Intro to Psychology "An Exploration" chapter 2 Summary and Quizes
2.10 Identify the different structures of the bottom part of the brain, and describe the function of each
The medulla is at the very bottom of the brain and at the top of the spinal column. It controls life-sustaining functions such as breathing and swallowing. The nerves from each side of the body also cross over in the structure to opposite sides. The pons is above the medulla and acts as a bridge between the lower part of the brain and the upper part. It influences sleep, dreaming, arousal, and coordination of movement on the left and right sides of the body. The reticular formation runs through the medulla and the pons and controls our general level of attention and arousal. The cerebellum is found at the base and back of the brain and coordinates fine, rapid motor movement, learned reflexes, posture, and muscle tone. It may also be involved in some cognitive and emotional functions.
B
The neurons of the sensory pathway contain A. Efferent neurons B. Afferent neurons C. Both efferent and afferent neurons D. Voluntary muscle fibers
A
Which neurotransmitter stimulates muscle cells to contract but slows contractions in the heart? A. Acetylcholine (ACh) B. GABA C. Serotonin D. Endorphin
C
Heroin mimics the actions of endorphins, inhibiting pain signals and creating a "High" feeling. Heroin is an example of a(n) A. Protagonist B. Antagonist C. Agonist D. Glial cell
2.14 Explain how some brain functions different between the left and right hemispheres
Studies with split-brain patients, in which the corpus callosum has been severed to correct epilepsy, reveal that the left side of the brain seems to control language, writing, logical thought, and analysis and mathematical abilities. The left side also processes information sequentially. The right side of the brain processes information globally and controls emotional expression, spatial perception, and recognition of faces,, patterns, melodies, and emotions. Information presented only to the left hemisphere can be verbalized, but information only sent to the right cannot.
2.5 describe the role of the somatic and autonomic nervous system
The somatic nervous system contains the sensory pathways, or neurons carrying messages to the central nervous system, and the motor pathway, or neurons carrying messages from the central nervous system to the voluntary muscles. The autonomic nervous system consists of the parasympathetic division and sympathetic division. The sympathetic division is our fight-or-flight system, reacting to stress, Whereas the parasympathetic division is our eat-drink-and-rest system that restores and maintains normal day-to-day functioning of the organs.
A
The venom of a black widow spider acts like a(n)_______by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine A. Agonist B. Antagonist C. Protagonist D. Glial cell
D
Tori and Ethan are synchronized swimmers for their college swim team. They often work long hours to ensure that movements in their routine are perfectly timed. What part of their brains must Tori and Ethan rely most upon? A. Medulla B. Pons C. Reticular formation D. Cerebellum
B
Tori's ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the________pathway of the________nervous system A. Sensory; somatic B. Motor; Somatic C. Autonomic; Peripheral D. Parasympathetic; autonomic
B
Tori's grandfather recently suffered a stroke and has had difficulty with language production ever since. Most likely, he has experienced damage to the______Area of his brain A. Right rear B. Left frontal C. Left rear D. Right frontal
B
Although the brain works largely as a whole, which of the following is not a correct pairing of hemisphere and function? A. Left; control of right-handed motor functions B. Right; control of right-handed motor functions C. Rights; recognition of faces D. Left; reading
B
As you take notes, your heart beats in the normal rate. Your breathing is normal and your stomach slowly digest your earlier meal. What division of the peripheral nervous system is currently in action? A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic C. Autonamic D. Somatic
2.13 Identify the parts of the cortex that are responsible for higher forms of thought, such as language.
Association areas of the cortex are found in all the lobes and particularly in the frontal lobes. These areas help people make sense of the information they receive from primary sensory areas and the lower areas of the brain A region called Broca's area in the left frontal lobe is responsible for producing fluent, understandable speech. If damaged, the person has Broca's aphasia, in which words will be halting and pronounced incorrectly. The area called Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe is responsible for the understanding of language. If damaged, the person has Wernicke's aphasia, in which speech is fluent but nonsensical. The wrong words are used.
B
Bailey is a subject in a study on memory and problem-solving the researcher is applying magnetic pulses to her brain through copper wire coils position directly above her scalp Bailey's study would be best described as a(n) A. Invasive stimulation techniques B. Noninvasive stimulation techniques C. EEG technique D. PET technique
2.9 Describe how neurimaging techniques can provide information about the brains structure and function
Different neuroimaging methods allows scientists to investigate the structure or the function of the living brain. The electroencephalograph allows researchers to look at the electroencephalogram (EEG), or electrical activity of the surface of the brain, through the use of electrodes placed on the scalp that are then amplified and viewed using a computer. ERPs allow researchers to look at the timing and progression of cognitive processes. CT scans are computer-aided X-rays of the brain and show the skull and brain structure. MRI scans use a magnetic field, radio pulses, and a computer to give researchers and even more detailed look at the structure of the brain. fMRI allows researchers to look at the activity of the brain over a time period. PET scans use a radioactive sugar injected into the bloodstream to track the activity of brain cells, which is enhanced and color-coded by a computer. SPECT allows for the imaging of brain blood flow.
A
Dr. role is conducting a research study. She wants to measure the connectivity in the research participants frames by imaging there white matter. Which of the following methods will she use? A. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) B. MRI spectroscopy C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) D. Computed tomography (CT)
2.2 describe the action potential
A neuron contains charged particles called ions. When at rest, the neuron is negatively charged on the inside and positively charged on the outside. When stimulated, this reverses the charge by allowing positive sodium ions to enter the cell. This is the action potential. Neurons fire in an all-or-nothing manner. It is the speed and number of neurons firing that tell researchers the strength of the stimulus.
2.15 Identify some potential causes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
ADHD is often diagnosed in children but may persist into adulthood. Multiple causes are possible including genetic, environmental, and several differences in brain structure and function.
B
If you were suffering from neurological problems and your neurologist wanted to have a study done of your brain and its electrical functioning, which of the following techniques would involve placing Metal or sponge like electrodes directly onto your scalp? A. PTI B. EEG C. PET D. DTI
D
If your roommate has a problem paying attention, it may be due to damage to this part of the limbic system A. Hippo campus B. Hypothalamus C. Cerebellum D. Cingulate cortex
B
In the structure of the neuron, the______receives messages from other cells. A. Axon B. Dendrite C. Soma D. Myelin
D
In which of Selye's stages is death a possible outcome? A. Alarm B. Resistance C. Reaction D. Exhaustion
C
Maria often sleeps soundly and rarely awakens to any outside noise. However, the cry of Maria's baby can awaken her immediately. What part of the brain is responsible for this reaction? A. Medulla B. Pons C. Reticular formation D. Cerebellum
A
Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the A. Synaptic gap B. Reuptake inhibitor C. Neuron D. Glial cell
C
Of the following, which is not one of the stages of the General adaptation syndrome? A. Resistance B. Exhaustion C. Compensation D. Alarm
C
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate a fatty substance known as A. Glial B. Soma C. Myelin D. Neurilemma
C
Part of the human immune system is the presence of_______cells, whose primary function is to suppress viruses and destroy tumor cells A. Leukotriene B. Histamine C. Natural killer (NK) D. Blastocyst
D
Robert has had difficulty sleeping for the past six months and his body seemingly no longer differentiates between night and day. His doctor believes the problem lies with Roberts endocrine system. What gland Will Roberts physician focus on? A. Pituitary B. Adrenal C. Thyroid D. Pineal
2.3 describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body
Synaptic vesicles in the end of the axon terminal release neurotransmitter chemicals into the synapse , or gap, between one cell and the next. The neurotransmitter molecules fit into receptor sites on the next cell, stimulating or inhibiting that cell's firing. Neurotransmitters may be either excitatory or inhibitory. The first known neurotransmitter was acetylcholine (ACh). it stimulates muscles, helps in memory formation, and plays a role in arousal and attention. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter or; high amounts of GABA are released when drinking alcohol. Serotonin is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite Dopamine is associated with Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia Endorphins are neural regulators that control our pain response Most neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vessels in a process called reuptake. ACh is cleared out of the synapse by enzymes that break up the molecules
B
Involuntary muscles are controlled by the_______nervous system. A. Somatic B. Autonomic C. Sympathetic D. Parasympathetic
2.7 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress
The General adaptation syndrome is the body's reaction to stress and includes three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Stress causes the immune system to react as though an illness or invading organism has been detected, increasing the functioning of the immune system. As the stress continues or increases, the immune system can begin to fail.
B
The ability to detect changes in temperature, pressure, and body position is due in part to the functions of the________lobe A. Frontal B. Parietal C. Temporal D. Corpus
2.4 explain how the brain and spinal cord in a rant, describe some misconceptions about the brain, and explain neuroplasticity
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord The spinal cord serves two functions. The outer part of the cord transmits messages to and from the brain, whereas the inner part controls lifesaving reflexes such as the pain response. Spinal cord reflexes involve afferent neurons, interneurons and efferent neurons, forming a simple reflex arc. The peripheral nervous system is all the neurons and nerves that are not part of the brain and spinal cord and that extend throughout the body There are two systems within the peripheral nervous system, the somatic nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. Some common misconceptions about the brain are that older brains can't make new cells and that people use only 10% of their brain. It is important to use critical thinking skills to evaluate news stories about the brain. Neuroplasticity Refers to the brains ability to modify its structure and function as a result of experience or injury; researchers are examining ways to capitalize on this feature to assist individuals with brain injury or disease.
D
Torrey has suffered a severe blow to the back of her head when she was thrown from her horse. Subsequently, her occipital lobe has been injured. Which of her senses has the highest chance of being affected? A. Hearing B. Touch C. Taste and smell D. Vision
2.8 Describe how lesioning studies and brain stimulation are used to study the brain
We can study the brain by using lesioning techniques to destroy certain areas of the brain in laboratory animals or by electrically stimulating those areas (ESB). We can use case studies of human brain damage to learn about the brain functions but cannot easily generalize from one case to another. rTMS and tDCS are noninvasive methods for stimulating the brain.
D
What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning,? A. Shallow lesioning B. Deep lesioning C. Cell regeneration D. Neuroplasticity
D
What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the "rind" or outer covering? A. Thalamus B. Medulla C. Corpus callosum D. Cortex
A
When a neuron is in the resting state, the neuron is negatively charged on the _______And positively charged on the______. A. Inside; outside B. Outside; inside C. Top; bottom D. Bottom; top
B
When a neuron's resting potential is occurring, the neuron is_________charged on the inside. A. Positively B. Negatively C. Both positively and negatively D. Neutrally
D
Which gland(s) is/are known to influence all other glands within the endocrine system? A. Pineal gland B. Pituitary gland C. Thyroid D. Adrenal gland
D
Which of the following is associated with pain relief? A. Acetylcholine B. Glutamate C. Serotonin D. Endorphins
C
Which of the following may surround a neurons axon, as well as help to speed along electrical impulses A. Synaptic knob's B. Receptor sites C. Myelin sheath D. Neuromodulators
D
Which of the following techniques involves passing a mild current through the brain to activate certain structures without damaging them, and has become an important technique in psychology? A. Electroconvulsive tomography (ECT) B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C.fMRI D. PET
A
Which of the following would be active if you have just had an automobile accident? A. Sympathetic division B. Parasympathetic division C. Somatic division D. Motor division
B
Which one of the following is not a function of glial cells? A. Getting nutrients to the neurons B. Generating action potentials C. Cleaning up the remains of dead neurons D. Providing insulation
B
Which part of the brain tends to process information globally? A. Left hemisphere B. Right hemisphere C. Corpus callosum D. Cerebellum
A
Which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells? A. Axon B. Dendrite C. Soma D. Myelin
A
Your friend Tori has suffered from diabetes for her entire life. She regularly test her blood to make sure her sugar levels are not too high or low. Which glands in her endocrine system is responsible for regulating her blood sugar? A. Pancreas B. Thyroid C. Pituitary D. Adrenal
A
Your psychology professor refers to this as the great sensor relay station of the brain. What part is he or she referring to? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Hippocampus D. Amygdala
2.6 explain how the hormones released by glands interact with the nervous system and affect behavior.
Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream, influencing the activity of the muscles and organs. The pituitary gland is found in the brain just below the hypothalamus. Among its many functions, it helps us to conserve water and controls oxytocin, A hormone involved in the onset of labor and lactation. The pituitary also regulates growth hormone and influences the activity of the other glands. The pineal gland is also located in the brain. It secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle, in response to changes in the light. The thyroid gland is located inside the neck. It controls metabolism (the burning of energy) by secreting thyroxine. The pancreas controls the level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagons. Too much insulin produces hypoglycemia, whereas two little causes diabetes. The gonads are the ovaries in women and testes in men. They secrete hormones to regulate sexual growth, activity, and reproduction. The adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney, control the stress reaction through the adrenal medulla's secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Adrenal cortex secretes over 30 different corticoids (hormones), controlling salt intake, stress, and sexual development
C
Ethan has always been thin, in fact, he often seems to be able to eat whatever he wants without gaining weight. The doctor told his parents that Andrews_______gland is the cause of his fast metabolism A. Pituitary B. Adrenal C. Thyroid D. Pancreas
D
Ethan is recovering from a brain injury. He is able to speak fluently but often uses incorrect words in a sentence. In one instance at a friends birthday party, he said,"I would like something to drink. Can I have some battery?" Ethan's problem is known as A. Spatial neglect B. Visual agnosia C. Broca's aphasia D. Wernicke's aphasia
A
If you touch a hot stove, your spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send the message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientist call A. The reflex arc B. Neuroplasticity C. The parasympathetic nervous system D. The sympathetic nervous system
D
If you were developed A rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain is most likely be damaged? A. Cingulate cortex B. Hypothalamus C. Thalamus D. Amygdala
2.12 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body.
The cortex is the outer covering of the cerebrum and consists of tightly packed layer of neurons about 1/10 of an inch in thickness. It's wrinkles, corticalization, allow for greater cortical area and are associated with greater brain complexity. The cortex is divided into two cerebral hemispheres connected by a thick band of neural fibers called the corpus callosum. The occipital lobes at the back and base of each hemisphere process vision and contain the primary visual cortex. The parietal lobes at the top and back of the cortex contain the somatosensory area, which processes our sense of touch, temperature, and body position. The temporal lobes contain the primary auditory area and are also involved in understanding language. The frontal lobe's contain the motor cortex, which controls the voluntary muscles, and are also where all the higher mental functions occur, such as planning, language, and complex decision-making.
2.11 Identify structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation.
The limbic system consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. The thalamus is the relay station that sends sensory information to the proper areas of the cortex. The hypothalamus controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, sleeping and waking, and emotions. It also controls the pituitary gland The hippocampus is the part of the brain responsible for the formation of long-term declarative memories. The amygdala controllers our fear responses and memory of fearful stimuli
2.1 identify the parts of a neuron and describe the function of each
The nervous system is a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body The brain is made up of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells Neurons have four primary components; dendrites that receive input, A soma or cell body, axons that carry the neural message to other cells, and axon terminals that are the site of neurotransmitter release Glial cells separate, support, and insulate neurons, and influence thinking, memory, and other forms of cognition Myelin insulates and protects the axons of neurons that travel in the body. These axons bundled together in "cables" called nerves. Myelin also speeds up the neural message
