introduction, scientific method, history, sleep, drugs, brain, bio

tolerance

a condition in which increasingly larger doses of a drug is necessary to produce a given effect

experiment

a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes result allowing for the determination of cause and effect relationships

neuron

a specialized cell that sends and recieves messages

waking consciousness

a state in which thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear, organized and the individual feels alert

axon terminal

brances at the end of the axon

dendrites

fibers that receive signals from axons of other neurons and carry those signals to the cell body

secondary appraisal

lazarus' cognitive appraisal model - assessing the stressor - estimating the resources available for coping with the stressor

primary appraisal

lazarus' cognitive appraisal model - encountering the stressor - involves estimating the severity of the stressor (threat or challenge)

parietal lobe

lobe cognition, info processing, speech, pain and touch sensations, visual perception

frontal lobe

lobe motor functions, planning, judgment, reasoning, impulse control, memory

occipital lobe

lobe vision and color recognition

temporal lobe

lobe 2 on each side emotional response, hearing, memory and speech production

nicotine

main ingredient in cigarettes activates the brains dopamine related pleasure symptoms major risk factor for cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems main effects - elevated mood - improved memory and atention

reticular formation

neurons running through the middle of the brain - responsible for people's ability to selectively attend to certain types of information in their environment - allows us to ignore constant, unchanging information and become alert to changes in the environment (fan turning on-> you acknowledge it, but it doesn't take you attention away)

evolutionary psychology perspective

psychology perspective focuses on the evolutionary origins of human behavior emphasizes how behavior and mental processes emerge from generation to generation in order to assist individuals in adapting to their environment ("you sound just like your mother")

fourth stage

sleeping stage this stage is reached when delta waves accounts for more than 50% of total brainwave activity - growth hormones are released from pituitary gland - body is at its lowest state of functioning - sudden awakening may result in disorientation and confusion

pressure

sources of stress - comes from an outside source - psychological experience produce by urgent demands or expectations for a person's behavior that come from an outside source

uncontrollability

sources of stress less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress (nursing home residents taking care of plants)

frustration

sources of stress the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a percieved need two types: 1. internal: motion sickness, height 2. externa;: losses, rejections, delays

soma

the cell body of a neuron that's responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

action potential

the electromagnetic signal sent down the axon which stimulates the release of a neurotransmitter.

psychological dependence

the feeling that the drug is needed to continue the feeling of emotional or psychological well-being -> depend on it for your well being - become preoccupied with getting the drug if it is not available but can function without the drug -> out of sight out of mind - can occur with or without addiction - NO PHYSICAL AFFECT ON THE BODY IF YOU DON'T WANT TO TAKE IT -> ALL MENTAL

insomnia

the inability to get sleep, stay asleep or get a good night sleep

axon

the long extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the body of the cell

dependent variable

the variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment ( room temperature room)

alcohol

this is the most common depressant - enhances body's natural pain killers (endorphin) - increase dopamine level (producing initial high) - emotional reactions range from euphoria to despair - impairs the hippocampus, making it difficult to process information - impairs the cerebellum, causing poor motor skills (stumbling and falling) - depresses the hindbrain mechanisms required for breathing and heart rate making overdoses potentially fatal

amphetamine

triggers sympathetic nervous system activation - affects sleeps, learning and mood - typically taken to stay awake, lose weight or get high - do not provide additional energy - cause the spending of any stored energy in the body main effects: - alertness - arousal - curve appetite

lazarus' cognitive appraisal model

two stress process in assessing the degree of thereat or harm in how we should react to it

neurological sleep apnea

type of sleep apnea when the connection between your brain and throat aren't in sync so the brain doesn't keep you breathing -> very rare.

obstructed sleep apnea

type of sleep apnea when the muscles in your throat relax and relax too much which collapse and close your airway

life changing and strains events

type of stressor - events that call for adjustments - divorce, family illness, unemployment, and moving

daily hassle events

type of stressor - factors that cumulatively act as significant stressors - daily annoyances - minor iritations, pressures, and annoyances

pineal gland

what gland secretes melatonin?

1. hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala 2. cerebral cortex

whats in the limbic system and where is it?

amygdala

works with the hippocampus responsible for fear, fear responses and memories of fear

suprachiasmatic nucleus

- acts as a natural, internal alarm clock. - when to wake up and fall asleep - its sensitive to changed in light 1. when daylight changes, the SCN tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin-> resulting in the feeling of sleepiness 2. increased light results in the process reversing, the SCN tells the pineal gland to stop producing, resulting in awakening)

circadian rhythm

- the sleep-wake cycle - ensures that most individuals will experience several hours of sleep at least once during every 24 hour period - controlled by the hypothalamus

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

ARGUED AGAINST STRUCTURALISM. ARGUED THAT THE WHOLE CONSCIOUSNESS IS DIFFERENT THAN THE SUM OF IT'S PARTS. OUR THOUGHTS AND MEMORIES INDIVIDUALLY ARE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM WHEN YOU PUT THEM TOGETHER (THEY BECOME A WHOLE PERSON)

OVERT

BEHAVIORS THAT ARE READILY OBSERVABLE (walking, dancing, running, using body language such as hand gestures and facial expressions)

MAL-ADAPTIVE

DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO YOUR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

WILLIAM JAMES

FUNCTIONALISM INTERESTED IN THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS TO EVERYDAY LIFE RATHER THAN JUST IT'S ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON HOW THE MIND ALLOWS PEOPLE TO FUNCTION IN THE REAL WORLD- HOW PEOPLE WORK, PLAY AND ADAPT TO THEIR SURROUNDINGS.

alarm phase

GAS phase - an immediate reaction to a stressor - sympathetic nervous system activation - increase heart rate/ breathing and sweating

exhaustion phase

GAS phase -parasympathetic nervous system activates - biochemical stores have become depleted -physical wear and tear begin to take control of the body - diseases of adaptation set in

EXPLANATION

PART OF THE FOUR GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY DETERMINING WHY A PARTICULAR EVENT IS OCCURING

PREDICTION

PART OF THE FOUR GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY ESTIMATE WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE

DESCRIPTION

PART OF THE FOUR GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY OBSERVATION OF BEHAVIOR AND NOTING IT - WHO, WHAT, WHERE

CONTROL

PART OF THE FOUR GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY THE MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR - THE GOAL IS TO TRANSFORM MAL-ADAPTIVE TO ADAPTIVE

EDWARD TITCHNER

STRUCTURALISM FOCUSED ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE MIND, BELIEVED EVERY EXPERIENCE CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO EMOTIONS AND SENSATIONS

INTROSPECTION

THE PROCESS OF EXAMINING AND MEASURING ONE'S OWN THOUGHTS AND MENTAL ACTIVITIES - THE ROCK EXPERIMENT

PSYCHOLOGY

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES.

SIGMUND FREUD

WAS THE FIRST TO QUESTION THE THEORY THAT BIOLOGICAL FACTORS WERE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR BEHAVIORS AND MENTAL PROCESSES HE STATED THAT THE ACTUAL CAUSES OF THESE DIFFICULTIES ARE DEEP SEEDED PROBLEMS THAT HAD BEEN PUSHED OUT OF AN INDIVIDUALS CONSCIOUSNESS CONVINCED THAT UNCONSCIOUS, UNRESOLVED ISSUES AND CONFLICTS WERE THE ROOT OF ALL DIFFICULTY EXPERIENCED BY HUMANS - WE HAVE INSTINCTS (SEXUAL OR AGGRESSIVE) BUT BECAUSE OF SOCIETAL RULES, WE CANT ACT ON THEM WHICH CAUSES ANXIETY AND STRESS.

1. DESCRIPTION 2. EXPLANATION 3. PREDICTION 4. CONTROL

WHAT ARE THE FOUR GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY?

theory

a general explanation of a set of observations or facts

nervous system

a network of cells that carries information to and from parts of the body

consciousness

a persons awareness of everything that is going on around them at any given time

addiction

a state in which the body becomes unable to function properly/normally without the drug - using the drug becomes necessary to prevent withdrawal

hypothesis

a tentative explanation of a phenomenon *based on observations*

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

a three stage pattern of physical responses to any lasting stressor 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion

coping with stress

actions people take to make, tolerate, reduce, or minimize effects of stress

stimulants

amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine the class of drugs that cause the nervous system and may of the organs connected to it increase their activity (brings them up-> stimulates your senses)

medulla

controls autonomic functions such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate (not a stand alone organ)

cerebellum

controls involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement (holding your body when you're sitting) - coordinates voluntary movements that must occur in rapid succession (walking, dancing, typing, falling (drunk))

problem focused

coping with stress strategies that try to eliminate the source of stress, or reduce it's impact through direct actions (getting neighborhood watch)

emotion focused

coping with stress strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor. (neighborhood watch not getting passed, change your attitude about the situation)

hallucinogens

create a loss of contact with reality and alter other aspects of emotion, perception and thought - can cause distortions of body image, loss of identity, dream like states and hallucinations - LSD, ketamine, marijuana, MDMA, mescaline, shrooms main effects - hallucinations - time distortions - dissociation feelings - relaxation - hilarity - food cravings

psychoactive drugs

drugs that alter thinking, perception and memory - acts on the brain to create psychological effects

narcolepsy

excessive daytime sleeping in inappropriate times and in inappropriate places, - individual slips into rem sleep (doesnt go through the sleep cycle -> goes right to rem) - may occur with no warning - can be dangerous - can have with or without cataplaxey

independent variable

experimental group the variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researcher (the hot room)

barbiturates

highly addictive main effects - relaxation - mild pleasure - loss of muscle control - lowered attention sleeping pills - build up a tolerance and if you take them for too long, you can actually mess up your sleeping pattern even more than before WORST WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS - violent outbursts, convulsions, hallucinations and sudden death (seizures)

sleep apnea

individual stops breathing for 1/2 minute or longer while sleeping 2 types

pons

influence coordination of movements on the right and left sides of the body the "bridge" between the lower and upper part of your brain

cerebral cortex

outermost covering of the brain - made up of tightly packed neurons - 1/10th of an inch thick - divided into 2 hemispheres - houses sub-cortical structures also knows as the limbic system

the scientific method

perceive the question - are all depressed people suicidal? form a hypothesis - all individuals with depression are suicidal test the hypothesis - experiment draw a conclusion - based upon the results of the experiment report the results

thalamus

process input from the sense organs and relays sensory information to appropriate higher levels of forebrain areas - damage may result in partial or total loss of any or all senses - very deep in your brain, its crucial if your thalamus is damaged

cocaine

produces many amphetamine- effects potentially fast onset of addiction due to the powerful and rapid effects on the dopamine system main effects - self- confidence - sense of well being - euphoria

psychodynamic psychology perspective ->

psychology perspective Freud focuses on unconscious conflicts within the individual as the main determinant of behaviors and mental processes.

behavioral psychology perspective

psychology perspective focuses *entirely* on *observable behaviors* and how these behaviors are learned

cognitive psychology perspective

psychology perspective focuses on how people take in *mentally* represent and store information (the bigger picture -> how we take in information, process it and store it) - how do we remember?

sociocultural psychology perspective

psychology perspective focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture (if you travel, you're going to see how people behave and interact differently)

cognitive- behavioral psychology perspective

psychology perspective studies how an individual develops *thoughts, attitudes* and beliefs and *how they affect your behavior*

biological psychology perspective

psychology perspective the field in biology that presumes biological factors that (genes, hormones, brain systems) affect behaviors and mental processes (neurological systems in brains and how it affects how you think and respond)

depressants

reduce or depress central nervous system activity producing feelings of relaxation, drowsiness and potentially depression (opposite of stimulants) central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal chord * if the spinal chord is impaired then the neurological messages are going to take longer to get where it needs to go .... like traffic

caffeine

reduces drowsiness and enhances cognitive performance, including problem solving and vigilance increase capacity for physical work and raises urine production high amounts of this will produce: - anxiety -tremors - psychological and physical dependence

hypothalamus

regulated body temp, thirst, hunger, waking, sleeping, sexual activity and emotion control hormone regulation

hippocampus

responsible for the formation of long term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects works with the amygdala

synaptic vesicles

saclike structures found inside the end of the axon terminal

REM

sleeping stage paradoxical sleep - body is almost aroused as in waking state. brain waves resemble beta waves - 90% of dreaming happens in this stage - rapid eye movement

variable

specific factors or characteristic that can cause different numerical variables in research

stage one

stages of sleep - beta waves change to alpha waves then to theta waves (getting more open and slower) -> approx 10 minutes - may experience hypnagogic images - initial elements of dreaming - very realistic - visions of aliens, ghosts, near0 death experiences - hypnic jerk if awakened you's say you werent sleeping

third state

stages of sleep - theta waves turn to delta waves (the slowest and longest brain waves) - accounts for 20-50% of brainwave activity

stage two

stages of sleep deeper sleep - theta waves are predominant - body temperature decreases - if awakened, you'd say you were sleeping

cataplexy sleep apnea

sudden loss of muscle tone muscles no longer support your skeleton * sleep apnea

stress

the term to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as stress threatening or challenging - threat: fight or flight, quick decisions - challenge: cognitive - this affects e v e r y t h i n g - one person may be threatened by it, and another may look at it like it's a challenge. it all depends on how youlook at it

catastrophic event

type of stressor -unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust - accompanied by overwhelming feelings of threat - accidents, assaults, natural disasters - 9/11, tsunami, bad accidents

narcotics

unique in their ability to induce sleep and relieve pain - heroin, codeine, morpheme, opium main effects - feeling of well being - dream relaxation (euphoria)

BEHAVIOR

ALL OF OUR OVERT AND COVERT ACTIONS AND REACTIONS (TALKING, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND MOVEMENT)

COVERT

BEHAVIORS THAT ARE NOT OBSERVABLE any mental, social, or physical action or practice that is not immediately observable (DECEPTION AND LYING)

resistance phase

GAS phase - signs of initial alarm phase subside - sympathetic nervous system continues to remain active - the body settles into combat the stressor on a long term basis

WILHELM WUNDT

TRANSFORMED PSYCHOLOGY FROM PHILOSOPHICAL FIELD TO A SCIENTIFIC FIELD - MAINLY FOCUSED HIS RESEARCH ON CONSCIOUSNESS - MENTAL EXPERIENCES THAT ARISE FROM OUR SENSORY PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS (5 SENSES)