iRAT/tRAT #9
For the hormone cortisol what is the source, stimuli and target tissue?
adrenal cortex stress axis same as glucagon and decreased immune function
For the hormone NE/EPI what is the source, stimuli and target tissue?
adrenal medulla emergency exercise, same as glucagon
For the hormone glucagon what is the source, stimuli and target tissue?
alpha in pancreas decrease in glucose increase in AA, ps, prevents insulin from lowering blood glucose too much liver, skeletal muscle, kidney
Insulin release, stimulated by ____ in blood glucose levels, normally prevents ____ glycemia.
an increase; hyper
Absorptive state
anabolic use/store nutrients glycogenesis, lipgenesis, protein synthesis, insulin, and glucagon
Cephalic Phase
anticipation of food -- increased motility and secretions
For the hormone insulin what is the source, stimuli and target tissue?
beta in pancreatic increase in glucose, AA, ps, GIP, gastrin inhibited by sympathetic activity muscle and adipose
The exocrine cells of the pancrease secrete ____ into the ____.
bicarbonate; duodenum
Digestion
breaks food down into a form that can be reabsorbed.
Post-absorptive
catabolic mobilize stored and nutrients. glucogenolysis, lipolysis, proteolysis, gluconeogenesis glucagon, NE/EPI, cortisol, insulin
Digestion
chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorptive units.
AA is transported by
co-transportation
Increase in leptin
decrease in appetite
Ingestion of solutes that cannot be absorbed such as Olestra or Lycasin would likely ____ the amount of water absorbed into the intestinal cells, thus causing ____.
decrease; diarrhea
What must occur to absorb nutrients into the blood so they can be distributed to tissues or stored?
digestion
For the intestinal phase what is the source of hormone, name of hormone, and target of an increase in carbohydrates
duodenal cells GIP beta cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin
For the intestinal phase what is the source of hormone, name of hormone, and target of an increase in H?
duodenal cells secretin decrease in gastric motility, decrease emptying of stomach, and an increase in pancreatic juice
The greatest percentage of water absorption occurs in the ____.
duodenum
peptide is transported by
endo and exocytosis
The surgical removal of the gall bladder has the most potential to reduce the absorption of dietary ___
fats.
____ released from the digestive actions of lipases, are absorbed into intestinal cells by _____
fatty acids; simple diffusion
Ingestion
food is brought in from outside of the body into the digestive tract.
hormone from gastric stimulus
gastrin secretion by the G cells of antrium of stomach
An increase in ____ secretion can lead to "muscle wasting" due to proteolysis, a ____ state.
glucagon; anabolic
Intestinal phase
hormones that reduce gastric motility and secretion.
Insulin prevents
hyperglycemia
Decrease in leptin
increase in appetite
gastric stimulus
increase in ps increase in gastric stretch increase in AA decrease in pH
Gastric phase
increased gastric and intestinal motility and secretions
Type I diabetes
insulin dependent, low insulin production
For the intestinal phase what is the source of hormone, name of hormone, and target of an increase in fatty acids and amino acids?
jejunal cells cholecystokinin relax of sphincter of Oddi and contract gall bladder, increase in pancreatic juice, decrease gastric motility and decrease emptying of the stomach.
Absorption
movement of material from GI lumen to ECF, requires transport protein.
Type II
non-insulin dependent, failure to use insulin effective
The cephalic phase of GI regulation activates ____ neurons and results in ____ gastric secretions
parasympathetic; increased
target of gastric
pepsin, pepsinogen, increase contraction in esphagal and colon.
During the fed state, amino acids would likely be used in the process of ____, primarily influenced by ____.
protein synthesis; insulin
Increase in glucose results by
reducing appetite
glucose is transported by
secondary active transport
Glucose is absorbed into intestinal cells by ____ and exits those cells toward the blood by ______.
secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
Decrease in glucose results by
stimulating appetite
The Lipostatic Theory
this is long term body fat regulation.
Glucostatic Theory
this is short term and measures the relationship between the levels of blood glucose and its feeding signal.
Why is regulation of the rate and timing of digestion and absorption important?
to ensure that all of the nutrients that are digested have time to be absorbed and enough time for H2O to be absorbed by osmosis.