034 - Chapter 34 - Global Politics (1760-1848)

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

In the times of 18-century England, which of the following is most likely to support radicalism?

A carpenter {Explanation - A general description of a radical could be a member of the working or middle class, or a supporter of these classes, who called for the right to vote, fair economic conditions, and freedom of the press.}

Which of the following is associated with laissez-faire economics?

A free market {Explanation - Laissez-faire economists felt the government should keep their hands out of the economy and allow the free market to determine its own course.}

How did the Communist Manifesto envision the future of industrialized societies?

A revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie would inevitably take place. {Explanation - The Communist Manifesto declared that it is inevitable that the working-class proletariat will rise up in revolution against the property-owning bourgeoisie.}

Which of the following was an event that led up to the French Revolution of 1848?

A spike in food prices. {Explanation - France in 1848 was a place where food shortage, unemployment, and economic depression were common. Poor harvests in the years leading up to 1848 caused spikes in food prices, which led to the French Revolution.}

What did the 19th century revolutionaries of Germany desire?

A unified Germany {Explanation - In 19th century Germany, radical groups began calling for the unification of the German states.}

Which famous economist wrote The Wealth of Nations?

Adam Smith {Explanation - Liberalism subscribed to the teachings of Adam Smith, the famous 18th-century political economist and author of The Wealth of Nations.}

Which of these countries was not included in the United Provinces of Central America?

Argentina {Explanation - The United Provinces of Central America included the independent states of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and El Salvador.}

How did the closing of Blanc's workshops lead to more unrest in France?

As more workers became unemployed, they were willing to engage in violence to bring change. {Explanation - Louis Blanc led a political faction that believed economic reform was of utmost importance. He helped to establish national workshops, which provided much needed job opportunities. When these workshops were closed, the angry French workers took to the streets in violence to protest the closing of their places of employment.}

Which of the following regarding the Quadruple Alliance is FALSE?

FALSE: It primarily worked in the interest of working-class Europeans {Explanation - In 1815, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain joined together in the Quadruple Alliance, which has come to be known as the Concert of Europe. They sought to return a stable balance of power to Europe, while this is not what the middle and working-class people had in mind.}

Why is Simon Bolivar known as the Liberator?

Because he led the Revolution in Venezuela. {Explanation - Perhaps the most famous of all 19th-century Latin American revolutions occurred in South America. Led by Simon Bolivar, known to history as The Liberator, a republic in Venezuela began to form.}

Mark and Tom are having a discussion about how the market should ideally function. Mark believes that the government should always step in and have a firm control over the entire process. Tom believes that the market should regulate itself, with barely any government intervention. Why is Tom's view closer to the liberal viewpoint?

Because liberals have always supported laissez-faire economics. {Explanation - The concept of laissez-faire economics is the belief that government should keep their hands out of the economy, and allow the free market to determine its own course.}

Why did Owen's commune "New Harmony" ultimately fail?

Because of in-fighting among the workers. {Explanation - Owen set up a similar working environment in Indiana. Unfortunately, this commune, complete with a shared eating hall, leisure facilities, and even its own currency, failed due to in-fighting among the workers.}

According to the Communist Manifesto, how did the bourgeoisie become wealthy?

By owning the means of production and private property. {Explanation - The wealthier class, known as the bourgeoisie, were those who owned the means of production. In other words, they were the ones who profited from free trade and private property ownership.}

All of the following were given as reasons that the bourgeoisie were unhappy with King Louis Philippe and the government of France in 1848 EXCEPT?

EXCEPT: They preferred Napoleon Bonaparte, the man they voted into office. {Explanation - The French middle class, collectively known as the bourgeois, was unhappy with King Louis Philippe for several reasons. First, much of the middle and common classes lacked the right to vote. The French aristocracy worked to suppress a rebellion by further limiting the rights of the disenfranchised. For example, the monarchy refused to allow a group of political dissenters to hold a banquet celebrating their revolutionary spirit.}

Which country is credited for igniting the revolutions of Europe during the mid 19th century?

France {Explanation - After the French Revolution with its ousting of the French monarch from power, radicals throughout Europe caught the revolutionary spirit.}

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Why did Marx and Engels dislike industrialized societies?

Industrialized societies turned out to be basically unequal, unjust and abusive of the poor. {Explanation - They found that in industrialized societies, the labor force was exploited by the owners of the factories leading to inequality.}

How does socialism differ in comparison to liberalism and radicalism?

It focuses on economic inequality, rather than on the distribution of political power. {Explanation - Like the ideologies of liberalism and radicalism, which called for greater political equality, socialism desired to level the playing field of social class. However, socialism would take this idea far beyond the boundaries of earlier ideologies.}

How did the Italian revolutionaries removal of the Pope affect their cause?

It was a fatal error as it caused Roman Catholic France to move in against them. {Explanation - Revolutionaries in Italy were succeeding until they went too far and rebelled against the Pope, removing him from power. This caused Roman Catholic France to move in to rescue the Pope and restore him to power.}

Who led Haitian slaves in their 19th century revolt for independence?

L'Ouverture {Explanation - In Haiti, revolution was led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. As a free man, L'Ouverture led the native, enslaved population of Haiti in revolt against their European masters.}

Who was king of France as 1848 began?

Louis Philippe {Explanation - Louis Philippe was the king of France in the beginning of 1848. The French middle class did not like him, as he was the epitome of a wealthy, out-of-touch king who only cared about the elite.}

Who was the leader of the Austrian Empire of the 19th century?

Metternich {Explanation - In the 19th century, the Austrian Empire was ruled as an aristocracy by Prince Metternich. Revolutionaries sought to end his rule.}

How were the revolutions of Haiti and México different?

México was not as successful as Haiti after their first attempt to obtain freedom. {Explanation - In Mexico, the Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo also decided it was time to throw off the chains of Europe. On September 16, 1810, he and his followers rose up in revolution against Spain. However, they were not as successful as their Haitian counterparts.}

Which of these countries was NOT included in the United Provinces of Central America?

NOT: Argentina {Explanation - The United Provinces of Central America included the independent states of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and El Salvador.}

Which of these statements is NOT correct?

NOT: The definition of liberalism has not changed over the centuries. {Explanation - In the 19th century, the term liberalism had a very different meaning to the one it has today.}

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.

Which of the following was a key goal of the 1815 Congress of Vienna?

Stabilizing European boundaries and maintaining the status quo {Explanation - The Congress of Vienna focused on stabilizing the European boundaries and upholding the status quo of the leaders.}

In 19th century France, conservative aristocrats who expressed their support for the Ultras were of the opinion that:

The king should have the right to unlimited sovereignty over the people {Explanation - Ultras wanted the system to change from a constitutional monarchy to a system that most resembles an absolute monarchy.}

What prompted the ideologies of Marxism and the Communist Manifesto to form?

The lives of the impoverished brought on by the Industrial Revolution; {Explanation - Seeing the impoverished working class created by the Industrial Revolution, the Communist League charged Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to write a mission statement of sorts on their behalf. This was the Communist Manifesto.}

Why were the July Ordinances the cause of Charles X's downfall?

The ordinances limited the powers of parliament and the civil rights of the common class, who then rose up against the king {Explanation - Based on the July Ordinances, parliament was dissolved and the civil rights of the common class were limited. This caused the common class to rise up.}

Why wasn't it possible for Bolivar to unite areas like Peru, Venezuela, and Colombia into one nation as he desired?

There was feuding among different groups in these countries. {Explanation - As other South American territories began to rebel against Spain, Bolivar had a vision for the formation of one nation under the name Gran Colombia. However, feuding among the groups made this impossible. Instead, independent nations like Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador were born.}

How did the poor working and living conditions impact political ideology during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries?

They acted as a catalyst for socialist ideas. {Explanation - The catalyst for socialist ideas were the poor living conditions brought on by the Industrial Revolution.}

How is the view of Robert Owen similar to that of Charles Fourier?

They both believed that workers would be most productive in an environment of cooperation. {Explanation - Another such 19th century socialist reformer was Charles Fourier. Like Owen, Fourier believed people would be most happy and productive in an environment of cooperation.}

neo-classical liberals

To ensure the government kept its hands out of the free market, the liberals of the late 19th century, also known as neo-classical liberals, called for small government.

Radicalism

Western European political philosophy during the nineteenth century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring lower classes;

constitutional republic

a government in which citizens rule through elected representatives, according to a plan of government

radical

a member of the working or middle class, or a supporter of these classes, who called for the right to vote, fair economic conditions, and freedom of the press

Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, (aka "Catholic Emancipation Act 1829")

a series of laws that stopped one's religion from playing a role in whether or not a person held political office

Concert of Europe

a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe; resulted from the post-Napoleon era "Quadruple Alliance"

liberalism

an ideology that held at its core a commitment to the liberty of the individual. This liberty came in the forms of freedom of speech, press, and the right to assemble. Led mostly by members of the working middle class (merchants, bankers, business owners), some will argue that liberalism was not really a fight for equality of all men, but instead equality for the working middle class.

What is the name for the French middle class?

bourgeois {Explanation - The French middle class is also known as the bourgeois.}

Republicanism

called for the removal of absolute monarchies. It also called for a level political field in the form of universal suffrage, or in other words, the right to vote. Like their radical counterparts in England, European's who favored republicanism were dead-set against the Roman Catholic Church nosing around in matters of the state.

Both radicalism and republicanism held that _____

monarchies should be replaced with governance by the people. {Explanation - One similarity between radicalism and republicanism was that they both believed that monarchies should be replaced with governments that had the legitimacy of the voters.}

Marx termed the wage earning class, who were also property-poor, the:

proletariat. {Explanation - To Marx and Engels, the bourgeoisie made their money on the backs of the wage-earning poorer class, known as the proletariat.}

Which best describes the events of the year 1848 in France?

revolution and bloodshed {Explanation - The food shortage, unemployment, and economic depression occurring in France in 1848 caused the middle class to rebel against the ruling class. The year has become synonymous with bloodshed and revolution.}

The 1820s Spanish revolution failed when _____.

the French sent troops to support the Spanish king {Explanation - The Revolution in Spain during the 1820s failed after the French sent in a military force that supported the Spanish king.}