Introduction to Nautical Science - F1

Early Container Ships

"Geared" or "self-sustaining" meaning they had cargo handling equipment aboard. Today, most container ships are gearless, non-self sustaining, and rely on large, much more efficient shoreside gantry cranes to lift containers off the ship and place them directly on to a trailer chassis

Aerostatic

("hovercraft") vessels use a captured air bubble to lift above the surface

General Break Bulk Cargo Ship Flexibility

1. Call upon most ports Carry virtually any type or size of cargo that can be lifted on board Load and discharge even if there are no shoreside facilities, even at anchor to barges if need be

Design Factors for Merchant Ships (11)

1. Cargo Deadweight (the weight of the cargo to be carried) 2. Type of Cargo 3. Density of Cargo 4. Number of Passengers 5. Speed at Sea (faster you go, the more it costs) 6. Type of Machinery (today, large slow-speed, direct-drive diesel is the most efficient propulsion system for most types of merchant ships) 7. Type of Fuel 8. Maximum ship dimensions (start with length-bow to stern; breadth-width from port to starboard sides; draft-the most important dimension from an operational point of view which measures the depth of the ship below water) 9. Number of crew required 10. Range (or endurance)-(Ship needs to carry enough fuel, called "bunkers" to arrive safely in port; If the ship should carry bunkers the whole way or gain some at new ports; How large the bunker tanks should be) 11. Safety Requirements for a Particular Trade (Ex: Foam firefighting systems for oil tankers, ventilation for car carriers, etc.

Tankers

3 Major Types: a. Product Tankers-For refined products like gasoline, lube oil, etc.; Most numerous type of tanker b. Chemical Tankers-Each cargo tank (usually 30 to 40 tanks) has its own pump and piping so each tank can carry a different chemical; New construction Chemical tankers have to be double-hulled to prevent serious enviornmental pollution; Make it very expensive c. Crude Oil Tankers-LCC, VLCC, ULCC, etc.; Carry crude oil from oil producing regions to refineries near the population centers of USA, Europe, and Asia; ULCC-Largest moveable structures made by mankind, but hard to handle by many ports or sea routes; Crude oil tankers achieve great "economies of scale"

a. Rail Road b. Trucking c. Pipeline d. Air e. Water

5 Basic Modes of Transportation

Reefer Ships

All cargo compartments are refrigerated Fruit pioneered the reefer industry Similar to smaller break bulk ships, very expensive Short port or "turn around" time than break-bulk ships, but not as quick as container ships Containers killed the reefer ships

General Dry Cargo

Break Bulk, Container, LASH (Barge), Ro/Ro, Heavy Lift

Barge Carriers (LASH)

Cargo loaded in standard-size barges (large floating box made of steel) and then, loaded on ship; Self-sustaining, meaning the ship has its own machinery to load and discharge of the barges

b. Tramp Ships-Think "taxi" service. Have no regular schedule but instead travel to any place cargo is available and transport it to any desired destination. Types of ships normally engaged in tramp trade include: Most tankers Most Dry Bulk ships Heavy Lift ships Some Break Bulk Dry Cargo ships

Categorizing Merchant Ships #2 Type of Service (b)

a. Liner Service-"Bus" service (similar); Adhere to a published schedule of port calls and have a published schedule of "tariffs", i.e. charges or freight rates. Sometimes called "common carriers" in the US. Types of ships normally engaged in liner service include: Container ships Ro/Ro ships LASH and other types of barge carrier Break bulk ships Passenger ships (both Liners and Cruise ships) Ferries (for people and vehicles)

Categorizing Merchant Ships 2. Type of Service (a)

Size of tankers are expressed in displacement tonnage, wherein a "long ton" equals 2,240 lbs.

Categorizing Merchant Ships 3. Size define long ton (and =)

Hydrostatic, Hydrodynamic, Aerostatic (Last two besides hydrostatic require large power and very high fuel consumption rates-Used on short range, high-speed ferries)

Categorizing Merchant Ships 4. Mode of Support (on the sea) (3)

Type of cargo

Categorizing Merchant Ships #1

CO-CO

Contractor-Owned and Contractor Operated

Bulk Liquid (Tankers)

Crude Oil, Product (Clean), Chemical, Sulfur, Asphalt, Gas (LPG, LNG)

Passenger Ships

Cruise ships (most of the cost and volume of these ships is consumed by recreational facilities); Low speed

"Intermodal"

Different modes of transportation could be used in some circumstances to complement each other and increase efficiencies

GO-CO

Government-Owned and Contractor Operated; Contracted mariners known as CONMARs

GO-GO

Government-Owned and Government Operated; Government employees known as CIVMARs (civilian mariners)

Ore Carrier

Have a smaller cargo hold because most ores are concentrated before shipment, and are thus very dense

Non-Displacement Vessels

Have limited "sea keeping" abilities; Normally used in protected or inland waters, such as Dover Straits, Straits of Messina, Hong Kong Harbor, Lake Geneva, etc.

General Break Bulk Cargo Ship Cargo Handling Features

Heavy Lift Booms (50 to 100 ton capacity) Deep Tanks-Carry liquid cargo Hatch Covers- Quick-acting hydraulic type Lower, Tween Decks for Cargo Separation Longshoreman stows each parcel or pallet of cargo for slow cargo operations

More than 25,000 miles of navigable waters

How much does the inland waterways of the United States cover/includes?

90%

How much of the world trade moves by water?

99% of the volume (62% by value)

How much volume and value of overseas trade enters or leaves the U.S. by ship?

Merchant Marine

Includes MARAD and U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command; Does not include commissioned ships of the U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, or NOAA, and their foreign counterparts

It is steadily increasing.

Is the U.S. domestic and international trade by water increasing or decreasing?

LASH

Lighter Aboard Ship-Utilizes a 500 ton crane to lift the barges on the ship and into their stowage position

Passenger Vessels

Liners, Cruise Ships, Ferries (Ro/Ro Passenger, Fast Passenger (Hydrofoil, Air Cushion))

LNG

Liquid Natural Gas-Composed mainly of methane; 3 different containment systems used to carry LPG: a. Fully-refrigerated b. Semi-pressurized/semi-refrigerated (-45 degrees C or -49 degrees F) c. Pressurized

LPG

Liquid Petroleum Gas-Consists of heavier gases including propane, propylene, butane, and butylene; Self-Supporting: Such as spherical (most common) or cylindrical tanks made of aluminum alloy

MTS

Marine Transportation System; Consists of waterways, ports, and inter-modal land-side connections that allow the various modes of transportation to move people and goods to, from, and on the water

MARAD

Maritime Administration; The agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation dealing with waterborne transportation; Maintains a fleet of cargo ships in reserve to provide surge sea-lift during war and national emergencies.

Ferries

Most common passenger ships

General Break Bulk Cargo Ship

Normally 10,000-15,000 gross tons; Max draft up to 30 feet

Bulk Ships

Numerous cargo holds Large hatch openings Large ballast water tanks on side or bottom of hull because most bulk trades are one-way. Without a cargo, the ship must return home "in ballast" Carries almost any dry commodity in bulk Cargoes usually loaded by gravity whenever possible Takes several days to load with grain Terminals for bulk ships are specifically built for handling that type of cargo

Container Ships

Often called "box ships" Capacity expressed in TEUs Containers carried above deck, on top of hatch covers and are secured by "lashing gear" Containers loaded and discharged simultaneously Standard size of shipping containers allows for intermodal freight transportation-the transportation of cargo, i.e. freight using multiple modes of transportation (rail, ship, and truck), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes

OBO ships

Ore/Bulk Oil ships; Carry ore in the holds and oil in either the holds or wing ("side") tanks; Needs pumps, piping, and inert gas systems; Experiences many problems; Not many today

Common Tanker Features

Piping and pumps, longitudinal bulkheads, clean and gas-free tanks, fixed foam fire-fighting systems

RO/RO

Roll-On Roll-Off Ships

Ro/Ro-Passenger Ferry

Short runs-Large catamaran and trimaran hulls have been employed as auto ferries; Effects of free surface has caused some of the worst maritime disasters since World War 2

Heavy Lift Ships

Specifically designed to lift one or more large, very heavy items of cargo; such as components of oil refineries, power generation equipment, large construction equipment, large cranes, small ships, etc. 2 Basic Types: a. Heavy Lift ("Lo/Lo" Lift-on/Lift-off)-Very heavy lift cranes b. Self Propelled, Semi Submersible ("FLO/FLO" or Float on/Float off)-Heavy cargo lifted in by deeply ballasting the ship to partly submerge it

ATB (articulated tug barge)

The tug and barge are connected by one transverse

a. General Purpose Ro/Ro Ship-For trailers and vehicles; Short routes, short port times (no cranes used at ports) b. Pure Car Carrier ("PCC")-For automobiles c. Ro/Ro-Passenger Ferry-For passengers and their private vehicles; Found mostly on shhort runs in European waters (the Baltic, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea)

Three basic types of Ro/Ro Ships

Standard Container

Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU)

Liquid Gas Tankers

Two main types of liquefied gas that are a by-product of drilling for petroleum LPG and LNG Low temperature required; Among the most expensive type of merchant ships to build

Summary

U.S. Merchant Marine is critical to U.S. National Security. The U.S. and Global Economy lives or dies by the Merchant Marine.

Cost per ton-mile; The amount of money it costs to move one ton of freight a distance of one mile

Unit of measurement for comparing different types or "modes" of transportation

Dry Bulk

Universal Bulker, OBO, Ore Carrier

Common Ro/Ro Ship Features

Vehicle ramps, multiple decks, built-in ramps, extensive ventilation machinery (lots of vehicular exhaust exhausted during cargo operations), extensive fire detection and firefighting systems

Water

Which transportation mode is the cheapest?

Air

Which transportation mode is the fastest and most expensive?

Trucking

Which transportation mode is the most flexible?

Rail Road

Which transportation mode is the slowest?

Pipeline

Which transportation mode is very expensive to build but then dramatically reduces the cost of liquid cargo transportation?

Why is the Merchant Marine important?

Without a strong economy, the U.S. cannot afford a strong military. Without a strong military, the U.S. cannot provide for its own national defense. Without a strong U.S. Merchant Marine to deliver our war fighters overseas to the fight, we must wait to fight our adversaries here at home.

Merchant Marine's 3 Transportation Functions

a. Transportation of Raw Materials b. Transportation of Finished or Manufactured Goods c. Transportation of Passengers

ITB (integrated tug-barge)

the propulsion vessel and barge are rigidly connected by hydraulic rams

Hydrodynamic

type hull (hydrofoils and planning hulls)-Able to lift the hull up and over their bow wave

Hydrostatic

type hull-Most merchant ships use this because it is the most efficient for moving large quantities of cargo at moderate speeds over long distances