Respiration Test
if a glucose molecule has 6 carbon atoms, how many carbon atoms in an acetate molecule?
2
in glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose how many ATP are needed to get the reactions going?
2
in glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose what is the net ATP production?
2
in the krebs cycle (including the pre-krebs part), the energy in each molecule of glucose is converted into (blank) molecules of ATP
2
In the Krebs cycle (including the "pre-krebs" part), each molecule of pyruvate is broken down into (blank) molecules of CO2 gas
3
how many carbon atoms in the above product?
3
if a glucose molecule has 6 carbon atoms, how many carbon atoms in a pyruvate molecule?
3
In the ETC, (blank) ATP are created from each molecule of glucose that enters the system
34
and speaking of ATP, how many are generated in the ETC from the oxidation of 1 glucose?
34
in glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose how many total ATP are produced?
4
Inputs of respiration and outputs of photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O
In the krebs cycle (including the pre-krebs part), the energy in each molecule of glucose is converted into (blank) molecules of NADH
8
Oxaloacetate is converted into (blank) when the acetate molecule combines with oxaloacetate
citrate
The main goal of the Electron transport chain is to
convert NADH into lots of ATP
The main goal of respiration is to
convert energy in sugar into ATP
anaerobic respiration
doesn't need oxygen, starts with glycolysis too. glycolysis doesn't need oxygen so its technically an anaerobic process. There are 2 main forms of anaerobic processes. alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
what is the final product for alcoholic fermentation?
ethanol
True or false, anaerobic organisms can extract more ATP from each glucose molecule and are considered to be more efficient than aerobes
false
True or false, glycolysis is the first part of respiration and happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane
false
true or false, in alcohol fermentation, the pyruvate is converted into oxaloacetate before being converted into ethanol
false
true or false, in lactic acid ferm, 36 ATP are produced from each molecule of glucose
false
true or false, producing alcohol is the main goal of a creature, like yeast, during alc. ferm.
false
true or false, the process of alc. ferm. happens in the mitochondria
false
true or false, you can easily tell that a human uses the krebs cycle because humans exhale the gas, oxygen, which everyone knows is produced by the Krebs cycle
false
In the ETC, what powers the pumps and what do the pumps pump?
flow of electrons, H+ ions
In which direction do the pumps pump their "materials"?
from in to out (to the donut space)
In lactic acid fermentation, (Blank) is the main input
glucose
what is the main input for both fermentation pathways?
glucose
What are the 2 outputs for photosynthesis?
glucose and oxygen
What are the two inputs for aerobic cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen
for aerobic cellular respiration name two inputs besides ATP and NADH
glucose and oxygen
Which phase of respiration is glucose oxidized into pyruvate?
glycolysis
the three main phases of aerobic respiration are (list them), and the number of ATP generated are (list them after the phase), and the one that uses oxygen is:
glycolysis 2, krebs cycle 2, electron transport chain 34, ETC uses oxygen
Which two processes each produce 2 ATP from the breakdown of one glucose molecule? (Aerobic)
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
In the ETC, oxygen is used
in the very last step to combine H+, e-, and oxygen to make water
about the krebs, what happens to the carbon in pyruvate as pyruvate completes its journey through the krebs cylce?
the carbon that made up pyruvate is released into the atmosphere in the form of CO2
If an aerobe stops breathing and runs out of oxygen, the very first thing to happen in the cell is that
the electrons would stop moving on the ETC
in alcoholic fermentation, the acetaldehyde must be converted into ethanol. why?
the only way to keep extracting the ATP from the glucose is to use NAD+ to accept the electrons that the glucose needs to get rid of. The cell would quickly run out of NAD+ if it wasn't recycled
When plants use the pathway called alcohol fermentation, they can produce (blank) ATP from each glucose molecule?
2
how many carbon atoms in the above product (ethanol)?
2
For every molecule of pyruvate that enters the Krebs cycle, (Blank) molecules of ATP are produced
1
The basic cycles for aerobic respiration
1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is the main input. ATP is the main output. Converting energy in stored sugar is the main goal. The glucose enters the process glycolysis (happens in the cytoplasm), and 2 ATP are produced. The leftovers enters the Krebs cycle and 2 more ATP are produced (and CO2 gas), finally, the leftovers enter the ETC where 34 ATP are produced (this step requires O2 gas). The last 2 steps happen in the mitochondria, and are considered aerobic
For every molecule of glucose that enters the Kreb cycle, (how many) molecules of ATP are produced?
2
In glycolysis, to get the reactions going, (blank) ATP must be "spent" to break down each molecule of glucose (more ATP to be recovered later)
2
In glycolysis, when glucose is broken down by a series of complex biochemical pathways, 4 ATP are produced. What is the "net" number of ATP produced by glycolysis overall (for the breakdown of one glucose molecule)?
2
In the krebs cycle (including the pre-krebs part), the energy in each molecule of glucose is converted into (blank) molecules of FADH2
2
The main goal of cellular respiration is to produce (blank) from sugar (and from the other foods we eat)
ATP/energy
the ETC
After a little pumping of the hydrogen, the space is filling up with H+ ions and if something isn't done about it, the membrane is going to rupture. But the ATP synthase (machine) helps. The H+ ions start going through the door. You learned about this process in the thylakoid and this is how the ATP is made. In reality, from each molecule of glucose that was initially brought in to this model of aerobic respiration, enough NADH is made (and then split) to enable the ATP machine to make 34 ATP.
Breathing in oxygen
Breathing in oxygen gas does create some problems, mainly in that oxygen gas is a powerful oxidant and chemical reactions that involve oxygen can create damaging by-products called free radicals. Oxygen was considered a toxic substance. Remember, it started out as a waste product of photosynthesis, plants produced it from the splitting of water and then they got rid of it by dumping it out through their leaf stomata
Outputs of respiration and inputs of photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2
for aerobic cellular respiration name two outputs besides ATP and NADH
CO2 and H2O
what waste gas does alcoholic fermentation produce that the other one doesn't?
Co2
What molecule is the "taxi" and delivers the acetate to the Krebs cycle?
Coenzyme A
Which process produces 34 ATP from the breakdown of one glucose molecule?
ETC
True or false, the inputs for photosynthesis are the same as the inputs for respiration
False
What's useful in alcoholic fermentation
Glucose is oxidized yielding 2 ATP. The remaining energy is locked up in the waste product, pyruvate. Pyruvate then gives off CO2 (another waste product) becoming acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde turns into the final waste product, ethanol, converting NADH back into NAD+ along the way. Ethanol still contains a lot of energy because it will catch on fire and burn. Ethanol is toxic to cells and so it ends up being released into the environment in which the cell lives.
When ATP is made (blank) flows through the ATP synthase "machine" to make ATP
H+
besides ATP, what is the output of the ETC?
H2O
Creatures that consume oxygen metabolism
High metabolic rates, and the more active a creature is, the higher the metabolic rate.
Which process is responsible for breaking apart the carbon atoms in glucose and producing CO2 as a waste product?
Krebs cycle
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation is another anaerobic process that happens in the cytoplasm of cells because only 2 ATP molecules are energized from one molecule of glucose that enters the process. The remaining energy is stored in the waste product lactic acid (lactate), which gets broken down by the body at a later time. This process mainly happens in the muscle cells during periods of intense exercise. Even though you are an aerobic organism and definitely take deep, quick breaths consume huge quantities of oxygen, many of your muscle cells are working too hard and can't get enough oxygen, so they switch to anaerobic fermentation.
during lactic acid ferm, what molecule, besides sugar, is needed to keep the glycolysis part running?
NAD+
in fermentation, NAD+ oxidizes the main input and it gets turned into NADH. Pick one of the fermentation processes and tell me what the NADH turns into
NAD+
When NADH is split in the Krebs cycle in preparation for the ETC, 3 different products are produced. What are they?
NAD+, H+, e-
What is the main input for the beginning of the ETC?
NADH
What molecule in glycolysis acts as an electron acceptor (oxidizing the glucose) so that the glucose can be converted into the various products?
NADH
in glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose which of these is also produced? NADPH, oxygen gas, CO2, or NADH
NADH
Which organisms carry out some form of photosynthesis?
Plants and some bacteria
before the electron transport chain (ETC)
So far, for each molecule of glucose we have made 2 ATP (glycolysis), 2 ATP (Krebs), and a bunch of NADH and FADH2. The remaining energy stored in teh NADH and FADH2, is transferred to ATP in the ETC, yielding 34 ATP. This system works so efficiently because oxygen gas is used, which is why aerobic creatures need to breathe in oxygen. Compared to both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, the ETC is the largest producer of ATP of these three systems.
The reason for alcohol fermentation
Some species are anaerobic, and don't breathe in oxygen. They can't carry out the Krebs cycle or the ETC. To get energy out of glucose, they use a process called alcoholic fermentation, where they only get 2 ATP from an entire molecule of glucose. Alcoholic fermentation is a biochemical process that happens in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require an organelle such as the mitochondria.
Wine makers use alc. fermentation
Sugar, yeast cells (types of fungi), and fruit juice are combined and the vessel is sealed up so that oxygen can't get in. The yeasts switch their metabolism to the anaerobic mode (for they can do both) and start digesting the sugars. CO2 is released and the vat of liquid begins to bubble. A valve lets the CO2 out and over several days or weeks, the sugars are converted into ethanol. Yeasts survive until the amount of ethanol builds up to about 15 percent. At that point, they start to die and the alc. fermentation process stops. What kills the yeasts is that they are basically swimming around in their own waste product! To finish the product the wine maker basically strains the vat of fluid and seals the colored liquid in a clean vat. Tiny particles and bits of debris settle to the bottom of the vat and accumulate in a layer of sludge. After several weeks or months of settling, the winemaker siphons off the clear liquid into wine bottles where they get sealed with a cork. In this state the wine is allowed to age for more months or even years.
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs begins with a "starter" molecule of oxaloacetate. The acetate is delivered to the Krebs where it combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate. After complicated biochemical reactions, the citrate is oxidized to produce 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 ATP, and some FADH2. The end result is oxaloacetate, and we begin the cycle again.
Summary of the Krebs
The energy in pyruvate is transferred to other energy-carrying molecules like NADH, ATP, and FADH2. The carbon that made up the pyruvate was released back into the atmosphere in the form of CO2 (main waste product). The model is shown for what hpapens to 1 molecule of pyruvate, but since 2 molecules of pyruvate come from each molecule of glucose, the inputs and outputs would be shown as: 1 glucose -> to 2 pyruvate -> 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 6 CO2 and some FADH2
the beginning of the ETC
The mitochondria has two membranes, an inner one and an outer one, creating a large space between the them. The Krebs is producing NADH, which splits, forming H+ ions, electrons (e-), and NAD+. The NAD+ gets sent back to the Krebs to do some more oxidizing of pyruvate. The electrons get channeled into the inner membrane and move along the membrane, passing from molecule to molecule until they encounter the H+ pump. The mitochondria has an H+ pump, which pumps H+ ions from the very inside into the doughnut-shaped space. This is an example of active transport.
more detail on the ETC
The model is aerobic, which means the model needs oxygen in order to work. Oxygen wasn't used in glycolysis or the Krebs cycle. In the ETC, oxygen diffuses into the mitochondria's inner space and "catches" the electrons as they come hopping off the membrane. Oxygen is being reduced. Leo the Lion says Ger. In case you don't speak lionese, the saying means "lose electrons oxidized, gain electrons reduced".
what is meant by the term facultative anaerobe?
The organism can switch their mode of metabolism depending on circumstances.
describe the general relationship between the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
The outputs of one process are the inputs of the other process
Alcohol Fermentation
The process begins with a molecule of glucose and ends with two molecules of alcohol. First, the glucose is split into 2, 3-carbon pyruvates. This part is similar to glycolysis and is where the 2 ATP are generated. The problem is that the glucose is oxidized using NAD+ and unless the cell recycles the product NADH back into NAD+, the cell will run out of NAD+ and the ability of the cell to convert future glucose molecules into pyruvate will stop. However, there's a solution. Each pyruvate releases 1 molecule of CO2 and becomes an intermediate molecule called acetaldehyde. Each acetaldehyde is converted into a molecule of ethanol and in doing so NADH is recycled back into NAD+.
Pre-Krebs/Krebs in detail
The pyruvate gives up 1 molecule of CO2, creating NADH and an acetate. The acetate combines with Coenzyme A, and is delivered to the rest of the Krebs. After dumping off the acetate, the coenzyme A is recycled back. No ATP is needed for this loop. the process begins in the cytoplasm.
Metabolic Rate
The rate (speed) at which a creature can convert food energy into ATP
Similarities and differences between lactic and alcoholic fermentation
They both begin with glucose and produce only 2 ATP. They both need a big supply of NAD+ so they can convert that glucose to pyruvate. They both convert that pyruvate into a waste product so that the NADH can be recycled back into NAD+. And both of their waste products are energy-rich. Lactic acid fermentation doesn't produce any waste CO2. Therefore, lactic acid (the final waste product) is made of a 3-carbon molecule whereas ethanol (the waste product in alcoholic fermentation) is made of a 2-carbon molecule. Another difference is that pyruvate is converted directly into its waste produce whereas in alcoholic fermentation, an intermediate molecule (acetaldehyde) is produced
Cellular respiration
To eat other creatures to get the energy we need.
Summary of the Fermentations
To summarize, for fermentations, the main goal is to convert some of the energy stored in glucose into 2 ATP. This happens in an anaerobic environment. Producing the various waste products is a necessary part of the process but doesn't benefit the cell at that time and in some cases, can actually kill the cells that make it.
True or false, the outputs of photosynthesis are the same as the inputs for aerobic cellular respiration?
True
why is being an anaerobe so important?
We can use the same model to compare what happens to an anaerobic creature like a bacterium. They only go through the first step (glycolysis) and only get 2 ATP from the glucose molecule.
Facultative Anaerobes
Yeasts can switch their mode of metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic, depending on circumstances. If they're "swimming" through an aerobic environment, they can run the aerobic process and extract 38 ATP from each molecule of glucose they eat. If they are trapped in an airless world, they can run the alcoholic fermentation process and at least survive, and create 2 ATP
What is the name for the intermediate product in the alcoholic fermentation process?
acetaldehyde
When pyruvate is brought into the "pre-Krebs" cycle it "gives off" one CO2 molecule and is converted into a 2-carbon molecule called
acetate
Which term refers to an organism that needs oxygen in order to live?
aerobic
which type of respiration needs oxygen in order to work?
aerobic
There are two main types of respiration
aerobic and anaerobic
Because of the cell organelles that they may or may not have, which type of organism could not possibly carry aerobic respiration using the ETC in the mitochondria?
bacteria
Warm-blooded creatures metabolism
can have high metabolic rates, and can generate a lot of ATP from food in a short time period
Glycolysis in detail
input: 1 molecule of glucose main outputs: 2 ATP and 2 pyruvates. also, some NADH. NADH is similar to NADPH, but not the same. Pyruvate is considered a waste product, because the main goal is the 2 ATP, but pyruvate is very useful to the Krebs cycle. It takes 2 ATP to get glycolysis going, and in the end 4 ATP get spat out, so there is a net of 2 ATP.
inputs and outputs of glycolysis
input: one glucose molecule, and 2 ATP outputs: glucose splits into 2 PGALS, releases 4 ATP (2 per pgal) 2 NADH (1 per pgal), and turns into pyruvate. 2 NADH and 2 ATP
inputs and outputs of the ETC
inputs: NADH, then oxygen gas outputs: nadh splits into e-, and h+. O2 combines with e- and some H+ to make H20. then H+ goes through ATP synthase, and makes 34 ATP
inputs and outputs of alcoholic fermentation
inputs: glucose outputs: splits into 2 pyruvates, 2 CO2 is released (one for each pyruvate), turns into acetaldehyde, then into ethanol, then NAD+ is recycled to NADH the main output: 2 ATP (from the glucose splitting), ethanol has 2 carbons
inputs and outputs of lactic acid fermentation
inputs: glucose outputs: splits into 2 pyruvates, then turns into lactic acid. the main output: 2 ATP (from the glucose splitting), lactic acid has 3 carbons
inputs and outputs of the krebs cycle
inputs: pyruvate outputs: pyruvate gives off NADH, CO2, becoming acetate, combining with oxaloacetate, becoming citric acid, giving off 2more CO2, 3 more NADH, one ATP, and some FADH2. so in total: 4 NADH, 3 CO2, 1 ATP, and some FADH2 because there are actually 2 pyruvates that enter it's actually: 8 NADH, 6 CO2, 2 ATP, and some FADH2
how does the brew-master know that the vat of wine is producing this gas?
it bubbles
in fermentation, NAD+ oxidizes the main input and it gets turned into NADH. Pick one of the fermentation processes and explain what "job" the NADH does as it turns into NAD+
it oxidizes the glucose
Which phase of respiration produces the waste gas known to us as CO2?
krebs cycle
what is the final product for lactic acid fermentation?
lactic acid
If a person runs really hard and fast, their muscles may be sore after the run because
lactic acid builds up in the muscle tissues
aerobic respiration
needs oxygen, more efficient at producing ATP from a certain quantity of food energy. happens in the mitochondrion, and comes in 2 stages: Krebs cycle, and the ETC (electron transport chain). All aerobic respiration begins in the cytoplasm of the cell in the process of glycolysis.
about the krebs, what ist he name for the "starter" molecule of the krebs cycle?
oxaloacetate
what is the other main input that happens at the very end of the ETC?
oxygen gas
Summary of the oxygen part of the ETC
oxygen grabs electrons, then they both combine with H+ ions, and water is made
Besides being found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where else is in biology is the ATP machine found?
photosynthesis
the main goal of glycolysis is to
produce 2 ATP from each molecule of glucose
In glycolysis, glucose is converted into (blank), thus releasing 2 ATP in the process
pyruvate
In glycolysis, what molecule is glucose oxidized into?
pyruvate
In the Krebs cycle, (blank), is the main input. This molecule is where the leftover energy from glucose is stored
pyruvate
Beginning of the Krebs
pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle (aka, citric acid cycle). the energy from pyruvate is transferred to other molecules like ATP, NADH, FADH2. They all store energy. CO2 is produced as a waste product.
In alcohol fermentation, glucose is first converted to (blank) and then that is eventually converted to (blank)
pyruvate, ethanol
in lactic acid fermentation, glucose is first converted to (blank) and then that is converted to (blank)
pyruvate, lactic acid
In the krebs cycle, NADH is produced. this molecule
stores energy that came from the pyruvate
true or false, when acetaldehyde is converted into ethanol, NADH is also converted into NAD+
true
A person may experience lactic acid fermentation in their muscle tissues because
their muscles are working so hard, the body can't provide adequate supplies of oxygen to the cells
what is the main job of the electrons in the ETC?
they combine with oxygen, and H+ ions, and make water and turn pump on
what is the main job of the hydrogen ions?
they go through the ATP sythase, and make ATP. It also helps make water
Yeast are pretty cool in that they can switch their metabolism back and forth between alcohol ferm. pathway and the regular aerobic pathway. why would they ever bother switching to the alc. ferm. pathway?
they would switch if they got stuck in an environment without oxygen
The goal of cellular respiration
to convert the energy stored in simple plant sugars back into ATP
Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation are both anaerobic processes
true
True or false, in glycolysis, at some point the 6-carbon glucose molecule is split producing 2 molecules of PGAL before finally being converted into pyruvate
true
True or false, oxygen gas is an input for the ETC, but not for the other 2 processes
true
True or false, plants must use sugar and oxygen when they grow, exhaling CO2
true
True or false, the inner membrane of the mitochondria is elaborately folded back and forth in order to increase the surface area to volume ratio for chemical reactions to occur
true
True or false, the only part that really needs oxygen in order to "work" is the ETC
true
True or false, the parts of respiration that are considered to be anaerobic are glycolysis, alcoholic fermentation, and lactic acid fermentation
true
True or false, the two parts of respiration that happen in the mitochondria are the Krebs cycle and the Electron transport chain
true
true or false, a bacteria could not possibly use the Krebs cycle because bacteria don't have any mitochondria
true
true or false, during alcohol ferm., bubbles of CO2 gas are given off. You can clearly see those bubbles when examining a bottle of brewing beer or wine
true
true or false, in the ETC, oxygen is known as the final electron acceptor and "catches" the electrons as they flow off the ETC
true
true or false, lactic acid fermentation is a type of respiration that happens in the cytoplasm of a cell
true
true or false, one cool thing about the mitochondria and the chloroplast organelles is that they both have the awesome ATP machine
true