Intro to Health (Test 2)

Hospitals Occupations in hospitals are diverse

However, occupations with the most projected jobs probably include ones you'd expect to find in this setting. Jobs in hospitals are often shift-based, with weekend and holiday work sometimes required, because hospitals provide care 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

what determines salary for a position?

Licensure (NOT DEGREE)

Outpatient, laboratory, and other ambulatory care services

Schedules and working conditions for occupations in this detailed industry vary. Jobs in outpatient care centers and medical and diagnostic laboratories, for example, often involve standard work hours in routine settings. In contrast, jobs in ambulance services can have unpredictable work hours and settings, because emergencies can happen anytime and nearly anywhere.

Nursing and residential care facilities occupations

Workers in this detailed industry provide care around the clock, so shifts are common. And schedules can include holidays and weekend.

Offices of health practitioners

Workers in offices of health practitioners, including those in the occupations shown in chart 3, usually work a standard 9-to-5, Monday-through-Friday schedule. Some offices, however, are also open on weekends or in the evenings to accommodate patient schedules. And workers may be on call at other times to respond to emergencies.

Home healthcare services

Workers in this detailed industry often enjoy visiting people in their residences rather than attending to them elsewhere.

Psychiatrists

are primary mental health physicians. They diagnose and treat mental illnesses through a combination of personal counseling (psychotherapy), psychoanalysis, hospitalization, and medication. Psychotherapy involves regular discussions with patients about their problems. The psychiatrist helps them find solutions through changes in their behavioral patterns, explorations of their past experiences, or group and family therapy sessions. Psychoanalysis involves long-term psychotherapy and counseling for patients. Psychiatrists may prescribe medications to correct chemical imbalances that cause some mental illnesses.

Family and General Physicians

assess and treat a range of conditions that occur in everyday life. These conditions include sinus and respiratory infections to broken bones. Family and general physicians typically have regular, long-term patients.

General internists

diagnose and provide nonsurgical treatment for a range of problems that affect internal organ systems such as the stomach, kidneys, liver, and digestive tract. Internists use a variety of diagnostic techniques to treat patients through medication or hospitalization. They work mostly with adult patients.

Anesthesiologists

focus on the care of surgical patients and pain relief. They administer drugs (anesthetics) that reduce or eliminate the sensation of pain during an operation or another medical procedure. During surgery, they are responsible for adjusting the amount of anesthetic as needed, and monitoring the patient's heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, and breathing. They also work outside of the operating room, providing pain relief for patients in the intensive care unit, for women in labor and delivery of babies, and for patients who suffer from chronic pain. Anesthesiologists work with other physicians and surgeons to decide on treatments and procedures before, during, and after surgery.

insurance companies reimburse based off of

licensure, (NOT off of a doctors degree (masters degree vs. clinical doctorate)

Nurse anesthetists (CRNAs)

provide anesthesia and related care before, during, and after surgical, therapeutic, diagnostic, and obstetrical procedures. They also provide pain management and some emergency services. Before a procedure begins, nurse anesthetists discuss with a patient any medications the patient is taking as well as any allergies or illnesses the patient may have, so that anesthesia can be safely administered. Nurse anesthetists then give a patient general anesthesia to put the patient to sleep so they feel no pain during surgery or administer a regional or local anesthesia to numb an area of the body. They remain with the patient throughout a procedure to monitor vital signs and adjust the anesthesia as necessary.

General pediatricians

provide care for infants, children, teenagers, and young adults. They specialize in diagnosing and treating problems specific to younger people. Most pediatricians treat common illnesses, minor injuries, and infectious diseases, and administer vaccinations. Some pediatricians specialize in pediatric surgery or serious medical conditions that commonly affect younger patients, such as autoimmune disorders or chronic ailments.

Obstetricians and gynecologists (OB/GYNs)

provide care related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the female reproductive system. They treat and counsel women throughout their pregnancy and deliver babies. They also diagnose and treat health issues specific to women, such as breast cancer, cervical cancer, hormonal disorders, and symptoms related to menopause.

Nurse midwives (CNMs)

provide care to women, including gynecological exams, family planning services, and prenatal care. They deliver babies; manage emergency situations during labor, such as hemorrhaging; repair lacerations; and may provide surgical assistance to physicians during cesarean births. Nurse midwives may act as primary care providers for women and newborns. They also provide wellness care, educating their patients on how to lead healthy lives by discussing topics such as nutrition and disease prevention. Nurse midwives also provide care to their patients' partners for sexual or reproductive health issues.

Continuing Education Units

required to renew licenses or maintain certification or registration in many states (CEUs)

Nurse practitioners (NPs)

serve as primary and specialty care providers, delivering advanced nursing services to patients and their families. They assess patients, determine the best way to improve or manage a patient's health, and discuss ways to integrate health promotion strategies into a patient's life. Nurse practitioners typically care for a certain population of people. For instance, NPs may work in adult and geriatric health, pediatric health, or psychiatric and mental health.

federal gov finances research through

the National Institute of Health (NIH), Medicare(elderly), Medicaid,(low income uninsured)

PAs don't do home health...

they usually are in physicians offices and hospitals

Surgeons

treat injuries, diseases, and deformities through operations. Using a variety of instruments, a surgeon corrects physical deformities, repairs bone and tissue after injuries, or performs preventive or elective surgeries on patients. Although a large number perform general surgery, many surgeons choose to specialize in a specific area. Specialties include orthopedic surgery (the treatment of the musculoskeletal system), neurological surgery (treatment of the brain and nervous system), cardiovascular surgery, and plastic or reconstructive surgery. Like other physicians, surgeons examine patients, perform and interpret diagnostic tests, and counsel patients on preventive healthcare. Some specialist physicians also perform surgery.

federal government has no authority to provide direct services

true

the diploma doesn't give you rights to practice

you need licensure and/or certification from a national cumulative test

AT education

•ATs need at least a bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university. Master's degree programs are also common, and may be preferred by some employers. Degree programs have classroom&clinical components, including science and health-related courses, such as biology, anatomy, physiology, and nutrition. •The Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) accredits hundreds of athletic trainer programs, including post-professional and residency athletic trainer programs.

O&P education

•All orthotists and prosthetists must complete a master's degree in orthotics and prosthetics. These programs include courses in upper and lower extremity orthotics and prosthetics, spinal orthotics, and plastics and other materials used for fabrication. In addition, orthotics and prosthetics programs have a clinical component in which the student works under the direction of an orthotist or prosthetist. •Master's programs usually take 2 years to complete. Prospective students seeking a master's degree can have a bachelor's degree in any discipline if they have fulfilled prerequisite courses in science and math. Requirements vary by program. •In 2016, there were about a dozen orthotics and prosthetics programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP). •Following graduation from a master's degree program, candidates must complete a residency that has been accredited by the National Commission on Orthotic and Prosthetic Education (NCOPE). Candidates typically complete a 1-year residency program in either orthotics or prosthetics. Individuals who want to become certified in both orthotics and prosthetics need to complete 1 year of residency training for each specialty or an 18-month residency in both orthotics and prosthetics.

PTA education

•All states require physical therapist assistants to have an associate's degree from an accredited physical therapist assistant program. In 2017, nearly 350 associate's degree programs for physical therapist assistants were accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. •Programs typically last about 2 years. Classroom study includes courses in algebra, English, anatomy, physiology, and psychology. Assistants also gain hands-on experience during supervised clinical work. They may earn certifications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), basic life support (BLS), and other first-aid skills.

Physicians and Surgeons extra

•Allergists (specialists in diagnosing and treating hay fever or other allergies) •Cardiologists (heart specialists) •Dermatologists (skin specialists) •Gastroenterologists (digestive system specialists) •Ophthalmologists (eye specialists) •Pathologists (specialists who study body tissue to see if it is normal or abnormal) •Radiologists (specialists who review and interpret x rays and other images and deliver radiation treatments for cancer and other illnesses)

AT duties

•Apply protective or injury-preventive devices, such as tape, bandages, and braces •Recognize and evaluate injuries •Provide first aid or emergency care •Develop and carry out rehabilitation programs for injured athletes •Plan and implement comprehensive programs to prevent injury and illness among athletes •Perform administrative tasks, such as keeping records and writing reports on injuries and treatment programs

Chiropractor duties

•Assess a patient's medical condition by reviewing the patient's medical history and concerns, and by performing a physical examination •Analyze the patient's posture, spine, and reflexes •Conduct tests, including evaluating a patient's posture and taking x rays •Provide neuromusculoskeletal therapy, which often involves adjusting a patient's spinal column and other joints •Give additional treatments, such as applying heat or cold to a patient's injured areas •Advise patients on health and lifestyle issues, such as exercise, nutrition, and sleep habits •Refer patients to other healthcare professionals if need

D&N duties

•Assess patients' and clients' nutritional and health needs •Counsel patients on nutrition issues and healthy eating habits •Develop meal and nutrition plans, taking both clients' preferences and budgets into account •Evaluate the effects of meal plans and change the plans as needed •Promote better health by speaking to groups about diet, nutrition, and the relationship between good eating habits and preventing or managing specific diseases •Create educational materials about healthy food choices •Keep up with or contribute to the latest food and nutritional science research •Document patients' progress

RN duties

•Assess patients' conditions •Record patients' medical histories and symptoms •Observe patients and record the observations •Administer patients' medicines and treatments •Set up plans for patients' care or contribute information to existing plans •Consult and collaborate with doctors and other healthcare professionals •Operate and monitor medical equipment •Help perform diagnostic tests and analyze the results •Teach patients and their families how to manage illnesses or injuries •Explain what to do at home after treatment

Athletic Trainers (AT)

•Athletic trainers specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle and bone injuries and illnesses. •ATs work in educational settings: colleges, universities, elementary schools, and secondary schools. Others work in: hospitals, fitness centers, or physicians' offices, military, law enforcement, or for professional sports teams. •ATs need at least a bachelor's degree. Nearly all states require athletic trainers to have a license or certification; requirements vary by state. •Employment: projected to grow 23% from 2016-2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Demand for athletic trainers is expected to increase as people become more aware of the effects of sports-related injuries, and as the middle-aged and older population remains active.

Healthcare

•BLS projects healthcare employment to grow by 26 percent between 2012 and 2022, an increase of about 4.1 million jobs. Several factors are expected to lead to this growth, including the following: •A growing population. Over the decade, the U.S. population is projected to increase by about 9 percent. A larger population requires more healthcare services, leading to projected job growth in the industry. •More people who are older. The number of people ages 65 and older is projected to grow by about 40 percent between 2012 and 2022—the fastest of any age group. Compared with younger people, older people typically have greater healthcare needs. As a result, the healthcare industry is expected to add jobs. •Chronic conditions. More people in the United States are expected to seek treatment for chronic conditions, such as diabetes and obesity. Additional workers are expected to be needed to help prevent, manage, and treat the health concerns associated with these conditions. •Medical advances. Improvements in medicine and technology also are expected to increase demand for healthcare services, creating more jobs for the workers who provide these services. •Health insurance reform. As more people get health insurance coverage, the number of people seeking routine medical care is expected to grow. In turn, more jobs are projected to be added for workers who treat these people. Growth by detailed industry.

DMS, CT, VT education

•Colleges and universities offer both associate's and bachelor's degree programs in sonography and in cardiovascular and vascular technology. One-year certificate programs also are available from colleges and some hospitals. •Sonography, cardiovascular, and vascular education programs usually include courses in anatomy, medical terminology, and applied sciences. Most sonography programs are divided into the specialized fields listed earlier that correspond to the relevant certification exams, such as abdominal sonography or breast sonography. Cardiovascular and vascular programs include coursework in either invasive or noninvasive cardiovascular or vascular technology procedures. In addition to requiring classroom study, most programs include a clinical component in which students earn credit while working under a more experienced technologist in a hospital, a physician's office, or an imaging laboratory.

Dentists

•Dentists diagnose and treat problems with patients' teeth, gums, and related parts of the mouth. They provide advice and instruction on taking care of the teeth and gums and on diet choices that affect oral health. •Some dentists have their own business and work alone or with a small staff. Other dentists have partners in their practice. Still others work as associate dentists for established dental practices. •Dentists must be licensed in the state in which they work. Licensure requirements vary by state, although candidates usually must graduate from an accredited dental program and pass written and clinical exams. •Overall employment of dentists is projected to grow 19 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. The demand for dental services will increase as the population ages and as research continues to link oral health to overall health.

Dentists education

•Dentists typically need a DDS or DMD degree from a dental program that has been accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). Most programs require that applicants have at least a bachelor's degree and have completed certain science courses, such as biology or chemistry. Although no specific undergraduate major is required, programs may prefer applicants who major in a science, such as biology. •Applicants to dental schools usually take the Dental Admission Test (DAT). Dental schools use this test along with other factors, such as grade point average, interviews, and recommendations, to admit students into their programs. •Dental school programs typically include coursework in subjects such as local anesthesia, anatomy, periodontics (the study of oral disease and health), and radiology. All programs at dental schools include clinical experience in which students work directly with patients under the supervision of a licensed dentist. •As early as high school, students interested in becoming dentists can take courses in subjects such as biology, chemistry, and math. •All dental specialties require dentists to complete additional training before practicing that specialty. This training is usually a 2- to 4-year residency in a CODA- accredited program related to the specialty, which often culminates in a postdoctoral certificate or master's degree. Oral and maxillofacial surgery programs typically take 4 to 6 years and may result in candidates earning a joint Medical Doctor (M.D.) degree.

Diagnostic Medical Sonographers, Cardiovascular Technologists, Vascular Technologists (DMS, CT, VT)

•Diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, also called diagnostic imaging workers, operate special imaging equipment to create images or to conduct tests. The images and test results help physicians assess and diagnose medical conditions. •Most diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, work full time. Most diagnostic imaging workers were employed in hospitals in 2016, while most of the rest worked in physicians' offices or medical and diagnostic laboratories. •Diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, need formal education, such as an associate's degree or a postsecondary certificate. Many employers also require professional certification. •Overall employment of diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians is projected to grow 17 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. As the large baby-boom population ages, the need to diagnose medical conditions—such as blood clots and heart disease—will likely increase. Imaging technology is a tool used in making these diagnoses.

Dietitians and Nutritionists (D&N)

•Dietitians and nutritionists are experts in the use of food and nutrition to promote health and manage disease. They advise people on what to eat in order to lead a healthy lifestyle or achieve a specific health-related goal. •Dietitians and nutritionists work in many settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, cafeterias, and for state and local governments. •Dietitians and nutritionists typically need a bachelor's degree, along with supervised training through an internship. Many states require dietitians and nutritionists to be licensed. •Employment of dietitians and nutritionists is projected to grow 15 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. The role of food in preventing and treating diseases, such as diabetes, is now well known. More dietitians and nutritionists will be needed to provide care for patients with various medical conditions and to advise people who want to improve their overall health.

D&N education

•Dietitians and nutritionists typically need a bachelor's degree in dietetics, foods and nutrition, clinical nutrition, public health nutrition, or a related area. Dietitians also may study food service systems management. Programs include courses in nutrition, psychology, chemistry, and biology. •Many dietitians and nutritionists have advanced degrees. •Dietitians and nutritionists typically receive several hundred hours of supervised training, usually in the form of an internship following graduation from college. Some schools offer coordinated programs in dietetics that allow students to complete supervised training as part of their undergraduate or graduate-level coursework.

MT education

•Education requirements for massage therapists vary greatly by state or locality. Education programs are typically found in private or public postsecondary institutions. Most programs require at least 500 hours of study for their completion; some programs require 1,000 or more hours. •A high school diploma or equivalent is usually required for admission to a massage therapy program. Programs generally include both classroom study and hands-on practice of massage techniques. Programs cover subjects such as anatomy; physiology, which is the study of organs and tissues; kinesiology, which is the study of motion and body mechanics; pathology, which is the study of disease; business management; and ethics. •Programs may concentrate on certain modalities, or specialties, of massage. Several programs also offer job placement services and continuing education. Both full-time and part-time programs are available.

Healthcare Occupations

•Employment of healthcare occupations is projected to grow 14 percent from 2018 to 2028, much faster than the average for all occupations, adding about 1.9 million new jobs. Healthcare occupations are projected to add more jobs than any of the other occupational groups. This projected growth is mainly due to an aging population, leading to greater demand for healthcare services. •The median annual wage for healthcare practitioners and technical occupations (such as registered nurses, physicians and surgeons, and dental hygienists) was $66,440 in May 2018, which was higher than the median annual wage for all occupations in the economy of $38,640. •Healthcare support occupations (such as home health aides, occupational therapy assistants, and medical transcriptionists) had a median annual wage of $29,740 in May 2018, lower than the median annual wage for all occupations in the economy.

O&P duties

•Evaluate and interview patients to determine their needs •Take measurements or impressions of the part of a patient's body that will be fitted with a brace or artificial limb •Design and fabricate orthopedic and prosthetic devices based on physicians' prescriptions •Select materials to be used for the orthotic or prosthetic device •Instruct patients in how to use and care for their devices •Adjust, repair, or replace prosthetic and orthotic devices •Document care in patients' record

Audiologist duties

•Examine patients who have hearing, balance, or related ear problems •Assess the results of the examination and diagnose problems •Determine and administer treatment to meet patients' goals •Provide treatment for tinnitus, a condition that causes ringing in the ear •Fit and dispense hearing aids •Counsel patients and their families on ways to listen and communicate, such as lip reading or through technology •Evaluate patients regularly to check on hearing and balance and to continue or change treatment plans •Record patient progress •Research the causes and treatment of hearing and balance disorders •Educate patients on ways to prevent hearing los

OTA duties

•Help patients do therapeutic activities, such as stretches and other exercises •Lead children who have developmental disabilities in play activities that promote coordination and socialization •Encourage patients to complete activities and tasks •Teach patients how to use special equipment—for example, showing a patient with Parkinson's disease how to use devices that make eating easier •Record patients' progress, report to occupational therapists, and do other administrative task

PT education

•In 2017, there were more than 200 programs for physical therapists accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE). All programs offer a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree. •DPT programs typically last 3 years. Many programs require a bachelor's degree for admission as well as specific educational prerequisites, such as classes in anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry, and physics. Some programs admit college freshmen into 6- or 7-year programs that allow students to graduate with both a bachelor's degree and a DPT. Most DPT programs require applicants to apply through the Physical Therapist Centralized Application Service (PTCAS). •Physical therapist programs often include courses in biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, neuroscience, and pharmacology. Physical therapist students also complete at least 30 weeks of clinical work, during which they gain supervised experience in areas such as acute care and orthopedic care. •Physical therapists may apply to and complete a clinical residency program after graduation. Residencies typically last about 1 year and provide additional training and experience in specialty areas of care. Physical therapists who have completed a residency program may choose to specialize further by completing a fellowship in an advanced clinical area. The American Board of Physical Therapy Residency and Fellowship Education has directories of physical therapist residency and fellowship programs.

RN education

•In all nursing education programs, students take courses in anatomy, physiology, microbiology, chemistry, nutrition, psychology, and other social and behavioral sciences, as well as in liberal arts. BSN programs typically take 4 years to complete; ADN and diploma programs usually take 2 to 3 years to complete. Diploma programs are typically offered by hospitals or medical centers, and there are far fewer diploma programs than there are BSN and ADN programs. All programs include supervised clinical experience. •Bachelor's degree programs usually include additional education in the physical and social sciences, communication, leadership, and critical thinking. These programs also offer more clinical experience in nonhospital settings. A bachelor's degree or higher is often necessary for administrative positions, research, consulting, and teaching. •Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) must earn a master's degree in nursing and typically already have 1 or more years of work experience as an RN or in a related field. CNSs who conduct research typically need a doctoral degree.

RT duties

•Interview and examine patients with breathing or cardiopulmonary disorders •Consult with physicians to develop patient treatment plans •Perform diagnostic tests, such as measuring lung capacity •Treat patients by using a variety of methods, including chest physiotherapy and aerosol medications •Monitor and record patients' progress •Teach patients how to take medications and use equipment, such as ventilators

Massage Therapists (MT)

•Massage therapists treat clients by using touch to manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body. With their touch, therapists relieve pain, help heal injuries, improve circulation, relieve stress, increase relaxation, and aid in the general wellness of clients. •Massage therapists work in an array of settings, such as spas, franchised clinics, physicians' offices, hotels, and fitness centers. Some massage therapists also travel to clients' homes or offices to give a massage. •Massage therapists typically complete a postsecondary education program of 500 or more hours of study and experience, although standards and requirements vary by state or other jurisdictions. Most states regulate massage therapy and require massage therapists to have a license or certification. •Employment of massage therapists is projected to grow 26 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Continued growth in the demand for massage services will lead to new openings for massage therapists.

Medical Assistants (MA)

•Medical assistants complete administrative and clinical tasks in the offices of physicians, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. Their duties vary with the location, specialty, and size of the practice. •Most medical assistants work in physicians' offices, hospitals, outpatient clinics, and other healthcare facilities. •Most medical assistants have postsecondary education such as a certificate. Others enter the occupation with a high school diploma and learn through on-the-job training. •Employment of medical assistants is projected to grow 29 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. The growth of the aging baby-boom population will continue to increase demand for preventive medical services, which are often provided by physicians. As a result, physicians will hire more assistants to perform routine administrative and clinical duties, allowing the physicians to see more patients.

MA education

•Medical assistants typically graduate from postsecondary education programs. Although there are no formal educational requirements for becoming a medical assistant in most states, employers may prefer to hire assistants who have completed these programs. •Programs for medical assisting are available from community colleges, vocational schools, technical schools, and universities and take about 1 year to complete. These programs usually lead to a certificate or diploma. Some community colleges offer 2-year programs that lead to an associate's degree. All programs have classroom and laboratory portions that include lessons in anatomy and medical terminology.

P&S education

•Most applicants to medical school have at least a bachelor's degree, and many have advanced degrees. Although no specific major is required, students usually complete undergraduate work in biology, chemistry, physics, math, and English. Students also may take courses in the humanities and social sciences. In addition, some students volunteer at local hospitals or clinics to gain experience in a healthcare setting. •Medical schools are highly competitive. Most applicants must submit transcripts, scores from the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), and letters of recommendation. Schools also consider an applicant's personality, leadership qualities, and participation in extracurricular activities. Most schools require applicants to interview with members of the admissions committee. •Students spend most of the first 2 years of medical school in laboratories and classrooms, taking courses such as anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology, psychology, medical ethics, and in the laws governing medicine. They also gain practical skills; learning to take medical histories, examine patients, and diagnose illnesses. •During their last 2 years, medical students work with patients under the supervision of experienced physicians in hospitals and clinics. Through rotations in internal medicine, family practice, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and surgery, they gain experience in diagnosing and treating illnesses in a variety of areas. •After medical school, almost all graduates enter a residency program in their specialty of interest. A residency usually takes place in a hospital and varies in duration, generally lasting from 3 to 7 years, depending on the specialty.

OTA education

•Occupational therapy assistants typically need an associate's degree from an accredited program. Occupational therapy assistant programs are commonly found in community colleges and technical schools. In 2017, there were more than 200 occupational therapy assistant programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education, a part of the American Occupational Therapy Association. •These programs generally require 2 years of full-time study and include instruction in subjects such as psychology, biology, and pediatric health. In addition to taking coursework, occupational therapy assistants must complete at least 16 weeks of fieldwork to gain hands-on work experience.

PA education

•Most applicants to physician assistant education programs already have a bachelor's degree and some patient care work experience. Although admissions requirements vary from program to program, most programs require 2 to 4 years of undergraduate coursework with a focus in science. •Physician assistant education programs usually take at least 2 years of full-time study. More than 200 education programs were accredited by the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant, Inc. (ARC-PA) in 2017. Almost all of these accredited programs offer a master's degree. •Physician assistant education includes classroom and laboratory instruction in subjects such as pathology, human anatomy, physiology, clinical medicine, pharmacology, physical diagnosis, and medical ethics. The programs also include supervised clinical training in several areas, including family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and pediatrics. •Sometimes students serve in one or more clinical rotations in these areas under the supervision of a physician who is looking to hire a physician assistant. In this way, clinical rotations may lead to permanent employment.

OT education

•Most occupational therapists enter the occupation with a master's degree in occupational therapy. In 2017, there were about 200 occupational therapy programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education, part of the American Occupational Therapy Association. •Admission to graduate programs in occupational therapy generally requires a bachelor's degree and specific coursework, including biology and physiology. Many programs also require applicants to have volunteered or worked in an occupational therapy setting. Candidates should contact the program that they are interested in attending about specific requirements. •Master's programs usually take 2 to 3 years to complete; doctoral programs take about 3 and a half years. Some schools offer a dual-degree program in which the student earns a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in 5 years. Part-time programs that offer courses on nights and weekends are also available. •Both master's and doctoral programs require at least 24 weeks of supervised fieldwork, in which prospective occupational therapists gain clinical work experience. In addition, doctoral programs require a 16-week capstone experience.

NA, NM, NP education

•Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners must earn a master's degree from an accredited program. These programs include both classroom education and clinical experience. Courses in anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology are common as well as coursework specific to the chosen APRN role. •An APRN must have a registered nursing (RN) license before pursuing education in one of the advanced practice roles, and a strong background in science is helpful. •Most APRN programs prefer candidates who have a bachelor's degree in nursing. However, some schools offer bridge programs for registered nurses with an associate's degree or diploma in nursing. Graduate-level programs are also available for individuals who did not obtain a bachelor's degree in nursing but in a related health science field. These programs prepare the student for the RN licensure exam in addition to the APRN curriculum. •Although a master's degree is the most common form of entry-level education, APRNs may choose to earn a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) or a Ph.D. The specific educational requirements and qualifications for each of the roles are available on professional organizations' websites. •Prospective nurse anesthetists must have 1 year of clinical experience as a prerequisite for admission to an accredited nurse anesthetist program. Candidates typically have experience working as a registered nurse in an acute care or critical care setting.

Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse Midwives, Nurse Practitioners (NA, NM, NP)

•Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners, also referred to as advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs), coordinate patient care and may provide primary and specialty healthcare. The scope of practice varies from state to state. •Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners work in a wide variety of healthcare settings, including hospitals, physicians' offices, and clinics. Most APRNs work full time. •Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners must earn at least a master's degree in one of the APRN roles. They must also be licensed in their state and pass a national certification exam. •Overall employment of nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners is projected to grow 31 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Growth will occur primarily because of an increased emphasis on preventive care and demand for healthcare services from an aging population.

PTA duties

•Observe patients before, during, and after therapy, noting the patient's status and reporting it to a physical therapist •Help patients do specific exercises as part of the plan of care •Treat patients, using a variety of techniques, such as massage and stretching •Use devices and equipment, such as walkers, to help patients •Educate patients and family members about what to do after treatment

Occupational Therapists (OT)

•Occupational therapists treat injured, ill, or disabled patients through the therapeutic use of everyday activities. They help these patients develop, recover, improve, as well as maintain the skills needed for daily living and working. •About half of occupational therapists work in offices of occupational therapy or in hospitals. Others work in schools, nursing homes, and home health services. Therapists may spend a lot of time on their feet while working with patients. •Occupational therapists typically have a master's degree in occupational therapy. All states require occupational therapists to be licensed. •Employment of occupational therapists is projected to grow 24 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Occupational therapy will continue to be an important part of treatment for people with various illnesses and disabilities, such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, autism, or the loss of a limb.

Occupational Therapist Assistants (OTA)

•Occupational therapy assistants and aides help patients develop, recover, improve, as well as maintain the skills needed for daily living and working. Occupational therapy assistants are directly involved in providing therapy to patients; occupational therapy aides typically perform support activities. Assistants work under the direction of occupational therapists. •Occupational therapy assistants work primarily in occupational therapists' offices, in hospitals, and in nursing care facilities. Occupational therapy assistants spend much of their time on their feet while setting up equipment and providing therapy to patients. •Occupational therapy assistants need an associate's degree from an accredited occupational therapy assistant program. All states regulate the practice of occupational therapy assistants. •Overall employment of occupational therapy assistants is projected to grow 28 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Occupational therapy will continue to be an important part of treatment for people with various illnesses and disabilities.

Industry sector - projected 2012-2022

•Office of health practitioners - 1,226,000 •Hospitals, private, state, local - 826,000 •Nursing and residential care facilities - 761,000 •Home health care services - 716,000 •Outpatient, laboratory, and other ambulatory care services - 522,000

Optometrists

•Optometrists examine the eyes and other parts of the visual system. They also diagnose and treat visual problems and manage diseases, injuries, and other disorders of the eyes. They prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses as needed. •Most optometrists work in stand-alone offices of optometry. Optometrists may also work in doctors' offices and optical goods stores, and some are self-employed. Most work full time, and some work evenings and weekends to accommodate patients' needs. •Optometrists must complete a Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) degree program and obtain a license to practice in a particular state. O.D. programs take 4 years to complete, and most students have a bachelor's degree before entering such a program. •Employment of optometrists is projected to grow 18 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Because vision problems tend to occur more frequently later in life, an aging population will lead to demand for more optometrists.

Optometrists education

•Optometrists need an O.D. degree. In 2016, there were 20 accredited O.D. programs in the United States, one of which was in Puerto Rico. •Applicants to O.D. programs must have completed at least 3 years of postsecondary education. Required courses include those in biology, chemistry, physics, English, and math. Most students have a bachelor's degree with a premedical or biological sciences emphasis before enrolling in an O.D. program. •Applicants to O.D. programs must also take the Optometry Admission Test (OAT), a computerized exam that tests applicants in four subject areas: science, reading comprehension, physics, and quantitative reasoning. •O.D. programs take 4 years to complete. They combine classroom learning and supervised clinical experience. Coursework includes anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, optics, visual science, and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the visual system. •After finishing an O.D. degree, some optometrists complete a 1-year residency program to get advanced clinical training in the area in which they wish to specialize. Areas of specialization for residency programs include family practice, low vision rehabilitation, pediatric or geriatric optometry, and ocular disease, among others.

Orthotists and Prosthetists (O&P)

•Orthotists and prosthetists design and fabricate medical supportive devices and measure and fit patients for them. These devices include artificial limbs (arms, hands, legs, and feet), braces, and other medical or surgical devices. •Orthotists and prosthetists work in various industries, including manufacturing, health and personal care stores, doctors' offices, and hospitals. Most work full time. •Orthotists and prosthetists need a master's degree and certification. Both orthotists and prosthetists must complete a residency before they can be certified. •Employment of orthotists and prosthetists is projected to grow 22 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. The large baby-boom population is aging, and orthotists and prosthetists will be needed because both diabetes and cardiovascular disease, the two leading causes of limb loss, are more common among `older people.

Optometrists duties

•Perform vision tests and analyze results •Diagnose sight problems, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, and eye diseases, such as glaucoma •Prescribe eyeglasses, contact lenses, and other visual aids, and if state law permits, medications •Perform minor surgical procedures to correct or treat visual or eye health issues •Provide treatments such as vision therapy or low-vision rehabilitation •Provide pre- and postoperative care to patients undergoing eye surgery—for example, examining a patient's eyes the day after surgery •Evaluate patients for the presence of other diseases and conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension, and refer patients to other healthcare providers as needed •Promote eye and general health by counseling patients

Physical Therapy Assistants (PTA)

•Physical therapist assistants, sometimes called PTAs, work under the direction and supervision of physical therapists. They help patients who are recovering from injuries and illnesses regain movement and manage pain. •Most physical therapist assistants work in physical therapists' offices or in hospitals. Physical therapist assistants are frequently on their feet and moving as they set up equipment and help care for patients. •Physical therapist assistants entering the profession need an associate's degree from an accredited program. All states require physical therapist assistants to be licensed or certified. •Overall employment of physical therapist assistants and aides is projected to grow 30 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Demand for physical therapy is expected to increase in response to the healthcare needs of an older population and individuals with chronic conditions, such as diabetes and obesity.

Physical Therapists (PT)

•Physical therapists, sometimes called PTs, help injured or ill people improve their movement and manage their pain. These therapists are often an important part of the rehabilitation, treatment, and prevention of patients with chronic conditions, illnesses, or injuries. •Physical therapists typically work in private offices and clinics, hospitals, patients' homes, and nursing homes. They spend much of their time on their feet, actively working with patients. •Physical therapists entering the profession need a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree. All states require physical therapists to be licensed. •Employment of physical therapists is projected to grow 28 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Demand for physical therapy will come from the aging baby boomers, who are not only staying active later in life, but are more susceptible to health conditions, such as strokes, that may require physical therapy. In addition, physical therapists will be needed to treat people with mobility issues stemming from chronic conditions, such as diabetes or obesity.

Physician Assistants (PA)

•Physician assistants, also known as PAs, practice medicine on teams with physicians, surgeons, and other healthcare workers. They examine, diagnose, and treat patients. •Physician assistants work in physicians' offices, hospitals, outpatient clinics, and other healthcare settings. Most work full time. •Physician assistants typically need a master's degree from an accredited educational program. All states require physician assistants to be licensed. •Employment of physician assistants is projected to grow 37 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. As demand for healthcare services grows, physician assistants will be needed to provide care to patients.

Physicians and Surgeons (P&S)

•Physicians and surgeons diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses. Physicians examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe medications; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare. Surgeons operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases, such as cancerous tumors; and deformities, such as cleft palates. •Many physicians and surgeons worked in physicians' offices. Others worked in hospitals, in academia, or for the government. •Physicians and surgeons have demanding education and training requirements. Physicians typically need a bachelor's degree, a degree from a medical school, which takes 4 years to complete, and, depending on their specialty, 3 to 7 years in internship and residency programs. •Overall employment of physicians and surgeons is projected to grow 13 percent from 2016 to 2026, faster than the average for all occupations. Job growth is projected due to increased demand for healthcare services by the growing and aging population.

ST duties

•Prepare operating rooms for surgery •Sterilize equipment and make sure that there are adequate supplies for surgery •Ready patients for surgery, such as by washing and disinfecting incision sites •Help surgeons during surgery by passing them instruments and other sterile supplies •Count supplies, such as surgical instruments, to ensure that no foreign objects are retained in patients •Maintain a sterile environment to prevent patient infection

DMS, CT, VT duties

•Prepare patients for procedures by taking their medical history and answering any questions about the procedure •Prepare and maintain diagnostic imaging equipment •Operate equipment to obtain diagnostic images or to conduct tests •Review images or test results to check for quality and adequate coverage of the areas needed for diagnoses •Recognize the difference between normal and abnormal images, and identify other diagnostic information •Analyze diagnostic information to provide a summary of findings for physicians •Record findings and keep track of patients' record

Chiropractor education

•Prospective chiropractors are required to have a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree—a postgraduate professional degree = 4 years to complete. In 2017, there were 15 Doctor of Chiropractic programs on 18 campuses accredited by The Council on Chiropractic Education. •Admission to D.C. programs requires at least 90 semester hours of undergraduate education, and some D.C. programs require a bachelor's degree for entry. Most students typically earn a bachelor's degree before applying to a chiropractic program. Schools have specific requirements for their chiropractic programs, but they generally require coursework in the liberal arts and in sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology. Candidates should check with individual schools regarding their specific requirements. •A D.C. program includes classwork in anatomy, physiology, biology, and similar subjects. Chiropractic students also get supervised clinical experience in which they train in spinal assessment, adjustment techniques, and making diagnoses. D.C. programs also may include classwork in business management and in billing and finance. Most D.C. programs offer a dual-degree option, in which students may earn either a bachelor's or a master's degree in another field while completing their D.C. •Some chiropractors complete postgraduate programs that lead to diplomate credentials. These programs provide additional training in specialty areas, such as orthopedics and pediatrics. Classes are taken at chiropractic colleges.

MA duties

•Record patient history and personal information •Measure vital signs, such as blood pressure •Help physicians with patient examinations •Give patients injections or medications as directed by physicians and as permitted by state law •Schedule patient appointments •Prepare blood samples for laboratory tests •Enter patient information into medical record

Registered Nurses (RN)

•Registered nurses (RNs) provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their family members. •Registered nurses work in hospitals, physicians' offices, home healthcare services, and nursing care facilities. Others work in outpatient clinics and schools, or serve in the military. •Registered nurses usually take one of three education paths: a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing (BSN), an associate's degree in nursing (ADN), or a diploma from an approved nursing program. Registered nurses must be licensed. •Employment of registered nurses is projected to grow 15 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Growth will occur for a number of reasons, including an increased emphasis on preventive care; growing rates of chronic conditions, such as diabetes and obesity; and demand for healthcare services from the baby-boom population, as they live longer and more active lives.

Dentists duties

•Remove decay from teeth and fill cavities •Repair or remove damaged teeth •Place sealants or whitening agents on teeth •Administer anesthetics to keep patients from feeling pain during procedures •Prescribe antibiotics or other medications •Examine x rays of teeth, gums, the jaw, and nearby areas in order to diagnose problems •Make models and measurements for dental appliances, such as dentures •Teach patients about diets, flossing, the use of fluoride, and other aspects of dental care

Respiratory Therapists (RT)

•Respiratory therapists care for patients who have trouble breathing—for example, from a chronic respiratory disease, such as asthma or emphysema. Their patients range from premature infants with undeveloped lungs to elderly patients who have diseased lungs. They also provide emergency care to patients suffering from heart attacks, drowning, or shock. •Most respiratory therapists work full time. Because they may work in medical facilities, such as hospitals that are always open, some may work evening, night, or weekend hours. •Respiratory therapists typically need an associate's degree, but some have bachelor's degrees. Respiratory therapists are licensed in all states except Alaska; requirements vary by state. •Employment of respiratory therapists is projected to grow 23 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Growth in the middle-aged and elderly population will lead to an increased incidence of respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia. These respiratory disorders can permanently damage the lungs or restrict lung function.

RT education

•Respiratory therapists need at least an associate's degree, but employers may prefer applicants who have a bachelor's degree. Educational programs are offered by colleges and universities, vocational-technical institutes, and the Armed Forces. Completion of a program that is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Respiratory Care may be required for licensure. •Respiratory therapy programs typically include courses in human anatomy and physiology, chemistry, physics, microbiology, pharmacology, and math. Other courses deal with therapeutic and diagnostic procedures and tests, equipment, patient assessment, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In addition to coursework, programs have clinical components that allow students to gain supervised, practical experience in treating patients.

PT duties

•Review patients' medical history and any referrals or notes from doctors, surgeons, or other healthcare workers •Diagnose patients' functions and movements by observing them stand or walk and by listening to their concerns, among other methods •Develop individualized plans of care for patients, outlining the patients' goals and the expected outcomes of the plans •Use exercises, stretching maneuvers, hands-on therapy, and equipment to ease patients' pain, help them increase their mobility, prevent further pain or injury, and facilitate health and wellness •Evaluate and record a patient's progress, modifying a plan of care and trying new treatments as needed •Educate patients and their families about what to expect from the recovery process and how best to cope with challenges throughout the process

OT duties

•Review patients' medical history, ask the patients questions, and observe them doing tasks •Evaluate a patient's condition and needs •Develop a treatment plan for patients, identifying specific goals and the types of activities that will be used to help the patient work toward those goals •Help people with various disabilities perform different tasks, such as teaching a stroke victim how to get dressed •Demonstrate exercises—for example, stretching the joints for arthritis relief—that can help relieve pain in people with chronic conditions •Evaluate a patient's home or workplace and, on the basis of the patient's health needs, identify potential improvements, such as labeling kitchen cabinets for an older person with poor memory •Educate a patient's family and employer about how to accommodate and care for the patient •Recommend special equipment, such as wheelchairs and eating aids, and instruct patients on how to use that equipment •Assess and record patients' activities and progress for patient evaluations, for billing, and for reporting to physicians and other healthcare providers

ST education

•Surgical technologists typically need a diploma, certificate, or associate's degree from an accredited surgical technology program. Many community colleges and vocational schools, as well as some universities and hospitals, offer accredited programs that range in length from several months to 2 years. •Surgical technology education includes courses such as anatomy, microbiology, and physiology. They also learn about the care and safety of patients, sterilization techniques, how to set up technical or robotic equipment, and preventing and controlling infections. In addition to classroom study, students gain hands-on experience in supervised clinical settings. •There are about 500 surgical technologist programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).

Surgical Technologists (ST)

•Surgical technologists, also called operating room technicians, assist with operations. They prepare operating rooms, arrange equipment, and help doctors during surgeries. •Most surgical technologists work in hospitals. They spend much of their time on their feet. •Surgical technologists typically need a postsecondary nondegree award or an associate's degree. Certification can be beneficial in finding a job. A small number of states regulate surgical technologists. •Employment of surgical technologists is projected to grow 12 percent from 2016 to 2026, faster than the average for all occupations. Advances in medical technology have made surgery safer, and more operations are being done to treat a variety of illnesses and injuries.

P&S duties

•Take a patient's medical history •Update charts and patient information to show current findings and treatments •Order tests for nurses or other healthcare staff to perform •Review test results to identify any abnormal findings •Recommend and design a plan of treatment •Address concerns or answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being •Help patients take care of their health by discussing topics such as proper nutrition and hygiene

NA, NM, NP duties

•Take and record patients' medical histories and symptoms •Perform physical exams and observe patients •Create patient care plans or contribute to existing plans •Perform and order diagnostic tests •Operate and monitor medical equipment •Diagnose various health problems •Analyze test results or changes in a patient's condition, and alter treatment plans, as needed •Give patients medicines and treatments •Evaluate a patient's response to medicines and treatments •Consult with doctors and other healthcare professionals, as needed •Counsel and teach patients and their families how to stay healthy or manage their illnesses or injuries •Conduct research

PA duties

•Take or review patients' medical histories •Examine patients •Order and interpret diagnostic tests, such as x rays or blood tests •Diagnose a patient's injury or illness •Give treatment, such as setting broken bones and immunizing patients •Educate and counsel patients and their families—for example, answering questions about how to care for a child with asthma •Prescribe medicine •Assess and record a patient's progress •Research the latest treatments to ensure the quality of patient care •Conduct or participate in outreach programs, talking to groups about managing diseases and promoting wellness

MT duties

•Talk with clients about their symptoms, medical history, and desired results •Evaluate clients to locate painful or tense areas of the body •Manipulate muscles and other soft tissues of the body •Provide clients with guidance on stretching, strengthening, overall relaxation, and how to improve their posture •Document clients' conditions and progress

Components of Healthcare Occupations

•What They Do •Work Environment •How to Become One •Pay •Job Outlook •State and Area Data •Similar Occupations

Audiologists

•diagnose, manage, and treat a patient's hearing, balance, or ear problems. •Most work in: healthcare facilities, such as physicians' offices, audiology clinics, and hospitals. Some work in: schools or for school districts, and travel between facilities. Others work in: health and personal care stores. •need a doctoral degree and must be licensed in all states. Requirements for licensure vary by state. •Employment: projected to grow 21% from 2016-2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Hearing loss increases as people age, so the aging population is likely to increase demand for audiologists.

Audiologist education

•doctoral degree in audiology (Au.D.) = graduate program = 4 years to complete. A bachelor's degree in any field is needed to enter one of these programs. •Graduate coursework includes anatomy, physiology, physics, genetics, normal and abnormal communication development, diagnosis and treatment, pharmacology, and ethics. Programs also include supervised clinical practice. Graduation from a program accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation is required to get a license in most state.

Chiropractors

•treat patients with health problems of the neuromusculoskeletal system, which includes nerves, bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. Use spinal adjustments and manipulation, as well as other clinical interventions, to manage patients' health concerns, such as back and neck pain. •Most work in: a solo or group chiropractic practice. A large number are self-employed. •must earn a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree and get a state license = 4 years to complete... and require at least 3 years of undergraduate college education for admission. •Employment: projected to grow 12 percent from 2016-s2026, faster than the average for all occupations. People across all age groups are increasingly becoming interested in integrative or complementary healthcare as a way to treat pain and to improve overall wellness. Chiropractic care is appealing to patients because chiropractors use nonsurgical methods of treatment and do not prescribe drugs.