iRAT/tRAT #9

For the hormone cortisol what is the source, stimuli and target tissue?

adrenal cortex stress axis same as glucagon and decreased immune function

For the hormone NE/EPI what is the source, stimuli and target tissue?

adrenal medulla emergency exercise, same as glucagon

For the hormone glucagon what is the source, stimuli and target tissue?

alpha in pancreas decrease in glucose increase in AA, ps, prevents insulin from lowering blood glucose too much liver, skeletal muscle, kidney

Insulin release, stimulated by ____ in blood glucose levels, normally prevents ____ glycemia.

an increase; hyper

Absorptive state

anabolic use/store nutrients glycogenesis, lipgenesis, protein synthesis, insulin, and glucagon

Cephalic Phase

anticipation of food -- increased motility and secretions

For the hormone insulin what is the source, stimuli and target tissue?

beta in pancreatic increase in glucose, AA, ps, GIP, gastrin inhibited by sympathetic activity muscle and adipose

The exocrine cells of the pancrease secrete ____ into the ____.

bicarbonate; duodenum

Digestion

breaks food down into a form that can be reabsorbed.

Post-absorptive

catabolic mobilize stored and nutrients. glucogenolysis, lipolysis, proteolysis, gluconeogenesis glucagon, NE/EPI, cortisol, insulin

Digestion

chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorptive units.

AA is transported by

co-transportation

Increase in leptin

decrease in appetite

Ingestion of solutes that cannot be absorbed such as Olestra or Lycasin would likely ____ the amount of water absorbed into the intestinal cells, thus causing ____.

decrease; diarrhea

What must occur to absorb nutrients into the blood so they can be distributed to tissues or stored?

digestion

For the intestinal phase what is the source of hormone, name of hormone, and target of an increase in carbohydrates

duodenal cells GIP beta cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin

For the intestinal phase what is the source of hormone, name of hormone, and target of an increase in H?

duodenal cells secretin decrease in gastric motility, decrease emptying of stomach, and an increase in pancreatic juice

The greatest percentage of water absorption occurs in the ____.

duodenum

peptide is transported by

endo and exocytosis

The surgical removal of the gall bladder has the most potential to reduce the absorption of dietary ___

fats.

____ released from the digestive actions of lipases, are absorbed into intestinal cells by _____

fatty acids; simple diffusion

Ingestion

food is brought in from outside of the body into the digestive tract.

hormone from gastric stimulus

gastrin secretion by the G cells of antrium of stomach

An increase in ____ secretion can lead to "muscle wasting" due to proteolysis, a ____ state.

glucagon; anabolic

Intestinal phase

hormones that reduce gastric motility and secretion.

Insulin prevents

hyperglycemia

Decrease in leptin

increase in appetite

gastric stimulus

increase in ps increase in gastric stretch increase in AA decrease in pH

Gastric phase

increased gastric and intestinal motility and secretions

Type I diabetes

insulin dependent, low insulin production

For the intestinal phase what is the source of hormone, name of hormone, and target of an increase in fatty acids and amino acids?

jejunal cells cholecystokinin relax of sphincter of Oddi and contract gall bladder, increase in pancreatic juice, decrease gastric motility and decrease emptying of the stomach.

Absorption

movement of material from GI lumen to ECF, requires transport protein.

Type II

non-insulin dependent, failure to use insulin effective

The cephalic phase of GI regulation activates ____ neurons and results in ____ gastric secretions

parasympathetic; increased

target of gastric

pepsin, pepsinogen, increase contraction in esphagal and colon.

During the fed state, amino acids would likely be used in the process of ____, primarily influenced by ____.

protein synthesis; insulin

Increase in glucose results by

reducing appetite

glucose is transported by

secondary active transport

Glucose is absorbed into intestinal cells by ____ and exits those cells toward the blood by ______.

secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion

Decrease in glucose results by

stimulating appetite

The Lipostatic Theory

this is long term body fat regulation.

Glucostatic Theory

this is short term and measures the relationship between the levels of blood glucose and its feeding signal.

Why is regulation of the rate and timing of digestion and absorption important?

to ensure that all of the nutrients that are digested have time to be absorbed and enough time for H2O to be absorbed by osmosis.