Intro To Landoforms Ch.11

What are some factors that could allow flood basalts to have high-volume eruptions?

-A large amount of magma is generated in the mantle. -Magma rises to the surface along thick dikes. -The magma is hot and has a low viscosity.

Eruptions on the island of Santorini in Greece resulted in:

-Collapse of a huge caldera that caused part of an island to disappear beneath the sea. -A huge ash column and pyroclastic flows. -Destructive waves that traveled across the sea.

Which of the following was common to the eruptions of Vesuvius and Mount St. Helens?

-Earthquakes before the eruption -Small eruptions of tephra -Pyroclastic flows

Which of the following types of volcanic eruption have occurred on Mount St. Helens since it began erupting in 1980?

-Eruption column -Pyroclastic flow -Volcanic dome

Which area did NOT have casualties caused by the Indonesian earthquake of 2004?

-Indonesia -India and Sri Lanka -Islands in the Indian Ocean -The eastern coast of Africa

Which of the following types of faults does NOT generate earthquakes?

-Normal fault -Reverse fault -Thrust fault -Strike-slip fault

Which of the following are dangerous aspects of composite volcanoes?

-Pyroclastic flows -Landslides and mudflows -Incorrect An eruption column

Which of the following resulted from the large 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan?

-Severe ground shaking that damaged buildings near the earthquake -A deadly tsunami -Destruction of a nuclear power plant

Which of the following occurs in a lava tube?

-The surface of the lava flow solidifies to form a roof over the moving lava. -Lava tubes insulate a lava flow, allowing it to flow farther. -If a lava tube drains, it becomes a tube-shaped cave.

Volcanism creates mountains that are:

-sometimes local and not accompanied by regional increases in crustal thickness. -formed of piled volcanic material, such as scoria, ash, lava flows, debris flows, and mudslides. -varied in size from small cinder cones to large shield and composite volcanoes.

Which of the following is a hazard but not a risk, according to the textbook?

A cinder cone that erupts hot molten fragments on an unpopulated Pacific island

Which of the following is the best indicator a volcano might be very dangerous?

A volcano that contains andesite and welded tuffs

Which of the following factors indicates a high risk for volcanic mudflows or lahars?

A volcano with a thick covering of snow or ice

Which of the following is NOT a way in which a volcano's history indicates the level of hazard it poses to nearby population centers?

Age of the oldest volcanic layer present

Where do most earthquakes occur near mid-ocean ridges?

Along the axis of the ridge and on transform faults that connect ridge segments

Which of the following is NOT a typical eruption style during the growth of a composite volcano?

Caldera collapse

Which of the following is NOT a way in which volcanic domes are commonly destroyed?

Collapse into emptied magma chambers below

Which of the following best describes the temperature of materials typically erupted from volcanoes?

Extremely hot

Which represents the largest igneous eruptions on Earth?

Flood basalts

Which of the following would not be a good idea in an area that has a high risk for earthquakes?

Have many new buildings be made of rigid concrete or masonry

If an area has shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes, what can you infer about the area?

It is near a subduction zone. The shallow earthquakes will be closer to the trench than deeper ones. The depth pattern of earthquakes can be used to determine which way the slab is inclined.

Which of the following are erupted by volcanoes?

Lava Ash Pumice

Which of the following is NOT a common type of volcano?

Mesa

The downfall of which ancient civilization in the Mediterranean closely followed the caldera-forming eruption at Santorini?

Minoan

In order to provide an early warning system, which of the following is least helpful in trying to predict a tsunami?

Monitoring earthquakes in continental settings

What was the most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Vesuvius in Italy?

One or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of Pompeii.

The largest concentration of composite volcanoes on Earth is located along the:

Pacific Ring of Fire.

Which of the following is NOT a typical match between the type of eruption and resulting rock type?

Pyroclastic flow - scoria

What types of rocks are most common in a composite volcano?

Rocks formed from felsic and intermediate lava flows

Which of the following volcanoes is generally the largest?

Shield volcano

Which of the following is a recognizable characteristic of recent calderas?

Steep-sided basin-shaped depression

Which of the following is not evidence of recent activity at a volcano?

Thick, well-developed soil

Which of the following rock types is NOT characteristic of volcanic domes?

Vesicular basalt with very large holes from dangerous gas

Which of the following are ways that viscosity affects gases in magma?

Viscous magma prevents gas from escaping easily.

The typical shape of most volcanoes is shaped like:

a cone.

The eruption that occurred on Mount St. Helens was triggered by:

a huge landslide resulting in a lateral blast that knocked down trees and buildings.

A fold in which rock layers warp up in the shape of an A is a(n):

anticline.

The main hazard of an eruption that forms a large caldera is:

burning, building collapse, and suffocation from an eruption column and pyroclastic flows.

Huge circular depressions from which volcanoes erupt are called:

calderas.

Landslides and volcanic eruptions can cause a tsunami by:

causing a large mass of rock to catastrophically displace the water.

Most deaths from earthquakes are caused by:

collapse of structures

The type of stress that causes most folding is:

compression

Which of the following plate boundaries is least likely to produce composite volcanoes?

continent-continent convergent boundary with a high mountain range (Himalayas)

The special geologic term used to represent the direction of a horizontal line on an inclined surface (like in a fault) is:

dip

Fractures along which the rock has slipped relative to the other side are called:

faults.

Shield volcanoes commonly involve:

fluid lava flows.

When basaltic lava reach the ocean they:

form pillow basalts.

Ash layers from the three most recent caldera-forming eruptions at Yellowstone (2.1, 1.3, and 0.64 million years ago) stretch:

from Canada to Mexico.

The December 26, 2004, Indonesian earthquake occurred:

from subduction of the Indian-Australian plate.

When fluid lava erupts onto the surface, it typically produces:

lava flows.

Most earthquakes occur at depths of:

less than 100 km.

Flood basalt eruptions are fed by:

long fissures/dikes.

Volcanic eruptions can produce huge floods by:

melting ice sheets.

A fold that has only one dipping segment is a(n):

monocline

When a volcano erodes and the solidified conduit is exposed, it is referred to as a volcanic:

neck.

The typical form for a composite volcano is a:

steep-sided cone. Correct

Shield volcanoes have low slopes primarily because:

they are fed from large interconnected composite volcanoes.

Volcanic domes grow from hot lava being injected into the interior of mounds of cooled lava, and from ______ lava flows breaking out and moving down its flanks.

viscous

Steep-sided hills of viscous lava that pile up over volcanic vents are known as:

volcanic domes.