Intro to Public Health Chap 1, 2, 9, 10,15
A prevention campaign trying to reduce cancer rates in a community has three parts: a) putting ads in social media sites discouraging teenagers from smoking, b) screening smokers for cancer in order to catch cancers at earlier, more treatable stages, and c) providing cancer patients with chemotherapy and surgery. How would your textbook categorize the type of prevention happening in part b) of this campaign? A)A risk factor B)Secondary prevention C)Primary prevention D)Tertiary prevention
A
A prevention campaign trying to reduce cancer rates in a community has three parts: a) putting ads on social media sites discouraging teenagers from smoking, b) screening smokers for cancer in order to catch cancers at earlier, more treatable stages, and c) providing cancer patients with chemotherapy and surgery. How would your textbook categorize the type of prevention happening in part a) of this campaign? A)Primary prevention B)Tertiary prevention C)A risk factor D)Secondary prevention
A
Researchers find which anti-smoking messages are the most effective at preventing people from smoking and getting current smokers to reduce or quit? A)Ads showing cigarette companies purposely lie and manipulate customers to make money, and ads showing how second-hand smoke harms others B)Ads making cigarettes seem like something parents disapprove of, and giving the impression that smokers are rebellious and cigarettes are "forbidden fruit" C)Ads showing the health effects of smoking, but the ad had to include both lung cancer and more superficial cosmetic effects too like yellow teeth and increased wrinkles D)Ads showing the link between lung cancer and smoking cigarettes
A
What is "the chain of infection" described in chapter 9? A)This describes the pattern by which an infectious disease is transmitted from person to person. A major goal in public health is to "interrupt" this pattern/the chain of infection. B)This is the pattern of symptoms a person displays when they are infected with influenza. They start with sneezing, then get a fever, and finally develop body aches. C)This is the pattern of symptoms a person displays when they are infected with HIV. They start with fatigue, then body rash, and finally develop fever. D)None of the above.
A
Which of the following contributes to antibiotic resistance? A)When people overuse antibiotics, such as using them to fight viral infections (they only work on bacterial infections) and not taking the full prescribed course of antibiotics (stopping early because they feel better). B)Under-cooking meat, especially ground beef, because this is where a lot of bacteria grow. C)An increase in the deer populations, which leads to more ticks and Lyme disease cases. D)When the FDA made new policies to reduce how much farmers use antibiotics in their animal feed, such as when the FDA required farmers to consult veterinarians if they were using antibiotics on their animals.
A
Which of the following is NOT a new regulation included in the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act? A)Youth under 18 caught smoking now face misdemeanor charges if caught by police B)Larger and more graphic warning labels are now required on smoking packages C)The FDA is now allowed to regulate tobacco products and restrict advertising and promotion D)Tobacco companies are no longer allowed to sponsor sports events
A
Which of the following is NOT one of the five steps used by public health to approach health problems? A)Wait for politicians to determine what health problems deserve attention the most B)Define the health problem C)Identify the risk factors associated with the problem D)Implement interventions to improve the health of the population
A
Why was it difficult to create public health measures against smoking cigarettes? Which groups were conflicting over regulating this activity? A)Tobacco companies, which are a major industry in the U.S. south, didn't want smoking regulations because this would mean less people smoke and the companies would thus make less money. Public health officials did want to regulate smoking because it causes serious illness and death. B)Tobacco companies agreed with public health researchers that smoking is harmful to health and there was very little conflict between these groups. They agreed to work towards eventually outlawing tobacco products altogether. C)The owners of bars and restaurants wanted to ban smoking from their businesses because they worried about their employees' health. Tobacco companies sued them, saying this violates customer freedom, and the tobacco companies won. Smoking is allowed in all businesses. D)Public health researchers did not want to regulate smoking because this is a personal freedom that should be protected. Some politicians wanted to regulate smoking and they fought with the public health researchers.
A
A prevention campaign trying to reduce cancer rates in a community has three parts: a) putting ads in social media sites discouraging teenagers from smoking, b) screening smokers for cancer in order to catch cancers at earlier, more treatable stages, and c) providing cancer patients with chemotherapy and surgery. How would your textbook categorize the type of prevention happening in part c) of this campaign? A)Primary prevention B)Tertiary prevention C)A risk factor D)Secondary prevention
B
According to Chapter 2, what three kinds of issues do public health researchers usually have to address when debating health policies? A)Whether to tell the public about the policy or keep it secret, whether to tell politicians about the policy or keep it secret, and how best to tell the public and/or politicians about a new policy idea. B)Economic impact of policies, how policies affect individual liberties, and how the policies relate to morality/personal beliefs. C)Who would be the best spokesperson to fight for the policy, what the spokesperson should say in order to convince politicians it is a good idea, and whether or not to tell the public about the policy.
B
According to the introduction to Chapter 2, why is public health controversial in the United States? A)Public health researchers campaign against taxes, which they think are unfair to working people and usually go towards wasteful public programs like food stamps. B)Public health focuses on many social justice issues like pollution, homelessness, drug abuse, violence, and poverty, and how these issues affect health. Public health also suggests that society and government have an obligation to fix these social issues that affect health, but for many political conservatives, this means public health is too "socialist." C)Public health is actually not very political; it mostly looks at how to stop infectious diseases (like zika virus and HIV/AIDS) from spreading.
B
Immunization helps hosts to resist infection at which link in the chain of infection? A)Reservoir B)Susceptible host C)Method of transmission D)Pathogen
B
There are 3 levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. What's the difference between them? A)Primary prevention is less effective at stopping the spread of illness compared to secondary and tertiary prevention. B)Primary prevention tries to prevent illness from happening in the first place, secondary prevention tries to reduce the severity of an illness once it's already started, and tertiary prevention tries to minimize disability resulting from the illness. C)Primary prevention involves primary care doctors only and secondary and tertiary prevention require specialist doctors like heart surgeons and neurologists. D)Primary prevention tries to provide the best medicine for an illness once it starts, secondary prevention tries to minimize disability from an illness, and tertiary prevention tries to figure out how to deal with patient deaths.
B
What is HIV? A)An infectious disease spread by mosquitoes that causes fever and sometimes leads to death, but if treated early it can be cured. B)A virus spread most often by sexual contact and IV drug use that weakens the immune system and causes AIDS. C)An infectious disease that eventually becomes hantavirus, which can kill people by filling lungs with fluid and creating respiratory distress. D)A virus that causes ebola.
B
Why are public health researchers and practitioners a bit disappointed in the Master Settlement Agreement? A)Because public health researchers wanted tobacco companies to agree to immediately stop their businesses and completely discontinue the sales of cigarettes in the US. They believe this is the best primary prevention approach and were disappointed when the settlement allowed the tobacco industry to continue. B)Because the money paid out in the settlement by tobacco companies has often not been used for tobacco prevention or smoking cessation programs. It has been used to close state budget gaps and has only funded a few anti-smoking programs like telephone quit lines. C)Because the agreement was only about paying money to states for medical costs and the settlement did not require tobacco companies to change how they advertise. For example, the settlement did not ban billboard advertisements. D)Because tobacco companies have never actually paid out any of the settlement. States never received any money from the case because the tobacco industry keeps appealing the decision every year.
B
Why are taxes on cigarettes raised? What effect does this have? A)It makes people mad at government and ultimately increases smoking rates because when people get mad, they tend to smoke more B)It makes smoking more expensive, and thus means people do it less, and the people most affected by the price increase are also people in groups with high rates of smoking: young adults, teenagers, and low-income people C)All of the above D)It has no real effect on smoking because smokers will buy cigarettes no matter what
B
"In the mid-19th century, when record-keeping began in England and Wales, death rates were very high, especially among children. Of every 10 newborn infants, two or three never reached their first birthday." According to our textbook, what caused this? A)Parents did not care as much about their children in the past as they do today, so children were neglected more. B)The obesity epidemic was especially bad in the 1800's and many children died of complications associated with being very overweight. C)Epidemics of infectious diseases like tuberculosis, cholera, and typhoid were much more common on the past than today and killed many children. D)Children died of HIV and AIDS at very high rates in the 1800's because there was no treatment for the illness.
C
According to the graphs in chapter 15, what has happened to smoking rates among US adults since 1960? A)Smoking rates went up from the 1960's until the 1990's, but in the 1990's they went down finally because government started to impose smoking bans in public places like restaurants and government buildings B)Smoking rates have remained largely the same since the 1960's. This is because even though many adults quit, many teenagers adopt the habit because they are easily influenced by media C)Smoking rates have steadily decreased from the 1960's through current years D)Smoking rates have gone up a lot due to the addictive nature of cigarettes, even though research has shown smoking is very bad for health outcomes
C
How do tobacco companies today target young adults and try to get them to smoke? A)Through advertising on popular current TV shows like the Real Housewives, MTV programming, and Keeping up with the Kardashians B)Through placing ads on billboards near elementary schools C)Through promotional activities at bars and nightclubs, such as giving out free cigarette samples D)All of the above
C
Using an antibiotic to destroy disease-causing bacteria is an example of interrupting which link in the chain of infection? A)Reservoir B)Method of transmission C)Pathogen D)Susceptible host
C
Which of the following is NOT one of the ten essential public health services? A)Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community B)Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues C)Identify what communities are doing that is making their health worse and punish community members who fail to correct these behaviors D)Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
C
Which of the following is NOT one of the ten essential public health services? (hint: look at table 1 in chapter 1) A)Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts B)Monitor health status to identify community health problems C)Provide health care services only to people who can pay for them and are employed D)Assure a competent/trained public health and personal health care workforce
C
Which of the following strategies have NOT been used in California to reduce smoking rates? A)Creating and airing commercials showing that tobacco executives lying and purposely manipulating customers in order to make money B)Banning smoking in all workplaces, including bars and casinos C)Banning smoking with the windows up in all private vehicles if any other adult or child is present D)Taxing cigarettes
C
Who was Joe Camel and why did he retire in 1997? A)Joe Camel was the US Surgeon General who wrote Health Consequences of Smoking for Women, a report that addressed the specific health consequences of smoking among women, and he retired because the report was scientifically incorrect on many issues B)Joe Camel was the founder of camel cigarettes and he retired because he developed lung cancer and ultimately died from the health effects of his own product C)Joe Camel was cartoon character used to promote camel cigarettes to young people, and his image was so effective at getting young people interested in cigarettes that public campaigns fought to stop the company from using the image, and they were ultimately successful D)None of the above
C
According to our text, do the majority of medical doctors and researchers think that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine causes autism? A)Yes, they do think this vaccine causes autism. The Institute of Medicine concluded there is good scientific evidence that the MMR vaccine does cause autism. B)Maybe, the Institute of Medicine said they're not sure. They need to do more research in order to say for sure whether there is or is not a link between MMR vaccine and autism. C)Yes, they do think there is a link between the vaccine and autism. Data from a study in Denmark shows children who receive the MMR vaccine have higher rates of autism than children who are unvaccinated. D)No, they do not think the MMR vaccine causes autism. The Institute of Medicine concluded after reviewing all research that there is no evidence MMR vaccines cause autism.
D
According to our textbook, what is the main reason why people's lives are healthier today compared to 150 years ago? A)People's lives are not healthier today than in the past because people in the past were thin and active, and today too many people are obese and suffer from problems associated with not enough physical activity. B)Because people have received more advanced medical care. These include advanced screening tools like genetic testing and new procedures like experimental cancer treatments. C)Because people have evolved over the past 150 years to be naturally stronger and healthier than people were in the past. Weaker people with worse bodies and health died young and did not produce children, so our population today is much healthier than in the past. D)Because of public health improvements like cleaner water and food, safer work places, sewage is contained and treated, people have a better understanding of hygiene and other healthy behaviors, and laws and regulations often protect people from harms like unsafe medicine and
D
Chapter 2 uses the examples of teaching sex education in schools, providing condoms, and providing clean needles to drug addicts to illustrate which issue? A)To illustrate how public health approaches to reducing HIV/AIDS have been very ineffective. B)To illustrate a time when the ten essential services of public health were not carried out. C)To illustrate the three core functions of public health and how they have been effective at stopping HIV/AIDS. D)To illustrate how the public health approach to preventing HIV/AIDS is controversial because of many people's moral and religious beliefs about addiction, sexual, and reproductive issues.
D
How does the idea of the "tragedy of the commons" relate to public health? A)This is an idea that illustrates how resources used by multiple groups (like air, water, and other elements of the environment) require restrictions in order to maintain their health/usability. B)The text compares cattle herders who all use the same pasture for feeding their cows to people in a society all using the same resources like air and water. This illustrates the idea that without regulations limiting the use of the pasture/air/water, the resource will become ruined. C)This is an idea that illustrates why individual freedoms sometimes have to be limited in order to protect resources. D)All of the above
D
How has the tobacco industry targeted black communities in efforts to increase smoking rates? A)By donating to black organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) B)By sponsoring black cultural events C)In the past, tobacco companies did this by posting a lot of billboards advertising tobacco in black neighborhoods D)All of the above
D
In the case of rabies, what are the common reservoirs (remember: this is a term describing a link in the chain of infection) described in our text? A)Racoons B)Bats C)Dogs D)All of the above
D
In the chain of infection, what is meant by a "susceptible host"? A)This is a virus, bacterium, or parasite that causes disease in humans. B)This is the way a pathogen travels from one host to another. examples are fleas, mosquitos, food, water, aerosol from sneezes/coughs, sexual contact. C)This is a place where a pathogen lives and multiplies. It can be a human body, rodents, bats, water, food, or anything else that provides a space for pathogens to live and multiply. D)This is when a host is exposed to a pathogen and they do not have immunity to that pathogen.
D
Infectious disease rates were reduced in large numbers by which public health actions? A)Purification and treatment of water supplies B)The creation of sewage systems C)The development is distribution of immunizations D)All of the above
D
Over what issues were the Union of Concerned Scientist (UCS) conflicting with the President George W. Bush administration in Chapter 2? A)UCS agreed with the Bush administration on most issues, especially global warming and abortion, and they only differed on how policies addressing these issues should be funded. B)The Bush administration and UCS conflicted over the location of new offices for the Centers for Disease Control. UCS wanted them in Washington, D.C., but the Bush administration wanted them to be located in Texas. C)The Bush administration accused UCS of being bad scientists who wasted taxpayer money on studies that had no importance to the public. D)UCS published a report showing many ways the Bush administration misrepresented or suppressed scientific research that challenged the administration's policies on global warming, sex education programs, and abortion.
D
What regulation(s) did the "non-smokers rights movement" successfully pass in state or local governments in the US? A)Restricting smoking in restaurants B)Restricting smoking on public transit like buses and subways C)Banning smoking on all domestic airline flights D)All of the above
D
Which answer best describes the field of epidemiology? A)It is an area of public health that examines how people's social environments affect their health B)It is a type of biomedical science that studies the skin and how environmental factors cause diseases like skin cancers C)This is an area of sociology that studies why bioterrorism happens D)It is an area of public health that studies causes of diseases
D
Which of the following is NOT a link on the chain of infection? A)Reservoir B)Pathogen C)Susceptible host D)Fear of vaccines
D
Which of the following is NOT one of the ten essential public health services? (hint: look at table 1 in chapter 1) A)Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues B)Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community C)Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable D)Identify what communities are doing that is making their health worse and punish community members who fail to correct these behaviors
D
