I/O Psych Chapter 1 History

Frederick Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants -known for figuring out when workers should work and rest to increase efficiency. (iron ingot employees) -wrote Principles of Scientific Management

The Early Years (1900-1916)

W.L. Bryan: how professional telegraphers develop skill in sending and receiving morse code. precursor to I/O psychology. "psychologists study concrete activities as they appear in everyday life" society was rapidly changing due to: industrialization, immigration, high birthrate, education, and urban growth. Drive for social reform, society looked to science for practical solutions. focus was on the economic gains that could be accrued by applying the ideas and methods of psychology to problems in business and industry

Cross-cultural psychology

investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery

most widely used test in existence, created in 1980s. administered annually to over a million individuals and is used by the armed services to screen potential recruits and to assign recruits to different jobs.

Army Beta

non-verbal tests for illiterates and those that did not speak English. Also could be administered to groups

Title VII

part of 1964 Civil Rights Act - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of his or her association with another individual of a particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

American Psychological Association

scientific and professional society of psychologists and educators; world's largest association of psychologists; founded in 1892; made up of 54 divisions, each representing a specific area; 152,000 members

Army General Classification Test (AGCT)

(group testing) During WWII, the test was assigned to measure an individuals intelligence, vocabulary, math, and reasoning. This allowed military officials to quickly determine who would be in the front line and in military squadrons, and special forces.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth

-Industrial psyc--mother of 12. -concerned with human aspects of time management -studied effects of stress, fatigue on workers

Hugo Munsterberg

-Wrote Psychology and Industrial Efficiency -Considered the father of I/O -job selection -we are trying to predict job performance, and he was the first person to do it systematically (founder of I/O psych). Measured reaction time, nose length, he measured everything. He studied all aspects of the job-- didn't get too far with research but he set the stage for predicting behavior with quantifying research

Walter Dill Scott

-applying psychology to advertising; suggestion and argument as influence tactics (selling product to things people innately value); human efficiency through imitation, competition, loyalty, and concentration -wrote Theory of Advertising, The Psychology of Advertising

Walter Bingham

-began The Bureau of Salesmanship Research -wrote Aids in Selecting Salesmen

World War I (1917-1918)

-psychology and the war -APA -> assessments of recruits

Between the wars (1919-1940)

-recognized as a discipline

Government Intervention (1964-1993)

-sensitive to minority rights -government scrutiny and evaluation for I/O work

Army Alpha

An intelligence test developed during WW1 for the selection and placement of military personnel. Biased toward people who can read and could speak english.

humanitarian work psychology

IO psychology needed to become more heavily involved in additional types of organizations to help the world become a better place by using the knowledge and skills IO has developed. In humanitrian work psychology it directs resources of IO Psych to relieving global poverty, promoting social justice in organizations, protecting the rights of workers, etc...It promotes food for mankind. Humanitarian work psychology still needs to expand its mission so that the world continues to become a better place. IO responding the needs of an industry (certain kind of industry military govt, companies), recently there has been a dramatic change to broaden the kind of work that we help to and the types of companies we help, (people who work in extreme environmental conditions, people in disaster areas) applying theories of IO psychology to the world. What is it like to work as an unpaid volunteer? HWP how it fits in the bigger picture and how we think about IO psychology

Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology

In 1982, Division 14 incorporated as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc.-A Division of the American Psychological Association (SIOP). SIOP is affiliated with both APS and APA, and its members can join either.

situational stress tests

__________ were developed by psychologists working for the U.S. Office of Strategic Services to assess candidates for military intelligence positions. This happened during WW II.

Hawthorne studies

a series of research studies that began in the late 1920s and ultimately refocused the interests of I/O psychologists on how work behavior manifests itself in an organizational content experimental study on lighting → productivity relationship when the lights went up productivity went up when the lights went down the productivity went up productivity is going up and down not because of lighting but because of researchers being present

Licensure

the process by which a professional practice is regulated by law to ensure quality standards are met to protect the public.

Specialties of I/O Psychology

training and development- employee selection- ergonomics- performance management- work life- organizational development-

scientist-practitioner model

•the model whereby psychology students are taught the science of psychology and later trained as applied psychologists •research guided by practical needs of organization *The goal of the scientist-practitioner model is to increase scientific growth within clinical psychology in the United States. It calls for graduate programs to engage and develop psychologists' background in psychological theory, field work, and research methodology. The Scientist-Practitioner Model urges clinicians to allow empirical research to influence their applied practice; while simultaneously, allowing their experiences during applied practice to shape their future research questions. Therefore, continuously advancing, refining and perfecting the scientific paradigms of the field.