Intro to Sociology Chapter 19 Inquizitive

What is the approximate population of the world today?

7-8 billion people

What is one major hurdle faced by efforts to address environmental degradation caused by consumption?

Addressing environmental degradation would require people living in wealthy countries to consume fewer goods and services

Identify the statement that accurately describes both the meaning and emergence of demography.

As nations were beginning to keep official population statistics, demography emerged as an approach to studying population

Global warming occurs when - is released into the atmosphere, acting like a - by allowing the - in, but not releasing them back out.

Carbon Dioxide greenhouse sun's rays

Which of the following are characteristics of global cities?

Characteristics: -They have introduced a new dynamic of inequality where wealthy business centers are surrounded by poorer outlying areas. -They are places where financial and specialized services are produced. -They are command centers for the global economy. Uncharacteristics: -They are places where material goods are manufactured. -They are places of consumption rather than production or innovation.

Many cities today are gigantic, and growing. This is happening at equal rates in the global north and global south. At the beginning of the twentieth century, fewer than one out of a hundred people on the planet lived in cities. By 2008, there were more urban dwellers than rural dwellers. By 2050, as much as two-thirds of the human population may be urban.

Click on: -more urban dwellers than rural dwellers -two-thirds of the human population may be urban

Which government programs helped facilitate the rapid rate of suburbanization in the 1950s and 1960s?

Correct: - FHA - Federal Aid Highway Act Incorrect: - Federal Community Revitalization Act - Federal Reserve

In what kinds of areas are rural poverty rates particularly high?

Correct: - more remote areas - heavily minority areas Incorrect: - areas where the population is older - areas in the Southwest

Which of the following trends are associated with what some demographers call the "second demographic transition"?

Correct: -delayed marriage -high rates of divorce Incorrect: -early childbirth -falling rates of cohabitation

Why are rates of urban growth higher in less industrialized nations compared to more industrialized nations?

Correct: -differences in fertility rates -differences in migration rates Incorrect: -differences in mortality rates -differences in governmental programs

What is the difference between a "crude" and a "specific" rate (e.g., birthrate, death rate, etc.)?

Crude rates do not take account of the population distribution in any way, while specific rates do.

Which of the following examples demonstrate the interdependence of city neighborhoods, according to the urban ecological perspective?

Examples: -The urban core houses large corporations and banks, which provide financial services for those living in outer neighborhoods. -Immigrant enclaves situated near manufacturing plants provide inexpensive labor for businesses in the city. -The process of gentrification pushes poor and minority citizens away from, or sometimes into, cities. Not Examples: -Residents within urban neighborhoods participate in political and social life close to home.

What is the primary outcome of the "second demographic transition"?

Falling fertility rates

According to population projections, the rate of urbanization in the global south is expected to increase over time.

False

The human exceptionalism paradigm (HEP) is embraced by sociologists today because it emphasizes the importance of human action in solving environmental problems.

False

Urbanization produces growth in both the formal and informal economic sectors. Identify the following scenarios as either part of the formal economy or informal economy.

Formal: -A man migrates from his rural village to Delhi, and works as a cook's helper in a food factory. -A woman burns her hand while working a low-wage job at a poorly regulated factory in China. Informal: -A woman in Mexico City works in a field for a day and is paid cash, without promise of work the next day. -A man in Bangkok grows sweet potatoes in his yard and trades them with neighbors for meat and clothing.

Identify each phrase as associated with the human exceptionalism paradigm (HEP) or the new ecological paradigm.

HEP: -Humans are in a position of dominance over other species. -Human destiny is shaped more by social factors than by the physical environment. New Ecological: -Humans are part of the web of nature, along with other species. -The physical environment is limited, and humans should constrain their consumption accordingly.

Electronic waste is routinely "recycled" to landfills in China, India, and other poor countries. As a result, what is the biggest hazard for the people of these areas?

It heightens the risk of illnesses, such as cancer

According to William Julius Wilson, what effect does the economic concentration of poverty have on poor, primarily black, families?

Marriage has become less attractive to poor women due to high rates of unemployment among men, leading to more female-headed households

Match each statement to the type of suburban community it describes.

Outer Suburbs: -These are newer communities that are often located about 40 miles away from large cities. -These areas are increasingly racially diverse, middle-class areas. Exurbs: -These areas have greater expanses of land available for large homes and yards. -These areas are mostly white and middle- or upper-middle class. Inner Suburbs: -The communities are more economically diverse than other suburban communities. -These areas are more densely populated than other suburbs and face structural difficulties because of their age.

Which of the following problems are endemic to urban areas in the global south, according to the textbook?

Problems: - pollution - insufficient infrastructure - overcrowding Not Problems: - low fertility

What does the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommend governments do to mitigate the effects of global warming?

Recommendations: -encourage water, land, and energy conservation -develop alternative energy sources Not Recommendations: -remedy diminishing biodiversity with targeted breeding programs -encourage contraceptive use to lower fertility

What is the defining feature of a ghetto, according to sociologists?

Residents are forced to live in a ghetto

Why has suburbanization led to financial crises within some cities?

Taxes are required to fund city programs, and the wealthy, who contribute more taxes, are now more likely to live in suburbs

Select the area of the map that looks most clearly like a megalopolis.

The area near New York (The northeastern corridor of the United States, ranging from Boston to Washington, D.C., was the first area to be referred to as a megalopolis in modern times.)

According to Claude Fischer, how do cities create opportunities for close, rewarding friendships and social ties?

The large number and diversity of urban dwellers allows subcultures to flourish

What contribution to the urban ecology perspective did Drake and Cayton make with their 1945 work Black Metropolis?

They demonstrated how unnatural social forces pushed black residents into poor and disordered neighborhoods

What does it mean that migrants are "positively selected" into urban areas in the global south?

Those who migrate to urban areas are better prepared to find jobs and thrive in urban areas

Select the image that accurately represents the demographic transition process.

Top Left picture

Which of the following statements about the rate of population growth are true?

True: -It is exponential in form. -It is calculated by subtracting the mortality rate from the birth rate. False: -It takes infant mortality rates into consideration. -It is higher in Europe than in the United States.

Place each country on the trend line that represents its energy consumption.

United States: blue line China: green line India: red line

Identify each statement as most associated with either Robert Park's "urban ecology" theory or Louis Wirth's "urbanism as a way of life" theory.

Urban Ecology Theory: -Cities do not develop randomly, but rather, in response to advantageous features of the environment (railroads, for example). -Areas of cities are differentiated, so they can function interdependently. Urbanism: -City dwellers develop modes of public interaction that accommodate the presence of many strangers. -Urban social life is very different than rural social life.

Match the arguments to either David Harvey's theory of urban restructuring or Manuel Castells's theory of collective consumption.

Urban Restructuring: -Business influences urban environments by constantly seeking new lost-cost areas in which to build infrastructure. -Individual decisions about where to live are primarily influenced by business interests. Collective Consumption: -Government decisions regarding transportation, tax breaks, and amenities like public parks play an important role in where individuals decide to live -Social movements shape urban environments, often through advocating for cleaner or safer neighborhoods.

According to Jane Jacobs, what circumstance would be most "safe" for city dwellers?

a busy street with many shoppers, workers, and sightseers walking around

What explains the phenomenon of "aging in place" in rural areas?

a decline in the population of rural areas, particularly among the young

Identify the most important reason why the current geological period may be classified as the Anthropocene ("human epoch").

because human activities have become the main agent of change in our planetary ecosystem

In the United States, life expectancy has risen from 40 years (in 1900) to 79 years (today). Identify the variable that has the strongest influence on reducing life expectancy, and the reason why.

declining rates of infant mortality because infant deaths bring down the average age life expectancy

- is a process where - people move into an older neighborhood and begin to refurbish homes, which often results in driving away - residents.

gentrification affluent poor

According to the textbook, solutions to - in food - must be - rather than biological or technological.

inequality consumption social

Match each term to the correct definition.

megalopolis - a very large network of cities and densely populated areas spread over a large geographical region urbanization - the movement of people into cities and towns megacity - a large urban area that serves as a center of political, social, and economic life conurbation - a term for a cluster of cities and towns that are networked together

Match each definition or statement to the correct term or terms.

the average number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age - fertility This rate varies over time. - neither fertility nor fecundity This rate varies by region and individual characteristics. - both fertility and fecundity the number of births a woman is biologically capable of having over her lifetime - fecundity

According to the textbook, premodern cities were small, walled-in urban centers in which the wealthiest institutions and people were clustered at the center and poverty increased as the distance from the center grew.

true

Sociologist Bill Freudenberg's "disproportionality thesis" argues that the most environmental harm is being done by a small number of countries.

true

The ecological approach is used to study what facet of social life?

urban areas

According to Louis Wirth, - is characterized by strategies used to manage living in close -to one another, and the resulting - that city dwellers experience.

urbanism proximity anonymity