able to lose weight without being hungry. She wants you to consider the Paleo diet. What type of evidence is this?
anecdotal
You are interested in losing some weight and your roommate has been trying to convince you to try the Keto diet for weight loss. This is a high fat low carbohydrate diet. They lost 15 pounds in 8 weeks after switching to Keto. You have also heard that there may be risks associated with the Keto diet and you wonder what happens to body weight (or metabolism) once a person stops the diet. You decide to look for better types of evidence to inform your decision. You disregard your roommate's experience in your decision making process because it is only ____________ evidence.
anecdotal
You are interested in the effects of anxiety on injury rates in competitive sports. Which two subdisciplines are most likely to provide the information that you are looking for?
athletic training / sports medicine & exercise and sport psychology
The part of the neuron that carries nerve impulses to muscle fibers in the periphery.
axon
What type of hamstring muscle is more frequently injured while sprinting?
biarticular
Consider the paper "Improvement of anticipatory postural adjustments for balance control: Effect of a single training session". What research method or methods are shown in their figure 1?
biomechanics - kinematics, electromyography, biomechanics - kinetics
Where are red blood cells (RBC) made?
bone marrow
Muscle relaxation occurs when ________.
calcium ions are actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
In their chapter on physical activity, Astrand and Rodahl stated that "During exercise, many of the hormone-producing glands are involved in the regulation of metabolic and circulatory functions." Select the three physiological systems below that are best aligned with this statement. Tip: I really like questions that connect two or more learning materials. Here, this links a reading and a video lecture. I hope you will get better at finding connections between learning materials and topics throughout the semester.
cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, energy
Which of the following lists the stages of motor learning in the correct sequence from beginner to expert?
cognitive, associative, autonomous
Some research hypotheses are really hard to test in humans. For example, three major muscles cross the knee joint and produce force on the patellar tendon. We cannot really take the living human apart to directly measure how much force comes from each muscle. Which research approach below would be useful for learning about the contributions from individual muscles?
computer modeling
Select the two conditions below that contribute to hamstring injuries while sprinting.
eccentric muscle contraction & the z-lines (or z-disks) are far apart
In human movement science, we examine the patterns of muscle activation using the methods of
electromyography (EMG)
Professional cycling has had much difficulty with cheating. Athletes and team doctors have discovered a variety of unnatural and illegal ways to improve sport performance. Cycling is highly aerobic which means oxygen is required to produce energy. If you have more red blood cells, you can carry more oxygen to working muscles. There are two methods of illegal blood doping to increase the number of red blood cells. 1. A few weeks before competition you would have some blood removed into a into a bag like when people give blood. You freeze the blood. Your body will pretty quickly replace the blood to normal levels. Before the race, you thaw and re infuse the blood. Now you (the athlete) have more than normal amounts of red blood cells. You can now carry more oxygen to yoru working muscles and have an unfair advantage. 2. You can also inject a hormone called erythropoetin (EPO) to stimulate the bone marrow to make more red blood cells. What two physiological systems are involved in method number 2.
endocrine, cardiovascular
In the PBS video about the marathon, the speaker discusses several pieces of information about why humans are well equipped for running. The majority of his support for this position comes from which discipline?
evolutionary biology
Which of the following feedback schedules is intended to help the athlete develop their own sensation and awareness of motor errors?
fading knowledge of results
Because of wealthy donors, the track in Iten is a state of the art facility and may even be better than Nike's track in Oregon. T/F?
false
In the figure from a contextual interference study below, the three lines represent three different groups of skilled baseball players in three different batting practice conditions. The conditions are: a control group that does not have batting practice, a group that has blocked practice, and a group that has random practice. Based on what you know about this study from learning materials, and without the graph's legend, which symbols represent the group that used random practice?
filled squares
In the book chapter titled Physical Activity by Astrand and Rodahl, how much more food did they estimate would be needed for a person who is working (or exercising) at maximal capacity, compared to at rest?
four times as much food
What is the name of the cell in the vestibular apparatus that detects accelerations of the head?
hair cell
If you are a mellow/calm person but are terribly stressed about your next exam you
have high state anxiety and low trait anxiety
Studies about exercise and sleep have provided strong support for benefits in the immune system and nervous system (primarily brain health). Match the mechanism of the benefit with the corresponding system.
immune system - increase in natural killer cells & nervous system (brain) - removal of amyloid beta by the glymphatic system
Which of the following is a conclusion from the study we discussed about expert airline pilots.
important flight maneuvers have become automatic in expert airline pilots and this provides more attentional capacity to respond to other stimuli
Female athletes have non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries more frequently than males. Aware of these epidemiological data, some athletic programs invest in off-season exercise programs for their female athletes to try to prevent these injuries. These programs often include training the strength and endurance of core muscles and also plyometric drills (jumping, skipping). The same program can be used for a variety of female sport teams (basketball, soccer, field hockey, ice hockey). Which training principle was applied to justify providing this program to females but not males?
individual differences
The supplemental motor area
is active during the mental rehearsal of complex movements.
The type of muscular contraction in which there is no change in muscle length.
isometric
You are able to grasp and lift an object without continually watching both your hand and the object. For this high quality control, you are utilizing.
kinesthesis
Which category of biomechanical analysis will involve the use of a force plate?
kinetics
What positions are shown in the figure?
knee flexion, hip flexion
At the time of the documentary, Br. Colm had been working there for 25 years. He said that his approach to working with these young athletes is to lay the foundation. He considers his program a _________ camp and not a coaching camp.
learning
Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
left atrium
Which TWO chambers will contain oxygenated blood?
left atrium and left ventricle
Which soft tissue connects bone to bone.
ligament
If you began training for a really long ultra-distance race (a 24-30 hour event like the 100-mile Western States Ultra Trail Marathon), which enzyme would want to increase the most for this event.
lipoprotein lipase
Which of the following is the best interpretation of hypobaric hypoxia?
low oxygen levels due to lower atmospheric pressure
You are playing soccer. You are running straight ahead and then cut sharply to the left to get away from a defender. In what direction were your cutting forces directed?
medial/lateral
Which term below is the set of chemical reactions that provide energy to sustain life?
metabolism
Sherpa people can produce more power at high altitude than trained non-Sherpa lowlanders. Select the two correct reasons for this from the list below.
more capillaries in their muscles & bigger lungs
Psychometric tests suggest that in volleyball, rugby and handball, attacking players are
more emotionally variable and extroverted than defensive players
A field hockey player has a concussion. After a few weeks of recovery, her balance and reaction time are still not good. Select two subdisciplines below that are most likely to provide useful information about this problem.
motor behavior, athletic training
In the image below, notice the cap that has sensors to measure brain waves (electroencephlography, ECG) and the pair of force plates. Not visible are sensors that record heart rate and breathing rate. Athletes in the sport of winter biathlon practice mental/psychological strategies (these are skills) to reach a state of calm before squeezing the trigger. This state of calm may modify their heart rate, breathing and postural sway (steadiness) and improve their motor performance. Select all the subdisciplines that are represented in this examination of elite sport performance. Image is from Laaksonen et al., 2018.
motor behavior, sports and exercise psychology, biomechanics, exercise physiology
What technique below is often involved in studying the enzymatic energy profile of muscle?
muscle biopsy
In the video about the Falls Lab and Perturbation Treadmill you saw a person who was standing upright on the treadmill. The treadmill was suddenly turned on so that the researchers could analyze the subject's first step. When this happened, the subject's foot quickly moved in the posterior direction and this stretched the calf muscle. Which sensory organ detects this abrupt stretch?
muscle spindle
What physiological system does the Achilles tendon belong to? No naming strategy is perfect. For example, bone marrow is where red blood cells are made but bone is not considered part of the cardiovascular system. In our class, we have named the main physiological systems that we will focus on throughout the semester. However, we might need to modify or combine them at times. Tendon is a tissue that connects muscles to bones. Among the modified system names below, where would you categorize the Achilles tendon?
musculoskeletal
The protein molecule that does the mechanical work in muscle contraction is
myosin
The rate of cross bridge cycling is one of the things that determines peak power. What is the mechanistic basis of this rate at the protein/molecular level?
mysosin heavy chain isoform
TED - Glymphatic. As discussed by Dr. Iliff, what is the "first" main problem and solution faced by every organ?
nutrient supply
You work in a sports medicine clinic with a variety of patients who need to recover their balance. Some have had a ankle sprains and others have had concussions. For each of them, you provide a set of exercises that they progress through over 4 weeks. Week 1: practice single leg stance Week 2: practice single leg stance with eye's closed Week 3: practice single leg stance while catching a ball Week 4: practice single leg stance on a wobbly surface while catching a ball What training principle was a applied?
overload
In the paper about triathlon transitions, which of the following best categorizes the dependent variables?
the kinematics of running
Which of the following groups of people show the biggest benefits of beetroot juice supplementation?
people with abnormally low levels of nitic oxide (NO)
While you are walking you might slip, trip, or get hit by a ball. Each of these events will disrupt your 'motor program' for walking and your nervous system has functions that will help you stay balanced. What are these events called? This relates to the paper "Improvement of anticipatory postural adjustments for balance control:Effect of a single training session" and to the video about the Falls lab at UD.
perturbations
You work in a sports medicine clinic with a variety of patients who need to recover their balance. Some have had a ankle sprains and others have had concussions. Which of the following exercises would increase the dependence on the vestibular apparatus the most?
practice single leg stance with eye's closed
Specialized structures that detect information about the position of the body and its movement.
proprioceptors
In the College of Health Sciences (CHS), we commit to structure the entire curricula to include diverse perspectives, experiences, and histories and employ teaching strategies that promote intellectual engagement, social skills, empathy, and racial understanding, to prepared students for success in a diverse and global workplace. Which of following is most related to this week's instruction about the Himalayan Sherpa and Sickle Cell Disease?
racial understanding
A researcher is interested in the effects of caffeine on reaction time. In an experiment, 20 research participants (subjects) are given beverages with different amounts of caffeine (dose) and reaction time is measured with a precise timing system. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study.
reaction time
Select the pair that represents the main control mechanisms at the motor unit level.
recruitment and rate coding
TED - Glymphatic. As discussed by Dr. Iliff, what is the second main problem and solution faced by every organ?
removal of waste
TED - Glymphatic. What does the lymphatic system do and does the brain have one?
removes waste, no
In the peer review process, 2 individuals recommend that a paper should be published after minor revisions and 1 individual recommends that the paper should be rejected due to severe flaws in the experiment. These individuals would be the _______________.
reviewers
Which of the following items can help a person to manage their anxiety before performance.
rituals, familiarization, mental imagery, experience, preparation
The unit of muscle between two z-lines that contains the contractile proteins
sarcomere
In table 1 from the chapter on Physical Activity, organs were grouped as either locomotor organs or service organs. According to this organizational scheme, how would you categorize the heart?
service organs
Based on his lived experiences and his deep examination of Kenyan runners trained by Br. Colm O'Connell, Eamonn reflects at the end of the documentary about "How hard it is sometimes to achieve _________________."
simplicity
Syllabus: How many knowledge quizzes count towards your semester grade?
six
What mechanism did Dr. Walker focus on as important in good quality sleep? (TED: Sleep as a superpower)
sleep spindles in deep sleep brainwaves
Which of the following is an example of closed loop control?
slowing down during a running race because you feel like you started to fast and you want to be able to finish
You are coaching a sprinter. As you move from pre-season towards the competitive season you have your athlete switch from heavy bilateral squats and deadlifts to unilateral exercises with less weight and more speed and also sprints up stadium stairs. Which training principle did you apply when you changed the types of exercises?
specificity
A sport psychologist examined your POMS results over the course of a competitive season. A flattening of the profile would indicate ...
staleness / overtraining
Imagery involves using all the senses to create or re-create an experience in the mind. According to ___________________ theory, imagery helps the brain to make a blueprint of the movement sequence without actually sending any messages to the muscles.
symbolic learning
Which component of blood pressure measurement is the pressure during the contraction of the heart?
systolic
Along which structure do action potentials travel to inner regions of the muscle cell?
t-tubule
You are a multi-sport athlete (you participate in all the intramural sports you can manage). Your training goal is to improve your anaerobic power for high intensity bouts of activity in team sports. You turn this into a mini research project and find 3 friends to join you in a training program that involves interval training (sprinting up the football stadium steps). Which of the following fitness tests below is the best match for evaluating your progress towards your goal?
the Wingate test
In the paper that compared sprint interval training to traditional endurance training the authors stated that there may have been benefits of endurance training that were not measured. You decide to do a follow-up study to investigate some possible benefits of endurance training. Which of the following three measures, would be most likely to benefit from the endurance training?
the amount of lipoprotein lipase
You want to improve the information processing rates of players on your flag football team. You find software that shows them segments of game film where they are asked to point as quickly as possible to the receiver in the best scoring position. You show the film at normal speed and then at 1.5X the normal speed (faster). Some team members who are great athletes but have no experience with football are really bad at this drill and not getting better. You think you might have a practice problem related to...
the challenge point
In the Tale of Two Cyclists, which athlete likely has the most lipoprotein lipase?
the cyclist who won the Race Across America
In the peer-review process, who decides whether a paper will be published?
the editor
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates which of the following.
the growth of new capillaries
It is known that a reduced quality of sleep occurs with aging and that this is associated with memory problems, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. What is the link between high quality deep sleep and learning or memory function?
the presence of sleep spindles in brain waves
In the patellar tendon tap reflex, the stimulus that causes contraction of quadriceps muscles is
the quick stretch of the quadriceps muscle.
Select the two conditions below that contribute to hamstring injuries while sprinting.
the z-lines (or z-disks) are far apart & eccentric muscle contraction
In one study that we discussed, Navy Seals were given caffeine during their Hell Week. In a four-choice reaction time task, four measurements were analyzed. Which two measures below had the best improvements with caffeine.
time-out errors & premature errors
What protein complex is moved out of the way by the release of calcium to allow the formation of cross bridges between actin and myosin?
troponin - tropomyosin
Based on the information that Dr. Walker presented about Natural Killer cells, one could reasonably assume that a good sleep schedule is protective against COVID-19. (Sleep as a Superpower) t/f?
true
The link between loss of sleep and cancer is so strong that the World Health Organization (WHO) has classified any form of nighttime shift work as a possible carcinogen. (TED: Sleep as a superpower) t/f?
true
In CHAPTER ONE - PHYSICAL ACTIVITY from Astrand and Rodahl (1977) the authors describe the evolution of the human body for mobility beginning with single celled organisms and finishing with our organ systems. What term below best represents this scheme of organization?
vertical integration
The title of a 2016 paper by Shimizu and others is "Low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction improves vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation in healthy elderly people". Resistance training is recommended for older adults to maintain their mobility and health. However, some older adults cannot safely train with heavy overload (high intensity). Blood flow restriction (BFR) training uses devices like blood pressure cuffs to block the blood supply to exercising muscles. This causes hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions that increase the training stimulus. With BFR, the older adults can lift lighter weights and experience meaningful improvements in strength and other aspects of health. The table below shows data from this study before and after a single exercise session in a Non-BFR group and in a BFR group. In the table below, which dependent variable is the most likely mechanism that resulted in improved peripheral blood circulation?
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
During exercise, the body allows greater flow of blood to working muscles by...
vasodilation
Through what mechanism is beetroot juice thought to improve endurance performance?
vasodilation
Which of the following processes would deliver more blood to a tissue?
vasodilation
Sometimes we we think about physiology at different levels that range from small to large in scale. From molecules to cells, to tissues, to organs, to systems. What is this organizational scheme called?
vertical integration
Results from the profile of mood sates inventory (POMS) indicate that world class athletes, who are not overtrained, have an iceberg profile in which...
vigor is above the population average
In order manipulate your own level of arousal for optimal performance, you must understand
when you are outside of the optimal range, your own arousal profile and at what level of arousal is your performance best, methods you can use to modify your arousal up or down
In the beginning of Part 3, what morning exercise is shown.
yoga
If a homework assignment is too easy, which of the following statements would be true.
you are practicing below your challenge point, the amount of learning will be low, homework performance will be high
