Intro To Psychology Chapter 7 Quiz

While driving her children, Adriana's car broke down. She called her husband on the cell phone for the number of a towing company. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the number to herself, most likely Adriana will need to dial the phone number within the next __________ or she will forget the number.

15 seconds

Estimates suggest that as many as 13 million Americans will suffer from Alzheimer's disease by the year ________ if a cure cannot be found before that time.

2050

The number of digits a person can remember is called the Magic Number. At about the age of 12, a child's memory is usually sufficient for a Magic Number of _______ (plus or minus 2).

7

Which of the following is the best example of chunking?

Andrea creates a sentence using all of her vocabulary words.

Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?

Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age

What point did the authors make regarding claims of recovered memories of childhood abuse?

Childhood abuse claims need to be supported by supporting evidence in order to be believed as real.

Which of the following best illustrates retroactive interference?

Coach Todd calls one of her old softball players the name of one of her new players.

Which of the following situations is most likely to create a flashbulb memory?

Finding out that one or one's partner is pregnant

Billy has just returned home from visiting his grandparents. His grandfather always had a jar of jelly beans on the table, and his mother asked Billy about the jar. "Sure," says Billy, "it was right there where it always was." Billy's mother knew that the jar was gone. The grandfather had recently been diagnosed with diabetes and had cut down on his sugar intake. Why did Billy remember seeing the jar of jelly beans?

He reconstructed his memory using new and old information.

Who is most likely suffering from retrograde amnesia?

Margie, who can't remember much of anything prior to being attacked on the street after a late-night party

After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of

memory illusion

Textbooks often give quizzes at the end of chapters to help students identify what material they know and what material they need to spend more time reviewing. This understanding demonstrates

meta-memory

Albert realizes that he has to study differently for essay tests in history than the multiple-choice test in his psychology class. In which aspect of memory is he demonstrating growth?

metamemory

A child's ability to understand that others' perspectives can differ from theirs is called theory of __________.

mind

To demonstrate the ________ effect, Loftus and Palmer used a variety of words like hit, collided, or smashed to elicit very different estimates from study participants about the speed of vehicles involved in a traffic accident.

misinformation

The gradual strengthening of the connections between neurons by repetitive stimulation over time is referred to as long-term ________.

potentiation

Charlie is completing a "word search" puzzle. He first finds the word SOLDIER after looking for some time, but then is able to find the word MILITARY much more rapidly. This ability to find a stimulus more easily after encountering a similar stimulus demonstrates the process of

priming

In long-term memory, the __________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information.

procedural

Just before taking your French I exam, you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the

recency effect

Oscar is writing a fictional autobiography. He is combining real events with those that could have happened, as well as a few creative additions. In terms of the memory system, this approach is most similar to

reconstructive memory

Your textbook suggests that the research into state-dependent learning has not consistently found the effect to be very powerful. Reasons for this lack of consistent findings include the idea that we learn information in multiple settings, not just one. These different findings provide a problem for the critical thinking concept of ________.

replicability

In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of

retrieval

What concept best explains why students often do worse on standardized tests like the ACT that are often taken in cafeterias and gymnasiums, as opposed to their regular classroom?

retrieval cues

Following a car accident, Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesia. Joan cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Jane cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Joan suffers from __________ amnesia and Jane from __________ amnesia.

retrograde; anterograde

Researchers exploring the relative influence of decay and interference on memory found that whether a list of digits was read at a slow or fast pace, items that came later in the list were more difficult to remember. This provided evidence that interference, and not decay, is the major factor in forgetting. For those who had subscribed to the decay theory of forgetting, this research points out the importance of

ruling out hypotheses

The part of the brain where the emotional component of memories are stored is called the ________.

amygdala

Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory-enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend

any sugary liquid

According to the authors, most of the events we experience

are never encoded and thus never stored in long-term memory.

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters the memory system and is later used is

encoding, storage, retrieval

Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when

the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions.

In the 1920s, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the ______, the actual physical trace of a memory in the brain. He later concluded that memories are not stored this way.

engram

Remembering that your father used to read The Cat in the Hat to you every night best illustrates which type of memory?

episodic

Shonda cannot remember where she parked her car. Specifically, which type of memory could currently be causing Shonda a problem?

episodic

Scientists devise ________ in order to ensure that the memories elicited in their false-memory-implantation experiments are actually false.

existence proofs

Some scientists posit that _______ is not one system but actually many systems.

long term memory

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?

long term memory

Research seeking the engram, conducted by Lashley, has conclusively demonstrated that

there is no single place in the brain where memory is exclusively stored.

Hideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people retain information over time?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered

memory

When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the band's name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of

tip of the tongue phenomenon

An important criticism of the levels-of-processing model is that it is

unfalsifiable

Your authors report that the research into the effectiveness of distributed practice has been clear and unequivocal - spreading out our learning over longer intervals is much more effective then cramming our learning into shorter periods of time. This research has been repeated with the same findings over and over again. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking from your textbook?

Replicability

That frustrating feeling of knowing you know something but can't pull it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon because

TOT stands for tip of the tongue

What does the result of research on primacy and recency effects suggest about human memory?

The forgetting of information occurs in predictable ways.

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the use of schemas in remembering?

The use of schemas can lead us to remember things that never happened

Your best friend is an airline pilot. You often ask him about his flying experiences, but the stories he tells are rather bland. One day he invites you to accompany him on a flight. Surprisingly, once you are up in the air, he begins to share with you all kinds of interesting stories. What is the best explanation for this change?

context-dependent learning

During lecture each day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of

decay

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that

decay does not occur for these memories.

__________ psychology is the study of how behavior changes over the lifespan.

developmental

Leola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term.

distributed practice

When a teacher tells you to start studying weeks before the exam rather than waiting until the last minute, he or she is really advising you to use

distributed practice

To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would be most likely to highlight the use of

elaborative rehearsal

We can use mnemonics to help us ________ information we want to retain in our memories.

encode

Jeff is studying with a fellow classmate and is frustrated that he is missing several important concepts from his notes. Jeff claims that the professor "never said that in class," and yet his friend has the information recorded in his notes. What kind of failure of memory might Jeff have experienced?

encoding

According to your textbook, some proponents of Scientology have suggested that negative statements overheard by fetuses, embryos, and even zygotes can be "reactivated" in adulthood, triggering low self-esteem and psychology difficulties. The research, however, has failed to support these claims. Which principle of critical thinking is best demonstrated by this example?

extraordinary claims

The most important factor in the majority of the cases where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was

faulty eye witness testimony

You are telling your friend about a trip you took to Sea World when you were a child. During the middle of the show, the trainer slipped, fell into the water, and was nearly killed. You can remember the scene as if it happened yesterday. This is an example of which type of memory?

flashbulb

The fact that people usually correctly remember where they were when they learned of the September 11th attacks but are less exact about what they were doing or who told them, leads researchers to believe that ________, while not completely reliable, contain "substantial kernels of accuracy."

flashbulb memories

The area of the brain heavily involved in the formation of lasting, long-term memories is

hippocampus

Lizzie is staring at the diagram of an eye that will appear on the exam she will take in the next few minutes. She thinks that by staring at the diagram for a very long time she can "burn" the image into her brain. Although this strategy won't work, she is hoping to take advantage of her __________ memory.

iconic

As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting

immediately after learning new words

A psychologist gives you a mathematical equation to solve, then a list of letters to remember, and then another mathematical equation to solve. He then asks you to recall the list of letters. Your inability to recall the entire list of letters is a result of

interference

Sabrina has a psychology midterm tomorrow afternoon. Before taking her test, she has to go to her sociology class in the morning. Which of the following provides the best explanation as to why Sabrina might struggle on her psychology exam?

interference

Shanna has a quiz covering research methods for both her biology and psychology classes. As she studies, she is continually getting information confused between the classes. The resulting memory loss is explained by

interference

When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred.

interference

Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory

involves no deliberate attention or effort.

Carolyn Rovee-Collier studied memory in infants by conditioning babies to ________ when they saw a particular mobile over their cribs.

kick their legs

Which of the following is NOT one of the three processes of memory?

literacy

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major processes of memory?

long term

The research by Lloyd and Margaret Peterson suggests that the duration of short-term memory is about 15 seconds, but some have proposed that it may be as short as 5 seconds. These other theorists have suggested that some of the participants in the Petersons' study were able to silently rehearse the letters they were shown, thus appearing to have a longer short-term memory duration. This alternate explanation for the Petersons' findings demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?

ruling out rival hypotheses

Though many people suffering from depression report that they were treated harshly by their parents during childhood, it is possible that this was not, in fact, the case. Another explanation is that people suffering from depression experience memory distortions of their childhood, where negative themes predominate. This demonstrates the importance of

ruling out rival hypotheses

Knowing how to navigate the route from one's residence hall room to the location of one's college algebra class is an example of a

schema

The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, "Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing.

semantic

Which two types of memories are both considered to be part of explicit memory?

sematic and episodic

The brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory is called ________ memory.

sensory

What type of graph would be used to illustrate the primacy and recency effects?

serial position curve

The Magic Number of short-term memory is

seven plus or minus 2

Which of the following is more highly correlated with memory span in children?

shoe size

The system of memory that can hold approximately 7 "chunks" of information for approximately 15 seconds is called

short term

Rebecca stops after reading two or three paragraphs in her psychology text. She rehearses and thinks about the material she has just read before continuing on. The aspect of memory Rebecca is most concerned with is the limited duration of

short term memory

Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate

source monitoring

Mimi is recovering from serious back surgery and has been taking pain medication for the last several days. She has received multiple phone calls from friends and family. Later that week, off her medication, she can't seem to remember the names of anyone who called her. Which of the following provides the best explanation for her memory failure?

state dependent

Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students' names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of

the paradox of memory