intro to it (artificial intelligence)

AI History

• AI Winter 1974-1980 AI researchers had failed to appreciate the difficulty of the problems they faced. AI was subject to critiques and financial setbacks, funding for AI disappeared Limited Computer Power • The second AI boom was triggered in the 1980s by the advent of "expert systems." • 1997 Deep Blue beats Garry Kasparov • 2012 Deep Learning Revolution

Future Trends

• As we've seen, AI is being increasingly used, and it will only increase in the future. Some examples include: Driverless Cars: These are in fact available now, but are mostly in the testing phase. Ai can be used so that the cars communicate with each other to prevent collisions and accurately deliver the passengers to their locations. Smart Homes: Again, these are already available but are expensive. AI can help control anything at home, even if you aren't there. Some examples include sensors to determine lighting at home, a fridge that can place orders for groceries when it detects supply is low, and other smart interfaces. Soon, every object will be connected to the internet.

AI Solving the problem

• Five movable things have been identified: the robot, the boat, the fox, the chicken, and the chicken feed. • In principle, each of the five can be on either side of the river, but since only the robot can operate the boat, the two will always be on the same side. • Thus there are four things with two possible positions for each (Near side, Far side) which makes for sixteen combinations called states

Artificial General Intelligence

• General AI, also known as human-level AI or strong AI, is the type of Artificial Intelligence that can understand and reason its environment as a human would. • It's really hard to define what a human-level artificial intelligence would be. You just need to look at how you perceive things, juggle between multiple unrelated thoughts and memories when making a decision. That's very hard for computers to achieve. • Humans might not be able to process data as fast as computers, but they can think abstractly and plan, solve problems at a general level without going into the details. It's very hard to teach a computer to invent something that isn't there. • Some say we'll see general AI before the turn of the century.

Data Science

• Is a multi-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data

Artificial Intelligence

• It is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers, sometimes called machine intelligence, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals.

Artificial Super Intelligence

• It is when AI becomes much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom and social skills, we've achieved Artificial Super Intelligence. • What happens then, no one knows for sure: Some scientists such as Stephen Hawking see the development of full artificial intelligence as the potential end of humanity. Others, such as Google's Demis Hassabis, believe the smarter AI gets, the better humans will become at saving the environment, curing diseases, explore the universe, and at understanding themselves.

Artificial Narrow Intelligence

• Narrow AI is the only form of Artificial Intelligence that humanity has achieved so far. • This is AI that is good at performing a single task • Examples: Playing chess or Go, Making purchase suggestions Even Google's translation engine, sophisticated as it is, is a form of narrow Artificial Intelligence. • Self-driving car technology is still considered a type of narrow AI, or more precisely, a coordination of several narrow AIs.In essence, narrow AI works within a very limited context, and can't take on tasks beyond its field.

Cognitive tasks include

• Natural language processing for communication with human • Knowledge representation to store information effectively & efficiently • Automated reasoning to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information • Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances • Computer vision to perceive objects (seeing) • Robotics to move objects (acting)

Puzzle

The river crossing puzzle A robot on a rowboat needs to move three pieces of cargo across a river: a fox, a chicken, and a sack of chicken-feed. The fox will eat the chicken if it has the chance, and the chicken will eat the chicken-feed if it has the chance, and neither is a desirable outcome. The robot is capable of keeping the animals from doing harm when it is near them. Only the robot can operate the boat and only one of the pieces of cargo can fit on the rowboat together with the robot.

Artificial intelligence can be classified into three different types:

Artificial Narrow Intelligence Artificial General Intelligence Artificial Super Intelligence

What is the difference between AI and Automation?

Automation is a bunch of machines doing a repetitive task without human intervention. AI focuses on the ability of the machine to make selections and decisions based on different factors. • AI helps improve the automation process by learning and improving itself. to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks

Recognition

• AI excels at pattern recognition, and can predict patterns with a high amount of accuracy. Examples include: Facial Recognition Voice Recognition Text Recognition • A good example of all this is your own phone! These days phones can recognize your face, voice, and fingerprints.

AI in Medicine

• AI is used in medicine for many applications, the most popular being accurate diagnosis. • AI can be trained on multiple images of cancer for example, and then once it has been sufficiently trained, can diagnose whether patients have cancer or not. This is also part of supervised learning we talked about earlier. • In the future, it is likely that AI will also be used to assist doctors in surgical procedures.

Decision Making

• AI is very beneficial in helping to make decisions. • It can accurately and quickly analyze a large amount of data, and make decisions based on that data. • Previously, companies hired people as consultants to help make decisions. • Nowadays AI can be fed a large amount of data and business models to have it help make decisions about how the company should move forward.

AI History

• The Turing Test by Alan Turing 1950 • John McCarthy first coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1955. • 1956 - 1974 the golden years Game Playing: Chess, Checker Machine Translation

Machine Learning

• There is a saying that all Machine Learning (ML) is AI, but not all AI is Machine Learning. • ML can be defined as: Machine learning (ML) is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to effectively perform a specific task without using explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference instead.

Recommendation Systems

These AI systems are tailored to personal use. They see what you like online, learn about you, and provide recommendations for you based on that, and learn from others as well. Examples: product recommenders for services such as Amazon content recommenders for social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter playlist generators for video and music services like Netflix, YouTube and Spotify

AI in Gaming

• Artificial intelligence in video games is largely used to determine the behavior of non-player characters (NPCs) in games. • A nice example of advanced AI in gaming is the Alien in the game, Alien: Isolation. • The enemy alien in the game has not one, but two AI engines controlling it: The first AI tells the alien where the player is, so it always knows where you are. The second AI gives the alien hints as to how to get to you. • The Alien learns how you play and adapts its behavior to anticipate you.

Vera

• The Russian startup Stafory is using Robot Vera, an AIbased software technology, to recruit and hire humans • Here's how it works: Vera is connected to five different job sites, including CareerBuilder, Superjob and Avito, etc... Once recruiters have an open position, they create a detailed job description of what the role entails, the skills needed and a script of interview questions. Vera downloads this information and scours online resumes and cover letters to find qualified candidates. Vera then calls applicants and asks candidates if they're still seeking a job, it uses speech recognition to ask and answer questions about the position and the company.

AI Everyday Uses

• These days AI is almost everywhere in our lives. Examples include: Voice Recognition AI: Siri, Cortana, Alexa Visual AI: Facial or Image Recognition. This has wide uses from unlocking your phone to detecting criminals. Fraud Detection AI: is used at banks and numerous other places to detect fake bills, or potential fraud by analyzing currency patterns. Fake News AI can be used to detect fake news by analyzing and comparing texts. In fact, it can also be used to write fake news as well. Used in email to detect spam.

Autonomous cars

• They require a combination of AI techniques of many kinds: Search and planning to find the most convenient route from A to B Computer vision to identify obstacles Decision making under uncertainty to cope with the complex and dynamic environment. • Each of these must work with almost flawless precision in order to avoid accidents.

The Turing Test

• You enter a room which has a computer terminal. You have a fixed period of time to type what you want into the terminal, and study the replies. At the other end of the line is either a human being or a computer system. • If it is a computer system, and at the end of the period you cannot reliably determine whether it is a system or a human, then the system is deemed to be intelligent.