IP Addressing - Chapter 7
What is a Unique local address?
6 unique local addresses have some similarity to RFC 1918 private addresses for IPv4, but there are significant differences. Unique local addresses are used for local addressing within a site or between a limited number of sites. These addresses should not be routable in the global IPv6 and should not be translated to a global IPv6 address.
What is the typical prefix and Interface ID (Host portion) of a IPv6 address?
64 bits and 64 bits
What is an IPv6 unspecified address>?
::/128
What is an ipv6 loopback address
::/128
pinging to the default gateway tests?
A ping to the gateway indicates that the host and the router interface serving as the gateway are both operational on the local network.
What does ARIN do?
American Registry for Internet Numbers manages and maintains IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for North America
Legacy Classful Addressing
Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 - 191.255.0.0 /16) Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 - 223.255.255.0 /24)
This part of the address is used by an organization to identify IPv6 subnets.
Subnet ID
FF02::1 is an example of a
all node multicast address
Why are Link-local addresses not included in the routing table?
because they are not routable addresses.
Experimental Addresses
block 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 that are reserved for future use (RFC 3330).
What is the only way in IPv6 to obtain the default gateway address?
dynamically through the Router Advertisement
The most common types of IPv6 unicast addresses are?
global unicast addresses (GUA) and link-local unicast addresses.
What is Duplicated Address Detection (DAD)
his is similar to an ARP request for its own address. If there isn't a reply, then the address is unique.
A Global unicast address is?
similar to a public IPv4 address. These are globally unique, Internet routable addresses. Global unicast addresses can be configured statically or assigned dynamically
FF-2::1:FAE:F85F is an example of:
solicited node multicast
A Link-local address is?
used to communicate with other devices on the same local link. With IPv6, the term link refers to a subnet. Link-local addresses are confined to a single link. Their uniqueness must only be confirmed on that link because they are not routable beyond the link. In other words, routers will not forward packets with a link-local source or destination address.
Link-Local addresses
(169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254) Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses, they are used by a Windows DHCP client to self-configure in the event that there are no DHCP servers available.Useful in a peer-to-peer connection.
TEST-NET addresses
(192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255) - These addresses are set aside for teaching and learning purposes and can be used in documentation and network examples.
What is the EUI-64 Interface id composed of
1) 24-bit OUI from the client MAC address, but the 7th bit (the Universally/Locally (U/L) bit) is reversed. This means that if the 7th bit is a 0, it becomes a 1, and vice versa. 2) The inserted 16-bit value FFFE (in hexadecimal). 3) 24-bit Device Identifier from the client MAC address.
What two ways can a host obtain a IPv6 address automatically?
1) Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) 2) Stateful DHCPv6 When either are used, the local router's link-local address will automatically be specified as the default gateway address.
What are the common reasons a ICMP message is sent?
1) Host confirmation ICMP Echo Message can be used to determine if a host is operational 2) Destination or Service Unreachable: used for packets that it cannot deliver codes for ICMPv4 are: 0 - Net unreachable 1 - Host unreachable 2 - Protocol unreachable 3 - Port unreachable Time exceeded: Time to Live (TTL) field of the packet was decremented to 0. Route redirection
What are the two type of IPv6 multicast addresses?
1) assigned multicast - An assigned multicast address is a single address used to reach a group of devices running a common protocol or service. Two common Groups: FF02::1 All-nodes multicast: This is a multicast group that all IPv6-enabled devices join. This has the same effect as a broadcast address in IPv4 2) Solicited node multicast: This is a multicast group that all IPv6 routers join. A packet sent to this group is received and processed by all IPv6 routers on the link or network.
Specifically, the private address blocks are:
10.0.0.0 /8 or 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Loop Back addresses
127.0.0.0/8 127.0.0.1 -127.255..255.254 it can be used on a host to test if the TCP/IP configuration is operational,
Link-local address block range?
169.254.0.0/16
Migration techniques to move from IPv4 to IPv6
Dual Stack - dual stack allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network segment. Dual stack devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks simultaneously. Tunneling - tunneling is a method of transporting an IPv6 packet over an IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet, similar to other types of data. Translation - Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64) allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-enabled devices using a translation technique similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4 packet and vice versa
What is the range of Unique Local Addresses?
FC00::/7 - FDFF::/7
When an address begins with this hextet within the range of ________ to __________ , the local link parameter must follow the address
FE80 to FEBF
This network portion of the address is assigned by the provider.
Global routing prefix
List the global unicast address's three parts:
Global routing prefix (4 hextets) -network, portion of the address that is assigned by the provider, such as an ISP, to a customer or site. Subnet ID (last hextet in prefix) - used by an organization to identify subnets within its site. The larger the subnet ID, the more subnets available. Interface ID (Last 4 hextets): is equivalent to the host portion of an IPv4 address.
2001:DB8::BAF:3F57:FE94 is an example of a
Global unicast address
What is indicated by a successful ping to the ::1 IPv6 address?
IP is properly installed on the host. It does not mean that any addresses are correctly configured.
This part of the address is the equivalent to the host portion of an IPv4 address.
Interface ID
What are two types of IPv6 unicast addresses?
Loopback Link-local
ICMPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) for:
Messages between Router and device: The Router Solicitation (RS) message The Router Advertisement (RA) message Messaging between IPv6 devices: Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message
The ICMPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) message includes:
Network prefix and prefix length - Tells the device which network it belongs to. Default gateway address - This is an IPv6 link-local address, the source IPv6 address of the RA message. DNS addresses and domain name - Addresses of DNS servers and a domain name.
What is option One for RA messages?
Option 1: SLAAC - Prefix, Prefix-length, and Default gateway Two parts of an address are created with: Prefix - Received in the RA message Interface ID - Uses the EUI-64 process or by generating a random 64-bit number
What is option Two for RA messages?
Option 2: SLAAC with a stateless DHCPv6 server: The RA message suggests devices to use 1) SLAAC to create its own IPv6 global unicast address. 2) The router's link-local address, the RA's source IPv6 address for the default gateway address. and 3) A stateless DHCPv6 server to obtain other information such as a DNS server address and a domain name. A stateless DHCPv6 server distributes DNS server addresses and domain names. It does not allocate global unicast addresses.
What is option Three for RA messages?
Option 3: Stateful DHCPv6 (no SLAAC): suggests devices use 1) The router's link-local address, the RA's source IPv6 address for the default gateway address. and 2) A stateful DHCPv6 server to obtain a global unicast address, DNS server address, domain name and all other information.
What two parts is the Ethernet MAC address made up of:
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) - The OUI is a 24-bit (6 hexadecimal digits) vendor code assigned by IEEE. Device Identifier - The device identifier is a unique 24-bit (6 hexadecimal digits) value within a common OUI.
What does ping 127.0.0.1 or ::1 do
Pings the local host that the TCP/IP stack is installed and working on the local host. Causes the device to ping itself.
IPv4 Address rules for short-hand writing the address:
Rule 1: Omit Leading Zeros Rule 2: Omit all Zero segments with a Double Colon ::
A global IPv6 unicast address contains three parts.
The Global Routing Prefix of an IPv6 is the prefix or network portion of the address assigned by the provider, such as an ISP, to a customer or site. The Subnet ID Field is used by an organization to identify a subnet within its site. The interface ID field of the IPv6 Interface ID is equivalent to the host portion of an IPv4 address.
Why can the same link local address be used on a routers interface addresses and serial addresses?
The link-local address FE80::1 is used to make it easily recognizable as belonging to router R1. The same IPv6 link-local address is configured on all of R1's interfaces. FE80::1 can be configured on each link because it only has to be unique on that link.
What is the EUI-64 Process?
This process uses a client's 48-bit Ethernet MAC address, and inserts another 16 bits in the middle of the 48-bit MAC address to create a 64-bit Interface ID.
Class A total Networks and total hosts per network:
Total Networks: 128 Total Hosts per network: 16,777,214
Class B total Networks and total hosts per network:
Total Networks: 16,384 Total Hosts per network: 65,534
Class C total Networks and total hosts per network:
Total Networks: 2,097,152 Total Hosts per network: 254
List and identify the three types of IPv6 addresses:
Unicast - uniquely identifies an interface on an IPv6-enabled device. a source IPv6 address must be a unicast address. Multicast - is used to send a single IPv6 packet to multiple destinations. Anycast -is any IPv6 unicast address that can be assigned to multiple devices. A packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the nearest device having that address.
For Dynamic Configuration of IPv6 addresses, Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) is a method that allows
a device to obtain its prefix, prefix length, default gateway address, and other information from an IPv6 router without the use of a DHCPv6 server.
::1 is an example of
a loopback address
An IPv6 enabled device sends a data packet with the destination address of FF02::1. What is the target of this packet?
all IPv6 enabled devices on the local link or network assigned IPv6 multicast addresses.
