Intro to Sociology Final Exam

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Which of the following is NOT a case of institutional discrimination? A) A mother want her child to stay away from a child of a different ethnicity B) A bank usually refuses loans to people of a particular racial category C) A police department promotes people of one race faster than those of another race D) A school district requires children to attend a school with others of the same race

A) A mother want her child to stay away from a child of a different ethnicity

What is the term that refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions? A) Glass ceiling B) hidden sexism C) polite discrimination D) imaginary discrimination

A) Glass ceiling

Who believed that social conflict was at the core of society and the source of all social change? A) Herbert Spencer B) Karl Marx C) Emile Durkheim D) Auguste Comte

A) Herbert Spencer

______________ comprise the largest minority group in the US today A) Mexican-Americans B) Asian-Americans C) African-Americans D) Native Americans

A) Mexican-Americans

Which of the following is the best example of a primary group? A) a family gathering for a religious holiday B) carpenters gathers at a work site C) A Student government meeting D) A reunion of the gathering class of 1977

A) a family gathering for a religious holiday

Sociologists define a symbol as: A) a word, gesture, or object that carries meaning to people who share a culture B) any material cultural trait C) any gesture that conveys insult to others D) cultural patterns that cause cultural shock

A) a word, gesture, or object that carries meaning to people who share a culture

Wallerstein's world systems theory of global inequality states: A) core nations dominate the economies of peripheral nations B) that underdeveloped nations have too many people who are unwilling to work C) preindustrial countries will become more modern when they have lower birth rates and better nutritions and health care D) Multinational corporations will continue to improve the lives of the poor in developing countries

A) core nations dominate the economies of peripheral nations

the view that a society should be judged on its own terms, not in comparison with others, is called: A) cultural relativism B) xenocentrism C) temporocentrism D) Cultural traits

A) cultural relativism

Which of the following statements about culture is correct? A) culture is all of the things a people hold in common, share, and do together B) culture is genetic and is inherited just as we inherit eye color C) once learned, culture does not change D) we constantly think about our culture

A) culture is all of the things a people hold in common, share, and do together

Which of the following is NOT one of the traits of a bureaucrat according to Max Weber? A) favoring relatives over stangers B) hierarchy of offices C) rules and regulations D) specialization

A) favoring relatives over stangers

Differential association theory and analyzes: A) how others respond to the behavior in question B) the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage the behavior in question C) how people define and interpret deviant acts D) how others respond to the race, ethnicity, gender and class of the individuals

A) how others respond to the behavior in question

In Mead's Model, what are the correctly ordered stages of the developing self? A) imitation, play, game, generalized other B) imitation, generalized other, play, game C) imitation, generalized other, play, game D) imitation, game, play, generalized other

A) imitation, play, game, generalized other

Adult socialization occurs: A) in infancy: we are products of our childhood B) before age 30 C) throughout life D) in our work life, but not other areas

A) in infancy: we are products of our childhood

Labeling theory describes and analyzes: A) individuals who commit deviant acts B) the cause of deviance C) how people define and interpret deviant acts D) the moral rightness or wrongness of deviant acts

A) individuals who commit deviant acts

According of Merton________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them. A) innovation B) conformity C) rebellion D) retreatism

A) innovation

If you were trying to measure the social class of various people, you would have to operationalize and keep in mind that: A) it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring B) you must measure this in every way possible C) there is no way to measure "social class" D) everyone always agrees on what "social class" means

A) it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring

which is the term for a social group toward which we feel completion or opposition? A) out-group B) in-group C) reference group D) network

A) out-group

What become the child's age specific subculture? A) peer group B) religion C) day care D) family

A) peer group

The jigsaw technique was developed to: A) reduce prejudice in the classroom B) encourage development of the authoritarian personality C) encourage social organizations to fight discrimination D) only b and c

A) reduce prejudice in the classroom

Sociologists use what term to refer to behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status? A) role B) master status C) status set D) role set

A) role

Which of the following is involved when a planet supervisor wishes to be a good friend and confidant to the workers, but must remain distant to assess the workers's performance: A) role conflict B) role strain C) role ambiguity D) role exit

A) role conflict

The theoretical perspective in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts works together to promote solidarity and stability is the: A) structural functional perspective B) Social conflict perspective C) symbolic interaction perspevtive D) evolutionary theory

A) structural functional perspective

According to social disorganization theory, deviance and increases in crime can be due to: A) the absence or breakdown of relationships and social institutions B) an increase in individuals learning criminal behavior in interaction with others C) more people being labeled as deviant by those who are in power D) Differential justice

A) the absence or breakdown of relationships and social institutions

The second shift describes: A) the double burden of women working outside the home followed by housework and child care when they return home B) the overtime pay must women need due to earning less pay then men C) when wives work and husbands are unemployed D) the preference most women have for working an evening shift

A) the double burden of women working outside the home followed by housework and child care when they return home

According to the contact hypothesis, interracial contact leads to reduced prejudice when: A) the parties are of equal status B) the situation is stressful C) competition occurs D) None of the above

A) the parties are of equal status

One major reason women as a group earn less than men is that: A) wages in the secondary labor market, where most working women are employed are so low B) they can't really decide on a career C) they tend to enter the work force at a later age D) they lack adequate education

A) wages in the secondary labor market, where most working women are employed are so low

_____________ coined the term sociological imagination A) Emile Durkheim B) C. Wright Mills C) Auguste Comte D) Karl Marx

B) C. Wright Mills

A system of stratification in which class is ascribed at birth and cannot be changed is called a (an) A) class system B) Caste system C) ranking system D) rigid system

B) Caste system

"Pink Collar" work refers to what type of jobs? A) corporate manager B) Clerical C) professional D) all of the above

B) Clerical

Which type fo norm brings only mild censure when it is violated? A) more B) folkway C) law D) homicide

B) Folkway

Which of the following statements regarding gender and the workplace is true? A) From 1970 to 2010, the number of adult women in the workforce has declined white the number of adult men in the workforce has increased B) Fron 1970 to 2010 the number of adult women in the workforce has increased while the number of adult men in the workforce has decreased C) In 2010 the number of women going into occupations historically defined as "men's jobs" was greater than the number of men entering these occupations D) Women today in the US earn more than men in almost every occupation

B) Fron 1970 to 2010 the number of adult women in the workforce has increased while the number of adult men in the workforce has decreased

Durkheim's concept of organic solidarity corresponds to Tonnies concept of: A) Gemeinschaft B) Gesellschaft C) blasé urbanite D) specialization

B) Gesellschaft

Which of the following statements regarding crime statistics gathered by the FBI Uniform Crime Report and the national crime victimization survey is true? A) In the US, there been a significant decline in violent crime in recent years B) In the US, there has been a significant increase in violent crime in recent years C) Women in the US are committing more violent crimes D) Statistics gathered by both of these sources are 100% accurate

B) In the US, there has been a significant increase in violent crime in recent years

Which of the following is an example of internal control? A) county courts B) a person's self-perception as an honest person C) the federal court system D) a state prison system

B) a person's self-perception as an honest person

Poverty leads teenagers to drop out of school to earn money. considering this hypothesis, ___________ is the dependent variable and _________ is the independent variable. A) poverty; drop out of school B) drop out of school; poverty C) teenagers; drop out of school D) earn money; drop out of school

B) drop out of school; poverty

Most sociologists rely on __________ to understand social life. A) tradition and common sense B) empirical or scientific evidence C) Intuition and revelation D)Hearsay and official pronouncements

B) empirical or scientific evidence

A family leaves Russia and takes up residence in the United States, where they gradually lose their cultural traditions. They have thus modified their: A) race B) ethnicity C) background D) religion

B) ethnicity

Stereotypes are A) negative beliefs about the character and behavior of members of a group B) generalization about members of a group that do not take into account individual differences C) rigid and orderly rules of conduct D) due to competition for scarce resources

B) generalization about members of a group that do not take into account individual differences

Minority groups are groups that: A) are smaller in size than the majority group B) have less power and fewer privileges than the majority group C) do not desire the same things as the majority group D) are biologically distinct

B) have less power and fewer privileges than the majority group

The most obvious result of gender inequality in the US is the: A) high number of women who are victims of domestic violence B) high level of poverty among women, particularity those who are single head of household C) low level of respect in our society for those who do housework D) low self esteem among women

B) high level of poverty among women, particularity those who are single head of household

A secondary group is a social group that: A) we experience late in life B) is impersonal and engages in some specific activity C) engages in unimportant activities D) is generally much smaller than a primary group

B) is impersonal and engages in some specific activity

As part of human culture, religion is an example of: A) material culture B) nonmaterial culture C) culture shock D) high culture

B) nonmaterial culture

which of the following statements is true? A) middle class people in the US own most of the wealth of the nation B) our position in the stratification system influences not only our chances to earn income but just about everything in our lives C) intergenerational mobility refers to changes in social position with an individual's lifetime D) Industrial societies have achieved a great deal of equality, more so than other types of societies

B) our position in the stratification system influences not only our chances to earn income but just about everything in our lives

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self" he was referring to the fact that: A) people are self absorbed B) people see themselves as they think others see them C) people see things only from their own point of view D) our actions are a reflection of our values

B) people see themselves as they think others see them

according to T. W. Adorono, someone having an authoritarian personality has all of the following characteristics except: _________ A) insecurity B) publishes books C) highly submissive to superiors D) anxious when confronted and values different form their own

B) publishes books

The step in a research process which comes immediately after formulating the problem is to: A) develop the hypothesis B) review the literature C) choose a research design D) analyze the results of date collected

B) review the literature

The theoretical perspective that emphasized the link between culture and inequality in society is: A) structural functional perspective B) social-conflict perspective C) symbolic interaction perspective D) social exchange perspective

B) social-conflict perspective

Social stratification refers to: A) individual inability to succeed B) structural ranking of the people according to their possessions of scarce good and resources C) structural ranking of people according to their abilities D) ranking people according to age

B) structural ranking of the people according to their possessions of scarce good and resources

Gender is differentiated for sex in that gender pertains to: A) the biological differences between males and females B) the cultural concepts of masculinity and femininity C) the behaviors expected of women and men D) the influence of hormones on the nervous system

B) the cultural concepts of masculinity and femininity

The basic idea of the symbolic interactionist perspective is that society is A) an arena is conflict between categories of people B) the product of people interacting in everyday situations C) a system that operates to benefit people D) All of the above are correct

B) the product of people interacting in everyday situations

The majority of people in the US are: A) lower class B) working class C) professional D) lower class

B) working class

IN 2012 only _________ of 50 states had a female governor A) 1 B) 5 C) 12 D) 20

B)5

A group of people chosen from the population to be studied that are thought to be representative of that population is a: A) case B) sample C) universe D) unit

B. Sample

Merton's theory of anomie refers to: A) an aggressive attitude toward one's enemies B) a form of ritualistic behavior in preindustrial societies C) A strain between culturally prescribed goals and ways of of achieving them D) all of the above

C) A strain between culturally prescribed goals and ways of of achieving them

____________ is credited with being the father of sociology A) Max Weber B) Karl Marx C) Auguste Comte D) Emile Durheim

C) Auguste Comte

Who studied physical features of criminals? A) Robert Merton B) Edwin Sutherland C) Cesare Lombrose D) Carol Gilligan

C) Cesare Lombrose

A theoretical perspective that attempts to explain social behavior in terms of costs and rewards is: A) structural functional perspective B) symbolic interaction perspective C) exchange theory D) social conflict theory

C) Exchange theory

Shared norms in a society contributes to L A) a larger percentage of the population being incarcerated B) stronger religious beliefs C) Social Control D) gender equality

C) Social control

which of the following is not a characteristic of a social group? A) some types of interaction B) a sense of belonging C) Specific age of members D) shared interests

C) Specific age of members

The sociologist who was the first African American to earn at Ph. D at Harvard University was: A) Jane Adams B) C. Wright Mills C) W.E.B DuBois D) Robert Park

C) W.EB. DuBois

Which of the following illustrates the operation of groupthink? A) a group gathers lots of information and makes a good policy recommendation B) a group leader makes a decision without consulting anyone, and the decision turns out to be a bad one C) a group seeks to reach an agreement, discouraging members from speaking freely, and ends up making a poor policy recommendation D) a group seeks opinion differences and is unable to come up with any policy recommendation at all

C) a group seeks to reach an agreement, discouraging members from speaking freely, and ends up making a poor policy recommendation

Two variables changing together with neither causing the change in the other is know as: A) an inverse relationship B) a direct relationship C) a spurious correlation D) a null hypothesis

C) a spurious correlation

Max Weber argued that formal organizations, while efficient, have the ability to ______________ people within them. A) impoverish B) generate conflict among C) alienate D) bring together

C) alienate

Supporters of wages based on comparable worth demand: A) equal recognition for equal pay B) equal pay for equal work C) equal pay for work requiring similar levels of skills, even if not identical D) equal pay for every one

C) equal pay for work requiring similar levels of skills, even if not identical

As the size of groups increases, all but which of the following is true? A) the division of labor increases B) the rigidity of Groups structure increases C) equality among group members increases D) there is need for more formal leadership

C) equality among group members increases

Looking back over US history we see a general trend by which women: A) have made few if any strides toward equality with men B) are steadily losing ground and becoming less equal to men C) have gained opportunities and power D) have retained their position of dominate over men

C) have gained opportunities and power

According to Weber, social status refers to: A) economic asserts B) accumulated consumer goods C) honor and prestige D) life chances to accumulate wealth

C) honor and prestige

socioeconomic status is measured by: A) family background B) where one lives and the type of automobile he/she drives C) income, education, and occupation D) power

C) income, education, and occupation

Conflict theorist maintain all expect which of the following statements? A) Certain groups of people are held down by the rich and powerful B) Justice serves the rich but not the poor C) legal authorizes are cruel people D) the powerful define what is deviant behavior

C) legal authorizes are cruel people

If a woman is a lawyer, a US senator, and a mother, but her status as a Senator takes precedence over all other statuses a this particular time, then being senator is her: A) ascribed status B) social status C) master Status D) secondary

C) master Status

cultural lag occurs when changes in technology: A) fail to produce profits B) outpace scientific productivity C) occur more rapidly than changes in beliefs and values ' D) cause the birth rate to decrease

C) occur more rapidly than changes in beliefs and values

Stanley Milgram's research in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed: A) people become hostile towards those who disagree with them B) the ability to withstand pain varies with cultural background C) people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of ordinary individuals they perceive to be in some position of authority D) that the conclusion of Solomon Asch's research were incorrect

C) people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of ordinary individuals they perceive to be in some position of authority

____________ is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people; ____________ Is the action excluding members of a group from certain rights, opportunities, or privileges A) stereotyping; scapegoating B) scapegoating; stereotyping C) prejudice; discrimination D) discrimination; prejudice

C) prejudice; discrimination

The conflict theory that explains racial subordination in the US in terms of maintaining a pool of cheap labor for the capitalist dominate class is the: A) contact hypothesis B) color blind theory C) the exploitation or Marxist class theory D) symbolic ethnicity theory

C) the exploitation or Marxist class theory

Which of the following is the best example of a counterculture? A) Italian Americans B) mennonites C) the hippies of the 1960's D) professional athletes

C) the hippies of the 1960's

According to the functionalist theory, the Davis-Moore thesis: A) equality is functional for society B) the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is C) the most important jobs must be filled by the most qualified individuals who are rewarded accordingly D) meritocracy is less productive that a caste system

C) the most important jobs must be filled by the most qualified individuals who are rewarded accordingly

Verstehen is a word used by Max Weber in discussing the importance of understanding: A) the economy B) the way in which society evolves C) the subjective meaning people have as they interact in society D) the development of children

C) the subjective meaning people have as they interact in society

Prostitution is widely regarded as what kind of crime? A) crime against the person B) crime against property C) victimless crime D) organized crime

C) victimless crime

Sociology is A) the study of the past B) the study of human mental processes and individual human behavior C) the study of social relationships, social institutions and society D) the study of the physical, biological, social and cultural development of humans, often on a comparative basis

C. the study of social relations, social institutions, and society

According to Nash, which of the following is a positive function of racism for the dominant group A) racism provides moral justification for inequality B) Racism discourages members of a subordinate group from questioning their status C) Any change in the existing order would create greater poverty for the subordinate group and would lower the dominate group's standard of living D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following are dimensions of the process of forming a global culture? A) the flow of goods B) the flow of information C) the flow of people D) All of the above are correct

D) All of the above are correct

Which of the following statements is true regarding the functionalist perspective on gender? A) the relationship between men and women is one of unequal power, with men occupying the dominant position B) Cross cultural studies show that gender roles vary greatly depending on the norms of the society C) the oppression of women is inevitable in all patriarchal societies D) Gender differentiation and traditional gender roles contributes to overall social stability

D) Gender differentiation and traditional gender roles contributes to overall social stability

The theorist who stressed a policy of noninterference in human affairs and society was: A) C. Wright Mill B) Auguste Comte C) Emile Durkheim D) Herbert Spencer

D) Herbert Spencer

The First major center of sociological though in the United States was: A) Harvard University B) Columbian University C) university of Michigan D) University of Chicago

D) University of Chicago

In which educational category, according to the US Census Bureau, do women earn less money than men? A) HS diploma B) Master's degree C) Doctorate degree D) Women earn less money in all of these

D) Women earn less money in all of these

Organized crime refer to: A) illegal actions by people with white collar jobs B) illegal action on the part of a corporation or large business C) crime involving cooperation of two or more businesses D) a business that supplies illegal good or service

D) a business that supplies illegal good or service

According to Karl Marx, differences in wealth and power between the capitalists and proletarians must lead to: A) class conflict B) negotiation and compromise C) the abolition of work itself D) all of the above are correct

D) all of the above are correct

Which of the following statements is true? A) The US Census Bureau shows that one in five households has trouble meeting basic need B) the middle class in the US is shrinking C) Measuring poverty can be difficult D) all of the above are correct

D) all of the above are correct

Deviance occurs in A) societies with conflicting values B) societies having no taboos C) societies with no conflicting norms D) all societies

D) all societies

The split labor market causes of fears about: A) unions causing conflict in industry B) shared jobs increasing in numbers C) cheap labor being eliminated D) cheap labor replacing workers in well-paying jobs

D) cheap labor replacing workers in well-paying jobs

A person who criticizes the amish farmer as backward for tilling his fields with horsed and a plow instead of a tractor is exhibiting: A) Cultural relativism B) cultural diffusion C) cultural integration D) ethnocentrism

D) ethnocentrism

Cross-cultural studies of gender differences show that: A) men are always more aggressive than women B) women are always more passive than men C) gender roles are almost identical in all societies D) gender roles are vary enormously among societies

D) gender roles are vary enormously among societies

What is a statement about the relationship between two or more variables or concepts that can be put to an empirical test? A) survey B) experiment C)thesis D) hypothesis

D) hypothesis

A central idea of sociology is that individuals choice is _____________ entirely free A) always B) mostly C) certainly D) never

D) never

The view that deviance can be deviance can be interpreted only in terms of the culture in which it is found is the: A) medical view B) Statistical view C) deviant view D) relativistic view

D) relativistic view

Which of the following statements is true? A) Family background is not an important determinant of class position B) Intragenerational mobility in a capitalist society is impossible C) social stratification is less prevalent in the US than in other countries D) social stratification increases as a society becomes more complex

D) social stratification increases as a society becomes more complex

Social statics and social dynamics mean, respectively: A) statistical analysis and the study of power B) social structure and dramatic behavior C) statistical analysis and dramatic behavior D) social structure and social change

D) social structure and social change `

Racial groups are: A) based on selected group characteristics B) based on social characteristics, with a consciousness of kind C) based on predominant biological characteristics D) socially defined, based on physical characteristics

D) socially defined, based on physical characteristics

The Method of dividing people into groups and then choosing at random from within those groups is know as: A) Universal sampling B) Random sampling C) systematic sampling D) stratified sampling

D) stratified sampling

symbolic interaction theory might address: A) talking to other people B) talking to ourselves C) stopping at red lights D)All of the above

D)All of the above


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