IR Exam 1
What is Marxism
A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 87). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. Nato US. Warsaw pact; Soviet UNion
gulf war
A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.
How has the Prisoner's Dilemma game been used to attempt to understand arms races•
A situation modeled by game theory in which rational actors pursuing their individual interests all achieve worse outcomes than they could have by working together. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 65). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
When does peace occur
According to power transition theory, then, peace among great powers results when one state is firmly in the top position and the positions of the others in the hierarchy are clearly defined and correspond with their actual underlying power. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 49). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What are the major purposes of alliances•
Alliances generally have the purpose of augmenting their members' power by pooling capabilities. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 54). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
How is this related to an alliance's ability to deter an enemy
Cohesion tends to be high when national interests converge and when cooperation within the alliance becomes institutionalized and habitual. When states with divergent interests form an alliance against a common enemy, Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 55). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What is the CIS •
Commonwealth of Independent States- former soviet union states
Conflicts over control of territory are of what two types •
Conflicts over control of territory are really of two varieties: territorial disputes (about where borders are drawn) and conflicts over control of entire states within existing borders (discussed next under Control of Governments). Consider first differences over where borders between two states should be drawn— that is, who controls a disputed piece of land. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 150). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
• How does constructivism use the notion of identities to explain phenomena e.g. the fact that the US would be concerned about the building of nuclear weapons by North Korea but not by Great Britain •
Constructivists hold that these state identities are complex and changing, and arise from interactions with other states—often through a process of socialization. Some constructivist scholars contend that over time, states can conceptualize one another so that there is no danger of a security dilemma, arms races, or the other effects of anarchy. They point to Europe as an example—a continent that was the center of two military conflicts in the first half of the twentieth century that killed millions. By the end of that century, war had become unthinkable. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 82). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•What role does socialization have in international affairs, according to constructivists
Constructivists hold that these state identities are complex and changing, and arise from interactions with other states—often through a process of socialization. Some constructivist scholars contend that over time, states can conceptualize one another so that there is no danger of a security dilemma, arms races, or the other effects of anarchy. They point to Europe as an example—a continent that was the center of two military conflicts in the first half of the twentieth century that killed millions. By the end of that century, war had become unthinkable. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 82). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
How does the existence of bureaucratic rivalry (also called interagency rivalry in the book) fit with the realist notion of the state as a unitary actor (or does it) •
In general, bureaucratic rivalry as an influence on foreign policy challenges the notion of states as unitary actors in the international system. Such rivalries suggest that a state does not have any single set of goals—a national interest—but that its actions may result from the bargaining of subunits, each with its own set of goals. Furthermore, Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 115). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•What evidence is there that war is waning in recent years
In spite of increased violence in some places, overall level of war and deaths from war has decreased Early to mid 20th century, 10s of millions died Early 1990s - about 1 million died from war each year Even fewer casualties in the 2000-2010 decade
What is the Human Development Index
Indicator of development for each country, constructed by the UN.
What are the four levels of analysis and how do they differ
Individual- individual leaders domestic- state level influence INterstate- between states global level- trend
•How does the study of individual decision making revolve around the question of rationality
The actions of individual decision makers are influenced by their personalities, values, and beliefs as well as by common psychological factors that diverge from rationality. These factors include misperception, selective perception, emotional biases, and cognitive biases (including the effort to reduce cognitive dissonance). Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 124). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What is alliance cohesion
The ease with which the members hold together an alliance; it tends to be high when national interests converge and when cooperation among allies becomes institutionalized. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 55). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What kinds of actions can create change that will contribute to building positive peace •
These include alternative mechanisms for conflict resolution to take the place of war; popular pressure on governments through peace movements and political activism; the strengthening of norms against the use of violence (including the philosophy of nonviolence); the development of international or global identity transcending national, ethnic, and religious divisions; and egalitarian relations within societies in the economic, social, and political realms (including changes in gender roles). Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 91). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•What is meant by a revolution in military affairs
These periods usually combine innovative applications of new technology with changes in military doctrine, organization, or operations. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 172). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What does gradual evolution result from, from the liberal perspective
This evolution results primarily from the gradual buildup of international organizations and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from changes in norms and public opinion (identity). The Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 73). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•Why did the international community have a weak response to the genocides in Rwanda and Darfur
Un had no real power. The weak international response to this atrocity reveals how frail international norms of human rights are compared to norms of noninterference in other states' internal affairs—at least when no strategic interests are at stake. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 140). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
non-zero-sum game
an interaction in which both participants can win (or lose)
•From a Marxist view, both IR and domestic politics arise from what
approaches to IR hold that both IR and domestic politics arise from unequal relationships between economic classes. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 87). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Why don't economic conflicts often lead to war
because economic conflicts have mutual economic gains. going to war woudl be disastrous
What types of disputes tend to be among the most intractable in IR
border diputes
How does it reflect the collective goods problem
captures the kind of collective goods problem common to IR. In this situation, rational players choose moves that produce an outcome in which all players are worse off than under a different set of moves. They all could do better, but as individual rational actors, they are unable to achieve this outcome. How can this be? Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 65). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
How is the socialization of children key to understanding intractable conflict
children are teh new generation so they will continue the cnflict
What types of disputes are among the most intractable
conflicts of ideas
What is generally the purpose of terrorism
demoralize a civilian population in order to use its discontent as leverage on national governments or other parties to a conflict. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 174). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
In 1992 how did French farmers attempt to influence foreign policy
during a U.S.-European trade dispute in 1992— French farmers have turned out in large numbers to block roads, stage violent street demonstrations, and threaten to grind the national economy to a halt unless the government adopts their position. Similarly (but often less dramatically), interest groups form around businesses, labor unions, churches, veterans, senior citizens, members of an occupation, or citizens concerned about an issue such as the environment. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 116). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
• What kind of conflict is "quite possibly the most important source of conflict in the numerous wars now occurring throughout the world pg 162" •
ethnic conflict
Peace studies shifts the focus of IR away from the interstate level of analysis to what •
from the interstate level of analysis and toward a broad conception of social relations at the individual, domestic, and global levels of analysis. Peace studies connects war and peace with individual responsibility, economic inequality, gender relations, cross-cultural understanding, and other aspects of social relationships. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 89). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Why does gender matter to IR, according to feminist IR theorists • •
gender matters in understanding how IR works—especially in issues relating to war and international security. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 92). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
According to power transition theory, what situations can lead to war
holds that the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy, when a rising power is surpassing (or threatening to surpass) the most powerful state.Germany's rise in the nineteenth century gave it great power capabilities even though it was left out of colonial territories and other signs of status; this tension may have contributed to the two world wars. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 49). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 49). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
In what way might it be a better measure for comparing the status of countries
includes life expectancy, health
•What are two classic examples of very effective nonviolent actions/movements
india, American south
What does this tell us about the reach of international norms of human rights
its has little reach
♣How do liberal theories view the rules of IR
liberal theorists generally see the rules of IR as slowly, incrementally evolving through time and becoming more and more peaceful. This evolution results primarily from the gradual buildup of international organizations and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from changes in norms and public opinion (identity). Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 73). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What circumstances inside a country can be masked when using only GDP
life expectant health, education
What power capabilities are more relevant to the short term
military forces and military industrial complex
•How long has the international system (that is based on states) existed
modern system alive for 500, nation state only for 200
•What is material power
money or guns type stuff
Soft power
power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action (hard power)
What is the primary effect of terrorism
psychological
How have women been used as a tool of war and genocide
rape in genocid used to mix the blood and try t dilute teh other ethnty. women used as bargaining chips
How does a postmodernist theorist view the realist model
realism cannot justify its claim that states are the central actors in IR and that states operate as unitary actors with coherent sets of objective interests (which they pursue through international power politics). Postmodern critics of realism see nothing objective about state interests, and certainly nothing universal (in that one set of values or interests applies to all states). Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 86). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Understand the relevance of the breakup of the former Yugoslavia in relation to ethnic conflict •
Just after the Gulf War in 1991, the former Yugoslavia broke apart, with several of its republics declaring independence. Ethnic Serbs, who were minorities in Croatia and Bosnia, seized territory to form a "Greater Serbia." With help from Serbia, which controlled the Yugoslav army, they killed hundreds of thousands of non-Serb Bosnians and Croatians and expelled millions more to create an ethnically pure state. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 29). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Which two countries are currently the largest members
Kazakhstan and Belarus Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 58). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•How can international regimes help solve collective goods problems •
Regimes can help solve collective goods problems by increasing transparency— because everyone knows what everyone else is doing, cheating is riskier. The current revolution in information technologies is strengthening regimes particularly in this aspect. Also, with better international communication, states can identify conflicts and negotiate solutions through regimes more effectively. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 77). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What concerns does Russia have about NATO's eastward expansion •
Russian leaders oppose NATO's expansion into Eastern Europe as aggressive and anti-Russian. They view NATO expansion as reasserting dividing lines on the map of Europe but pushed closer to Russia's borders. These fears strengthen nationalist and antiWestern political forces in Russia. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 56). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
comfort women
women forcibly recruited by the japanese army to serve in military brothels
•What solutions are there to the anarchy problem
world government, more rrespect for each other
Global North/South Gap
Between the relatively rich industrialized countries of the North and the relatively poor countries of the South is the most important geographical element in the global level of analysis.
What are two primary examples of hegemons
Britain in 19th century and US now
What are the limitations of that measure
But even GDP is at best a rough indicator, and economists do not even agree how to measure it. The method followed in this text adjusts for price differences among countries, Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 40). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Do realists see a solution to this problem
But most realists think that IR cannot escape from a state of anarchy and will continue to be dangerous as a result. In this anarchic world, realists emphasize prudence as a great virtue in foreign policy. Thus, states should pay attention not to the intentions of other states but rather to their capabilities. Despite its anarchy, the international system is far from chaotic. The great majority Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 43). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•What is the most pervasive form of conflict in IR; why
Economic competition is the most pervasive form of conflict in international relations because economic transactions are pervasive. Every sale made and every deal reached across international borders entails a resolution of conflicting interests. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 156). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•What power resources are useful in relation to the long term
Elements that an actor can draw on over the long term include total GDP, population, territory, geography, and natural resources. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 41). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
FROM LECTURE: Why are ethnic conflicts often very difficult to resolve
Ethnic conflicts, especially when linked with territorial disputes, are very difficult to resolve because of psychological biases. It is hard to explain why people's loyalties are sometimes to their ethnic group and sometimes to a multiethnic nation. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 159). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
In what ways are economic conflicts related to international security, however •
First, many states' foreign policies are influenced by mercantilism—a practice of centuries past in which trade and foreign economic policies were manipulated to build up a monetary surplus that could be used to finance war (see Liberalism and Mercantilism on pp. 241-244). Because a trade surplus confers an advantage in international security affairs over the long run, trade conflicts have implications for international security relations. Second, the theory of lateral pressure also connects economic competition with security concerns. This theory holds that the economic growth of states leads to geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders (by various means, peaceful and violent). As great powers expand their economic activities outward, their competition leads to conflicts and sometimes to war. The theory has been used to help explain both World War I and the expansion of Japan prior to World War II. Another kind of economic conflict that affects international security concerns military industry—the capacity to produce military equipment, especially high-technology weapons such as fighter aircraft or missiles. There is a world trade in such items, but national governments try (not always successfully) to keep control of such production—to try to ensure that national interests take priority over those of manufacturers and that the state is militarily self-sufficient in case of war. Economic competition (over who profits from such sales) is interwoven with security concerns (over who gets access to the weapons). Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 157). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What does the success of collective security depend on•
First, the members must keep their alliance commitments to the group (that is, members must not free-ride on the efforts of other members). When a powerful state commits aggression against a weaker one, it often is not in the immediate interest of other powerful states to go to war over the issue. Suppressing a determined aggressor can be very costly. A second requisite for collective security is that enough members must agree on what constitutes aggression. The UN Security Council is structured so that aggression is defined by what all five permanent members, in addition to at least four of the other ten members, can agree on (see The Security Council on pp. 205-209). Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 78). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•What is the best single indicator of a state's power •
GDP accordant to realists
• What are ethnic groups
Groups of people with the same background/history
•What are two sources of ambivalence in the United States about US hegemony
IR scholars do not agree about how far or fast U.S. hegemonic decline has proceeded, if at all, and whether international instability will result from such a decline. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 50). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
How is ethnicity related to nationalism
Identification with and devotion to the interests of one's nation. It usually involves a large group of people who share a national identity and often a language, culture, or ancestry. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 135). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Has the post-Cold War era been more or less peaceful than the Cold War era •
Less peaceful
How does this contrast with the realist view
Marxist theories as social theories contrast with the realist paradigm. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 87). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
How do they differ by population and by GDP
North has 20% population, 55% goods and services South has 80% population, 45% goods and services
How might it threaten democracy
President Dwight Eisenhower warned in his farewell speech that the military-industrial complex (a term he coined) was gaining "unwarranted influence" in U.S. society and that militarization could erode democracy in the United States. The size of the complex gave it more political clout than ordinary citizens could muster. Yet its interest in the arms race conflicted with the interest of ordinary citizens in peace. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 117). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Why have North Korea and Iran been significant in international affairs recently
Nuclear weapons
•How can war be understood by considering the four levels of analysis
On the individual level of analysis, theories about war center on rationality. One theory, consistent with realism, holds that the use of war and other violent means of leverage in international conflicts is normal and reflects rational decisions of national leaders. "Wars begin with conscious and reasoned decisions based on the calculation, made by both parties, that they can achieve more by going to war than by remaining at peace."2 An opposite theory holds that conflicts often escalate to war because of deviations from rationality in the individual decision-making processes of national leaders. These potentials were discussed in Chapter 4—information screens, cognitive biases, groupthink, and so forth. A related theory holds that the education and mentality of whole populations of individuals determine whether conflicts become violent. In this view, public nationalism or ethnic hatred—or even an innate tendency toward violence in human nature—may pressure leaders to solve conflicts violently. The domestic level of analysis draws attention to the characteristics of states or societies that may make them more or less prone to use violence in resolving conflicts. During the Cold War, Marxists frequently said that the aggressive and greedy capitalist states were prone to use violence in international conflicts, whereas Western leaders claimed that the expansionist, ideological, and totalitarian nature of communist states made them especially prone to using violence. In truth, both types of society fought wars regularly. Likewise, rich industrialized states and poor agrarian ones both use war at times. Theories at the interstate level explain wars in terms of power relations among major actors in the international system. Some of these theories are discussed in Chapter 2. For example, power transition theory holds that conflicts generate large wars at times when power is relatively equally distributed and a rising power is threatening to overtake a declining hegemon in overall position. At this level, too, competing theories exist that seem incompatible. Deterrence, as we have seen, is supposed to stop wars by building up power and threatening its use. But the theory of arms races holds that wars are caused, not prevented, by such actions. No At the global level of analysis, a number of theories of war have been proposed. Of the several variations on the idea that major warfare in the international system is cyclical, one approach links large wars with long economic waves (also called Kondratieff cycles) in the world economy, of about 50 years' duration. Another approach links the largest wars with a 100-year cycle based on the creation and decay of world orders (see Hegemony on pp. 49-51). These cycle theories can explain at best only general tendencies toward war in the international system over time. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 134). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•What was, as the book describes it, the "one flaw of US policy in the Cold War period"
One flaw of U.S. policy in the Cold War period was to see all regional conflicts through an East-West lens. Its preoccupation with communism led the United States to support unpopular pro-Western governments in a number of poor countries, nowhere more disastrously than during the Vietnam War in the 1960s.
•What are two views about what brought an end to the Cold War, as described in your book
One view is that U.S. military strength under President Reagan forced the Soviet Union into bankruptcy as it tried to keep up in the arms race. A different position is that the Soviet Union suffered from internal stagnation over decades and ultimately imploded because of weaknesses that had little to do with external pressure. Indeed, some scholars think the Soviet Union might have fallen apart earlier without the United States as a foreign enemy to bolster the Soviet government's legitimacy with its own people. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 28). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
zero-sum games?
Situations in which one actor's gain is by definition equal to the other's loss, as opposed to a non-zero-sum game, in which it is possible for both actors to gain (or lose).
From this perspective, how can the security dilemma be diminished or eliminated
Some constructivist scholars contend that over time, states can conceptualize one another so that there is no danger of a security dilemma, arms races, or the other effects of anarchy. They point to Europe as an example—a continent that was the center of two military conflicts in the first half of the twentieth century that killed millions. By the end of that century, war had become unthinkable. European identities are now intertwined with the European Union, not with the violent nationalism that led to two world wars. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 82). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
In what ways is the composition of a decision group important to the decisions that are made•
State leaders often rely on an inner circle of advisers in making foreign policy decisions. The composition and operation of the inner circle vary across governments. For instance, President Lyndon Johnson had "Tuesday lunches" to discuss national security policy with top national security officials. Some groups depend heavily on informal consultations in addition to formal meetings. Some leaders create a "kitchen cabinet"— a trusted group of friends who discuss policy issues with the leader even though they have no formal positions in government. For instance, Israel's Golda Meir held many such discussions at her home, sometimes literally in the kitchen. Russian president Boris Yeltsin relied on the advice of his bodyguard, who was a trusted friend. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 112). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
How are rules and ideas related to the concept of hegemony •
The holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 49). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•Why are international agreements hard to enforce
The lack of a world policy to punish states if they break an agreement which makes enforcement of international agreements difficult.
What is class struggle
The struggle between different classes of people trying to become the ruling/dominating class
•How does the study of foreign policy processes run counter to realism's assumption of a unitary state actor
The study of foreign policy processes runs counter to realism's assumption of a unitary state actor. Because the study of foreign policy concentrates on forces within the state, its main emphasis is on the individual and domestic levels of analysis. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 123). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What lessons are learned about group composition in relation to groupthink
The tendency of groups to validate wrong decisions by becoming overconfident and underestimating risks. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 111). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Wars of secession can involve spillover •
This spillover is particularly likely if members of an ethnic or a religious group span two sides of a border, constituting the majority group in one state and a majority in a nearby region of another state, but a minority in the other state as a whole. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 151). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•What is meant by "the globalization of class relations"
Through this globalization of class relations, world accumulation concentrates surplus toward the rich parts of the world and away from the poor ones. Revolutions, then, would be expected in poor regions. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 88). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
(See essay question) •What are some of the characteristics of a crisis, and of the tendencies of decision makers in a crisis, that interfere with sound decision-making
Time pressure Importance of issue Inability to go through usual processes Communications - shorter, more stereotyped Situation is often ambiguous
How much of the world's GDP and military spending do they account for
Together they account for more than half of the world's total GDP and two-thirds of its military spending (see Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 47). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Which states in our current environment can be considered the great powers
U.S, UK
What is the liberal feminist critique of the difference feminist position •
Where difference feminists consider gender differences important and fixed, and liberal feminists consider those differences trivial, postmodern feminists find them important but arbitrary and flexible. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 93). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
•Do regimes decline when the power of the hegemons that created them declines
Yet regimes do not always decline with the power of hegemons that created them. Rather, they may take on a life of their own. Although hegemony may be crucial in establishing regimes, it is not necessary for maintaining them. Once actors' expectations converge around the rules embodied in a regime, the actors realize that the regime serves their own interests. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 77). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
What is the military industrial complex •
a country's military establishment and those industries producing arms or other military materials, regarded as a powerful vested interest. eisenhower
What are interest groups •
a group of people that seeks to influence public policy on the basis of a particular common interest or concern.
The process of democratization has accelerated in the past two decades. What is the likelihood of war for countries transitioning into democracy
a period of transition to democracy may be more prone to war compared to either a stable democracy or a stable authoritarian government. Therefore, the process of democratization does not necessarily bode well for peace in the short term. This theory gained support in early 2006, when Iraqi elections were followed by a rise in sectarian violence, and then Palestinian elections brought to power the militant faction Hamas, which rejects Israel's right to exist. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 81). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Liberal theory generally: ♣ What principles do liberal theories draw on as solutions to the collective goods problem♣
realism offers mostly dominance solutions to the collective goods problems of IR, several alternative theoretical approaches discussed in this chapter draw mostly on the reciprocity and identity principles (recall Figure 2.1 in Chapter 2). Among other common elements, these approaches generally are more optimistic than realism about the prospects for peace. Although realists see the laws of power politics as relatively timeless and unchanging, liberal theorists generally see the rules of IR as slowly, incrementally evolving through time and becoming more and more peaceful. This evolution results primarily from the gradual buildup of international organizations and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from changes in norms and public opinion (identity). Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 73). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
How do the strong international norms of sovereignty and territorial integrity treat secession •
redrawing the international border. International norms frown on such an outcome. The strong international norms of sovereignty and territorial integrity treat secession movements as domestic problems of little concern to other states. The general principle seems to be this: Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 151). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
• Do realists always favor war
sometimes
Relative power
the ratio of the power that two states can bring to bear against each other
•How do liberal theories think of rational actors and rationality differently than realists
them. Liberal theories treat rational actors as capable of forgoing short-term individual interests in order to further the long-term well-being of a community to which they belong—and hence indirectly their own well-being. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 74). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
Why is communication irrelevant in a zero-sum game
there is no point in communication or cooperation between the players because their interests are diametrically opposed. Pevehouse, Jon C. W.; Goldstein, Joshua S.. International Relations (Page 64). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.
