Intro to Speech Unit 2

What are transitions in a speech? What purpose do they serve?

- transitions—words and sentences that connect ideas and main points in a speech so that listeners can follow a speaker. Transitions signal listeners that you are through talking about one idea and are ready to connect it to the next one -To move from one to another of the three major parts of a speech (i.e., introduction, body, and conclusion), you can signal your audience with statements that summarize what you've said in one part and point the way to the next. -Example: "I've now explained in some detail why we need stronger educational and health programs for new immigrants. Let me close by reminding you of what's at stake."

Explain the difference between a formal outline and a key word outline.

-A formal outline includes all main points and subpoints, supporting materials, and transitions, along with a bibliography of sources. It should not be the whole speech unless you are giving a manuscript speech -has main headings for the introduction, body, and conclusion -a key word outline includes only keywords for each point. Like the working outline, a key word outline is intended for the speaker's use. Therefore, it may include abbreviations and shorthand that make sense only to the speaker.

What should be accomplished in an effective conclusion?

-An effective conclusion summarizes content and provides a memorable final thought. -After reviewing main points, a conclusion should offer listeners a final idea, ideally something particularly memorable or strong or an ending that returns to the opening idea to provide satisfying closure. - Effective conclusions are short and focused. They highlight central ideas one last time and offer listeners a powerful or compelling concluding thought.

Explain a working outline and its purpose.

-The working outline is just for the speaker; it is his or her sketch of the speech. In it, the speaker usually jots down main ideas to see how they fit together. -There are usually multiple drafts -The working outline allows the speaker to see where more information is needed or what doesn't fit. -Usually include abbreviations or shorthand because they are not for others to see.

Define/explain each of the following styles of delivery: impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, memorized.

-impromptu= speaking that involves little preparation. speak off the cuff and organize ideas as they go, while speaking off evidence that is familiar to them -extemporaneous= a presentational style that includes preparation and practice but not memorization of words and nonverbal behavior-actual words aren't memorized -manuscript=speaking from the complete manuscript of the speech-reading

What types of research help in the development of a speech?

-library and online research-(the internet, indexes, databases and search engines, reference works) -personal knowledge -interviews -surveys

What guides should be considered when choosing a topic?

-select a topic that matters to you -select a topic appropriate to speaking occasion -select topic appropriate to audience -narrow your topic

How is public speaking like an enlarged conversation?

-skills of effective public speaking are not so different from those we use in everyday conversation -consider listeners' perspectives, express our ideas clearly, organize what we say so that others can follow our thinking, explain and support our ideas, and present our thoughts in an engaging manner -we make mistakes in everyday speech, but this does not make us any less effective, this is the same with public speaking.

Explain how to use a quotation in a speech

-sources should be people whom listeners know and respect or whom they will respect once you identify the source's credentials. -quotation should come from someone who is qualified to speak on the issue -Ethical quotations must also meet the criterion of accuracy -Finally, quotations should come from unbiased sources

What are the strategies for making your speech interesting and clear? (5)

1) limit the information you present 2) move from familiar to unfamiliar 3) repeat important ideas 4) highlight key material 5) rely on multiple communication channels

What are the guidelines for effective informative speaking? (8)

1) provide listeners with clear thesis statement 2) connect with listeners' values and experiences 3) motivate listeners to want information 4) build credibility with listeners 5) adapt to diverse listeners 6) organize so listeners can follow easily 7) design your speech to enhance learning and retention 8) involve listeners

What makes up a well-crafted speech?

A well-crafted speech begins with a limited topic, a clear purpose, and a concise thesis statement that listeners can grasp quickly and retain. -Identify broad topic - narrow the topic- define a general purpose- determine specific purpose- developed thesis.

What is evidence? What functions does it serve in a speech?

Evidence is material used to support claims a speaker makes. Evidence serves a number of important functions in speeches. First, it can be used to make ideas clearer, more compelling, and more interesting. Second, evidence fortifies a speaker's opinions. Finally, evidence heightens a speaker's credibility. Speakers who use good evidence show that they are informed and prepared.

What is the nature of informative speaking?

a presentation that aims to increase listeners knowledge, understanding or abilities

What should a thesis statement accomplish?

it should capture the heart of your speech in a short, precise sentence that listeners can easily remember A good thesis statement is one that listeners can grasp at the beginning of your talk and remember after you have finished.

Define plagiarism

the word plagiarism comes from the Latin word plagiare, which means "to kidnap." Plagiarism is the unattributed use of the language or ideas of another person

What are the three kinds of outlines?

working, formal, and key word

What guidelines should followed for using statistics effectively?

Limit the number of statistics you use in a speech. A few well-chosen numbers mixed with other kinds of support can be dramatic and persuasive, whereas a laundry list of statistics can be monotonous and ineffective. Round off numbers so that listeners can understand and retain them. We're more likely to remember that "approximately a million Americans are homeless" than that "987,422 Americans are homeless." Select statistics that are timely. Occasionally, an old statistic is still useful. For example, the number of people who died in the Great Plague is not likely to change over the years. In most cases, however, the most accurate statistics are recent. Remember that statistics are a numerical picture of something at a specific time. But things change, and speakers should get new snapshots when they do. Make statistics interesting to listeners by translating statistics into familiar and relevant information.

How does oral communication differ from organization for written communication?

Oral communication requires more explicit organization. Oral communication benefits from greater redundancy within the message. Oral communication should rely on less complex sentence structures.

Why does organization increase the effectiveness of a speech?

Organization increases speaking effectiveness for several reasons. First, people like structure, and they expect ideas to come to them in an orderly way. Second, organization influences comprehension of ideas. Third, listeners find an organized speech more persuasive than a disorganized one. Finally, organization enhances a speaker's credibility, probably because a carefully structured speech reflects well on a speaker's preparation and respect for listeners.

What are the four differences between informative and persuasive speaking?

Persuasive speeches tend to have more controversial purposes.l; Persuasive speeches seek more powerful responses from listeners. Persuasive speeches need more and better proof. Persuasive speeches require the speaker to earn greater credibility.

What goals does a good introduction accomplish?

a) It captures listeners' attention and motivates them to listen; - You might begin with a dramatic piece of evidence, such as a stirring quotation, a striking visual aid, or a startling statistic or example. -refer to current events or experiences of listeners that are related to the topic of a speech -provide them with direct experience, which is a highly effective foundation for persuasion -When appropriate to the speaking situation, humor can also be an effective way to open a speech—but only if it succeeds in amusing listeners. b) it presents a clear thesis statement; c)it enhances the speaker's credibility -use personal experience -demonstrate that you have goodwill and are trustworthy d)it previews how the speech will be developed.