Water Supply Engineering
banning lawn watering or car washing
An example of water rationing in a community
Urbanization
An increase in the number of people living in cities and the expansion of cities into rural areas
aquifer
An underground layer of rock or sediment that can hold water
Cistern
An underground water tank made from natural rock or concrete
How often should isolation valves be open and tested?
Annually
Water Heater
Any heating appliance or equipment that heats potable water and supplies such water to the potable hot water distribution system.
Water Pollution
Any physical or chemical change in surface water or groundwater that can harm living organisms or make water unfit for certain uses.
Contaminant
Anything found in water which may be harmful to human health.
Mobile water supply apparatus
Apparatus that can deliver water to fight fires in rural areas. Generally carry 1000 to 3500 gallons but may transport as much as 5000.
Super Chlorination-Dechlorination
Application of chlorine in greater concentrations that control taste and odor producing substances.
A formation of permable rock, gravel or sand holding water or allowing water to flow through it.
Aquifier
A measure comparing the amount of heat the fire is capable of generating versus the amount of water required for cooling the fuels below their ignition temperature.
Fire Flow Requirement
The ______ is the amount of water required for putting out the fire.
Fire Flwo Requirement (pg 210)
Pumper Outlet Nozzle
Fire hydrant outlet 4" (100 mm) in diameter or larger.
Calculated based on the history of consumption and estimates of anticipated needs
How does the municipality determine how much water the community needs for both domestic use and fire protection?
220 times
How many more times greater is seawater saltier than fresh water?
Minimum of 24 inches above and below
How much space above and below do you need to be from the hard intake strainer to function properly and avoid picking up silt and debris?
at least twice a year
How often should dry- and wet-barrel hydrants be inspected?
Test the water
How to tell if water is polluted?
Resevoir
Human made water storage facilities.
Dead-End Hydrant
Hydrant located at the end of a water main; receives water from only one direction.
Circulating Hydrant
Hydrant located on a secondary feeder or distributor main that receives water from two directions.
Class A Hydrant
Hydrant that flows 1000-1499 gpm
Green Hydrant
Hydrant that flows 1000-1499 gpm
Class AA Hydrant
Hydrant that flows 1500 or more gpm
Lt Blue Hydrant
Hydrant that flows 1500 or more gpm
Class B hydrant
Hydrant that flows 500-999 gpm
Orange Hydrant
Hydrant that flows 500-999 gpm
Red Hydrant
Hydrant that flows less than 500 gpm
Class C hydrant
Hydrant that flows less than 500 gpm.
Circulating feed or loop line
Hydrant that receives water from more than one direction
Circulating Feed
Hydrant that receives water from two or more directions.
Dry-Barrel Hydrant
Hydrant with its operating valve located below the frost line, water is not stored in the barrel.
Hydrants are rated by: _____ ___ ___ _____ to which they are connected _____ ____ _____ of water they will flow.
Hydrants are rated by: SIZE OF THE MAIN to which they are connected GALLONS PER MINUTE of water they will flow
Wet-barrel hydrants
Hydrants used in areas where temperatures do not drop below freezing.
Dry-barrel hydrants
Hydrants used in climates where temperatures can fall below freezing, the valve that controls the flow of water into the barrel of the hydrant is located at the base, below the frost line.
Opened and closed
Regardless of the type, all hydrants must be ______ and ______ slowly to prevent damage to firehose, hydrants, and other equipment, or possible injury to firefighters.
Can be used in situations where water source is close enough to fire scene to render water shuttles unnecessary?
Relay Pumping
The use of 2 or more pumpers to move water over a long distance by operating them in series
Relay Pumping
The pressure in a system after water has begun flowing
Residual Pressure
Available pressure not overcome by forcing water through pipes, hose, etc
Residual pressure
The pressure remaining in a distribution system at a specific location while water is flowing at a second location is called?
Residual pressure
terra sigillata
Roman pottery characterized by a red smooth glossy surface, top quality pottery used for table; produced in standard shapes and sizes, manufactured on an industrial scale and widely exported, pots often provided with stamp of producer
Biofilm
Thin coating of microbial cells immobolized on a pipe surface and harbor pathogenic organisms
Agriculture
This industry does not require water to be as clean as drinking water, but uses the most water in the world
chlorine
This is added to drinking water to kill the bacteria and other microbes - 4th step in treating drinking water
The rising and falling of the surface water levels dur to the gravatational effects between the Earth and the Moon.
Tidal Changes
What is the term used for the gravatational pull on the earths water surface by the Earth and Moon.
Tidal Changes. (pg 211)
Speeding while driving the tender will not increase your ______.
Time (pg 220)
What is a supply hose used for?
To delivery water (from hydrant to engine)
What us an attack hose used for?
To discharge water (from engine to hand line)
Flows
To issue in a stream or current.
Leach
To move through the soil in solution.
Flush
To open a dry barrel hydrant and clear out any debris prior to connecting to a hose.
reclamation
To recycle or make useable again.
Stores
To reserve, put away for future use. To fill supply or stock.
conservation
To save resources.
Main disadvantage of distribution system
Total dependence on pumps, subject to mechanical failure, and on electricity to run pumps
reclaimed water
Treated wastewater that is reused in some way, such as irrigation, wetland restoration, or groundwater recharge
Hydrants are designed to supply at least 1000 gpm?
True
Most valves in private protection systems are indicating? T or F
True
Partially closed control valves will greatly inhibit supply demands? T or F
True
Wet Barrel hydrants have a horizontal compression valve at each outlet? T or F
True
Hydrants must be opened and closed slowly to prevent damage? T or F
True (Water Hammer)
The ______ ______ determines the quantity of water that the facility is using for billing purposes
Water Flowmeter
A sudden surge of pressure created by the quick opening or closing of valves in a water system. The surge is capable of damaging piping and valves.
Water Hammer
A ______ ______ is a principle pipe in a system of pipes for conveying water, especially one installed underground
Water Main
What are the 4 basic components of the water supply system?
Water Source Processing or Treatment Facility- Purification Means of Moving Water- Pumps Water Distribution and Storage
Fire Hydrants allow the fire department to access the _________?
Water Supply Systems (pg 213)
The level of groundwater under the surface
Water Table
The level of water under the earths surface is the _______.
Water Table (pg 211)
Hot Water
Water at a temperature greater than or equal to 110 º F (43º C).
Spring
Water coming from an aquifer under its own pressure.
How to Palm Beach Florida conserve water?
Water conservation projects- water restrictions and rules
Potable Water
Water free from impurities present in amounts sufficient to cause disease or harmful physiological effects and conforming to the regulations of the public health authority having jurisdiction.
Artesian water
Water from an aquifer that rises to the surface under its own pressure.
Water mains
Water is delivered from the water treatment facility to the end user and fire hydrants through a complex network of underground pipes.
Surface water
Water lying on the surface of the Earth.
Loop System
Water main arranged in a complete circuit so that water will be supplied to a given point from more than one direction.
Loop System
Water main arranged in a complete circuit so that water will be supplied to a given point from more than one direction. Also called circle system, circulating system, or belt system.
Non-potable Water
Water not safe for drinking, personal, or culinary utilization.
What is the force or energy water places on the inside of a pipe, hose, valve, nozzle, etc. and is measured in psi.?
Water pressure
Bore water
Water pumped to the surface from an underground source.
Treated Water
Water ready for consumption undergone processing such as sedementation, filteration, softening, and disinfection.
______ ______ operations involve hauling water from a supply source to the incident scene
Water shuttle
Static Water Sources
Water sources such as lakes and streams
Ground water
Water stored in the pore spaces of rocks.
Gravity System
Water supply system relying entirely on gravity.
Direct Pumping System
Water supply system supplied by pumps.
Direct Pumping System
Water supply system supplied directly by a system of pumps rather than elevated storage tanks.
Combination System
Water supply system that is a combination of both gravity and direct pumping systems. It is the most common type of municipal water supply system.
Gravity System
Water supply system that relies entirely on the force of gravity to create pressure and cause water to flow through the system. The water supply, which is often an elevated tank, is at a higher level than the system.
Combination System
Water supply system using gravity and pumps.
runoff
Water that does not percolate or soak into the ground
groundwater
Water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layer
potable water
Water that is safe to drink
imported water
Water that originates in one area and delivered to a different area some distance away
What is ground water?
Water that percolates down through the ground from rain and other sources to the aquifer.
mechanical energy
Water turns a turbine.
Controls the flow of water?
Water valve
Through flow
Water which moves downslope through the sub soil.
Pollution and overuse
Ways water supply can be harmed?
______ is probably the greatest factor to affect water source.
Weather (pg 210)
Ground Water
Wells or springs, used in smaller water systems
The 2 major hydrant types are ______ & _______.
Wet & Dry (pg 213)
Hydrants designed to have water in the hydrant at all times. These hydrants are usually installed in warmer climates where prolonged periods of sub-freezing weather are uncommon
Wet Barrel
What are the 4 main types of hydrants?
Wet Barrel Hydrants Dry Barrel Hydrants Dry Hydrants Specialty Hydrants
Fire hydrant that has water all the way up to the discharge outlets; may have seperate valves for each discharge of one valve for all the discharges ( No danger of cold temps)
Wet-Barrel Hydrant
What are the two types of hydrants?
Wet-barrel and Dry-barrel
NFPA 1901
What NFPA standard requires that mobile water supply apparatus on level ground be capable of dumping or filling in at rates of at least 1000 gallons per minute?
NFPA 1142
What NFPA standard will show you additional info on rural water supply operations?
Steel or concrete
What are elevated gravity storage tanks usually made out of?
Calculate the water supplied in water shuttle operations by?
total gallons carried by apparatus divided by total time (includes fill, travel and dump time)
Chlorien safety program includes providing police, fire, and medical departments with
tours of facilities to locate hazardous areas and provide chlorine safety information
How do you shut off an isolation valve?
turn 90 degrees to the flow of water
fine ware and coarse ware
two different type of Roman pottery used for different purposes
chemicals, animal waste
two forms of agriculture pollution
amphoras
type of coarse ware used for transporting wine, olive oil, and fish sauce
Critical factors of disinfection
type/concentrations of the chlorine forms present, pH of the water, type/density or organisms, contact time of the organisms with the chlorine, temperature of the water
sewing needles, hair pins, make up palettes, and stylus
types of bone artifacts
cisterns
underground reservoirs or wells used before the aqueducts to supply the city with water
Raw water
untreated water entering the first treatment unit of a water treatment plant
500 gpm
up to how many gallons per minute can a portable pump deliver
Relay Pumping
use of two or more pumpers to move water over a long distance.
wastewater treatment plant
used in cities - plants that treat the wastewater
septic systems
used in the country - a tank containing bacteria that breaks down the wastes in water
Air Gap
used to prevent back pressure and backsiphonage
Combination System
uses elevated water tanks to boost water pressure along with pumps
Check Valve
valve installed to control water flow in one direction, typically when different systems are interconnected
Zone Valves
valves can be opened in an emergency to increase supply from upper zone to a lower zone.
precious
very important or valuable
industrial chemicals
waste created by processes in a factory
thermal pollution
water as a coolant by power plants, high water temp decrease oxygen
Gravity System
water at higher elevation (100ft greater) than distribution system creates elevation pressure.
Ground water
water below the water table, where saturated water exists
colorado aqueduct
water conveyance in southern ca takes water from colorado river one of primary sources of water for socal
percolation
water filtering down through bedrock is
groundwater
water in the saturated subsurface region. moves from areas of high to low concentration
Means of moving water
water pumps
off-stream use
water removed from its source for use; returned to source after use
Chemical Pollutants
water soluble inorganic materials that are toxic (ie. lead)
potable
water that people can drink
Coagulation
water treatment process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid
freshwater
water without salt that comes from lakes, streams etc NOT ocean water
rationed
what happens with water in a communnity during times of drought - also known as limiting
cloth industry
what industry dominated Florentia during Roman age?
information on chronology, trade, and technology
what kind of information does pottery provide?
everyday objects such as pottery
what objects were found at the former rectory of San Giovanni?
both literary and archeological, funerary reliefs and inscriptions serve as both literary and archeological
what type of sources do we have for burial areas?
within amphora, alla cappuccina, bustum sepulcrum
what types of burials were found beneath the monastery of San Apollonia?
opus caementicium - waterproof concrete
what was Florentia's aqueduct constructed out of?
portrait of emperor that issued them
what was on the obverse of a Roman coin?
symbols, deities, and symbolic objects that related to glory of emperors or power of Rome as well as the mark of the Mint
what was on the reverse of a Roman coin?
overdraft
when groundwater withdrawal from wells exceeds natural inflow. can lead to damage to river ecosystems and land subsidence
running water
when there is a water supply in a building; indoor plumbing
drought
when there isn't enough rainfall
salinization
when water is evaporated salts are left behind - from irrigation or from saltwater intrusion
started in hills in La Chiusa and ended in Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore
where did the aqueduct of Florentia start and end?
started at rear of Piazza della Repubblica and ended in Via delle Terme/Via di Capaccio
where did the route of the water throughout the city start and end?
glaciers
where most of earth's freshwater is at
Estruary
where rivers entering the ocean widen & are influenced by tides
beneath Monastery of San Apollonia on Via San Gallo
where was Florentia's burial area/necropolis?
former Canonica di San Giovanni
where was the Roman fullonica located in Florentia?
Piazza della Repubblia, flight of stairs into small room with marble relief of personification of Arno as a god
where was the public well located in Florentia?
by either a private citizen or an emperor
who financed the building of an aqueduct?
they were used in long distance transport on ships to facilitate pouring and stacking
why did amphoras feature a narrow mouth, 2 opposed handles and especially a tapering base?
to indicate the name of the workshop, the name of the producer of goods it was carrying, and the weight of the container
why were amphoras often marked with many stamps?
Chlorine disinfectant is a
widely used procedure for the routine disinfection of water
alla Cappuccina
tombs for lower classes that were covered with double weathered bricks
overpopulation
too many people
surface runoff
The net amount of water which joins the surface streams in a catchment, is
Pressure Vacuum Breakers
* Only protects against backsiphonage, NOT BACK PRESSURE * agricultural and industrial applications
Blue Water
The open sea, deepwater.
new deal water policies
-water projects became a way to jumpstart the economy -10 large dams built a year in the next 50 years -also flood control programs
Outside Stem and Yoke Valve
A type of control valve for a sprinkler system in which the position of the center screw indicates whether the valve is open or closed
Elevated water storage towers
An above ground water storage tank that is designed to maintain pressure on a water distribution system.
An adequate water supply must be in place _____ and last for the _____ of the incident.
An adequate water supply must be in place QUICKLY and last for the DURATION of the incident.
Portable pump
An alternative for areas that are inaccessible to fire apparatus. Can deliver as much as 500 gallons per minute.
Where should you stand when opening a hydrant
Behind it
Disinfectant
Chemical or physical process that kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
Block Ice Samples
Chip outer layer, collect portion of internal layer but not core.
Free Available Chlorine - FAC
Chlorine available after chlorine demand has been satisfied.
Combined Available Chlorine - CAC
Chlorine products formed by the reaction of equilibrium products of ammonia.
NFPA 291 states the hydrant should be what colors?
Chrome or Yellow
Fire hydrant that receives water from two or more directions
Circulating Feed
A hydrant that receives water from more than one direction
Circulating Hydrant
Fire hydrant that is lcoated on a secondary feeder of distributor main that reveives water from two directions
Circulating Hydrant
Water received in more than one direction is called what?
Circulating feed
Circulating feed hydrants _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
Circulating feed hydrants RECEIVE WATER FROM MORE THAN 1 DIRECTION.
An underground water tank made from natural rock or concrete.
Cistern
Bottled Water
Classified as a food product in accordance with Federal Law and DoD regulation.
Drought
Climatic condition where water loss due to evapotranspiration is greater than water inputs through precipitation.
Which of the following organisms are most resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions and indicate past or possible intermittent pollution?
Clostridium sporulates
Total Coliforms
Coliform bacteria to include fecal coliforms
Two types of portable water tanks?
Collapsible or folding Self supporting with floating collar Typically hold 1,000 gallons
Portable Water Tanks
Collapsible or inflatable temporary tanks for the storage of water that is dumped from tankers or tenders. Usually carried by the tender to set up a dump site
Natural Bathing Area
Collect 25 feet from shore in water at least 2.5 feet deep but in the same manner for swimming pools.
Presence/Absence Analysis - Negative
Colorless, no E Coli or total coliforms
Most communities are ran on what type of system?
Combination
Most communities use ______ ______ that consist of both gravity tanks and the direct pumping process to provide adequate pressure
Combination systems
Water is the most _______ extinguishing agent.
Common (pg 210)
Water is the most _________ fire extinguishing agent used by firefighters.
Common (pg 221)
Step #10 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Communicate findings (Prepare final report, don't use names of patients, follow SOP on distribution)
On a dry barrel hydrant, you must ensure that the hydrant is _________ opened and closed to prevent undermining.
Completely (pg 215)
Sanitary Defects
Conditions that may cause contamination of a water supply system before or after treatment.
Butterfly Valve
Control valve that uses a flat circular plate in a pipe that rotates 90 degrees across the cross section of the pipe to control the flow of water
Gate Valve
Control valve with a solid plate operated by a handle and screw mechanism. Rotating the handle moves the plate into or out of the waterway.
Gate Valve
Control valve with a solid plate operated by a handle and screw mechanism; rotating the handles moves the plate into or out of the waterway
Access to the water system for most residential is gained through?
Control valves or meters
Potable Water Surveillance Program
Coordinate liaison for routine and emergency communication with Public Works/Water Purveyor.
In an area where there is no water distribution system exist, one must be _______.
Created (pg 210)
In testing for residual chlorine; what determines free available chlorine with minimal interference from combined chlorine, iron, nitrates, and nitrites?
DPD- colormetric method
Sodium Thiosulfate
De-chlorinating agent used for bacteriological analysis
Dead end hydrants _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
Dead end hydrants RECEIVE WATER FROM ONLY 1 DIRECTION.
Fire hydrant located on a dead-end main that receives water from only one direction
Dead-End Hydrant
A fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction is known as a:
Dead-end hydrant
What type of hydrant has a limited supply?
Dead-end-hydrant also has limited water pressure due to not having grid layout attached to it
Step #4 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Define and identify cases (Attemp additional cases, confirm outbreak)
Step #5 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Describe and orient data such as time, place, and person.
Deforestation
Destruction or loss of forests
What is the first step in evaluating the safety of a potential water system?
Detailed sanitary survey of the water supply
Step #6 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Develop hypothesis
Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Developed and enforces the Safe Drinking Water Act.
The system for moving water in which a pump is placed near the water source or treatment plant to create the required pressure within the system
Direct Pumping System
3 methods of moving water in a system
Direct pump Gravity Both or combination
In Dayton a combination of _____pumping and _____is used
Direct, Gravity
What shuttle operations should be considered when?
Distances greater than 1/2 mile or outstretches supply hoselines
What does a Secondary feeder do?
Distribute water to a smaller area
rapid gravity filter
Distribution of wash water is provided in
Receives water from pumping station and delivers it to service area?
Distribution system
Small lines serving individual hydrants?
Distributors
Small water mains that serve individual fire hydrants and commercial and residential customers
Distributors
Distributors: Further divide the supply system into smaller grids ___ - ___ _____ _____ used for supplying hydrants
Distributors: Further divide the supply system into smaller grids 4" - 12" PRIMARY LINES used for supplying hydrants
What are the two different types of hose construction?
Double-jacket or Rubber-jacket
The pumping of water from a static source by taking advantage of atmospheric pressure to force water from the source to the pump.
Drafting
What is the most dependable source of water and is less likely to become contaminated?
Drilled well
Potable water
Drinking water
Types of hydrants
Dry (only 3 in city) Wet Wharf Style Flush (Airport)
Hydrants designed for use in climates that have freezing temperatures. The main control valve for this type of hydrant is located at the base of the hydrant underground below the frost line
Dry Barrel
A piping system for drafting from a static water source with the fire department connection at one end and a strainer at the water end.
Dry Hydrant
Installed at static water sources to increase the water supply available for fire firefighting are what type of hydrant?
Dry barrel
Dry hydrants are also known as _____ _____.
Dry hydrants are also known as DRAFTING HYDRANTS.
Fire hydrant that has its operating valve located at the base or foot of the hydrant rather than in the barrel of the hydrant. When operating correctly, there is no water in the barrel of the hydrant when it is not in use (designed for places with cold temps)
Dry-Barrel Hydrant
The area where the tenders are unloaded or their load dumped.
Dump Site
What are the three components of water shuttle operations?
Dump site at fire Fill site at water source Mobil water supply apparatus to transport
Halogen
Elements that are highly reactive, harmful, and lethal to biological organisms. (Flourine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and Astatine)
Dump valve
Enables tankers to off-load as much as 3000 gallons of water in 1 minute into a portable tank.
Define water pressure.
Energy level measured in PSI
Whirlpak
Ensure sterility, comes with or without sodium thiosulfate, needs no autoclave, ready to use from factory
Pulblic Works Officer (USN) and Maintenance Officer(USMC)
Ensure water supply is free of disease-producing organisms, hazardous toxic materials, and objectionable color/odor/taste in coordination with installation medical authority.
OPNAV Instruction 5090.1 Series
Environmental and Natural Resources Program Manual
Step #2 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Establish the existence of an outbreak (Receive complaints - Local medical dept usually initiates alert)
Army Surgeon General
Establish, determine, test bulk, conduct, assist in the development of potable and nonpotable water quality standards.
Step #7 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Evaluate hypothesis
Fire hydrants are spaced how far away from each other in a residential area?
Every 500 ft
Rechlorination for defects/hazards should be at a level sufficient to produce a
FAC residual of 0.2 ppm after 60 minutes of contact time
- Types of building construction - Types of occupancies - Building densities - Size of water mains - Required fire flows for occupancies within a given area
Factors that affect hydrant location and spacing
Hydrant testing is not the responsibility of fire department personnel? T or F
False
Hydrants are always colored appropriately? T or F
False
What is a requirement of water shuttles?
Fast fill and dump sites to be effective
clean water act
Federal Law setting a national goal of making all natural surface water fit for fishing and swimming by 1972, banned polluted discharge into surface water and required the metals be removed from waste
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Federal law that regulates the publics drinking water supply signed into law on Dec 16, 1974.
The area where tenders are filled or attain their water.
Fill Site
The area where tenders area loaded is called ______ and the area where they are ______ is called?
Fill Site / Dump Site
The amount of water available or amount that the water distribution system is capable of flowing.
Fire Flow Capacity
Water supply dictates the __________ or possible fire flow.
Fire Flow Capacity (pg 210)
Where is the pitot tube blade held when testing the hydrant?
Held half the diameter of the orifice when testing
Plate Count Agar
High nutrient agar, used when expecting low colony count, pour and spread plate methods(standard plate counts)
m-HPC Agar and/or Broth
High nutrient medium, membrane filter only
20 feet
How close a fire engine must be able to get to a static water source to be able to draft directly from it.
flanged joined
In pumping stations, the type of joint generally used, is
Water Distribution System
Includes pumps, storage tanks, resevoirs, and other necessary components to ensure a required volume of water can be delivered where and when it is needed.
Valves are divided into 2 broad categories. What are they?
Indicating Non-indicating
Gate Valve
Indicating or nonindicating valve that is opened and closed to control water flow
Water supply systems contain valves to interrupt water flow to?
Individual hydrants and properties Distribution lines Secondary Feeders Primary Feeders Entire Water Systems
Fire hydrants near the incident
Initial source of water that firefighters use is the water tank on our pumper, the most dependable source comes from
Wet barrel hydrants
Installed in warmer climates. Hydrant barrel is always filled with water.
Dry barrel hydrants
Installed where weather is extremely cold
Pitot Tube
Instrument that is inserted into a flowing fluid (such as a stream of water) to measure the velocity pressure of the stream; commonly used to measure flow. A pitot tube functions by converting the velocity energy to pressure energy that can then be measured by a pressure gauge.
Pilot tube
Instrument that measures the flow of water
Springs
Intersection of an aquifer thats not always of good microbiological quality
Hydrological
Involving water.
pH
Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
______ ______ are used to isolate sections for maintenance and repair, to replace hydrants or to make new connections to the system
Isolation Valves
How is the reclaimed water used?
It is sent to wetlands and used to water golf courses, parks, and homes
A device that speeds the process of transfering water from one tank to another.
Jet Siphon
A device that speeds up the process of dumping a load of water from a tank/tender.
Jet Siphon
Colilert Reminders
Keep away from light, stored between 2-30 deg C, dry/free-flowing/white to off white in color, when incubation exceeds 28 hrs only negative samples are valid, shelf life @ 12 months from manufacturing date.
Emergency Standby Supply
Lafayette and Lake Chabot (emergency use only)
What examples of a static water source?
Lake, pond, pool, oceans
What is surface water?
Lakes, ponds, oceans and seas.
Tender
Land based mobile water supply apparatus (hose carrying support apparatus)
Subsidence
Land sinks as result of over pumping an aquifer
Steamer Connection
Large diameter outlet, usually 4.5" (115 mm) at a hydrant or base of an elevated storage container.
Primary feeders
Large mains, that carry large quantities of water to a section of the town or city.
Primary feeders
Large water mains with widespread spacing. Distribute water to secondary feeders
Surface Water
Large-scale water supply systems include rivers, lakes, and streams.
sigilla
Latin meaning for clay bearing little images
Clean Water Act
Law that protects our water supply
Water Service
The pipe from the water main or other supply to the water-distributing pipes.
Saturation
The point where the water vapour in the atmosphere is at its maximum level for the existing temperature.
Residual pressure
The pressure in a system after water has begun flowing
Flow pressure
The pressure of the water coming out of the hydrant opening.
Pressure Head
The pressure of water at a given point in a pipe arising from the pressure in it.
Gravity systems are effective when?
The primary water source is located more than 100 feet higher than the highest point in the water distribution system.
Main
The principal pipe artery to which branches are connected.
eutrophication
The process by which nutrients in a lake build up over time and cause an increase in the growth of algea
filtration
The process of water being passed through filters that remove smaller particles from the water - 3rd step in treating drinking water
Desalination
The process that removes salt and minerals from saline water.
The apparatus with the greatest pumping capacity should be located at?
The pump site/water supply
Drafting
The pumping of water from a static source by taking advantage of atmospheric pressure to force water from the source into the pump
Water Tender
The term given to land-based water supply apparatus
Grid
The type of pattern water mains follow in a well designed water distribution system.
Static water source
The type of water source a dry hydrant provides access to
Water table
The upper level of ground water.
Sewage
The water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers
yield of drainage basin
The yearly run off in cm depth over the catchment
alum
Mostly used coagulant, is
Percolation
Movement of water through rock.
Water is obtained from what two sources?
Municipal water systems & Static water sources
What is violet often used for on hydrant markings?
NON-Potable Water
What are factors that could lead to the disruption of the water supply?
Natural Disaster Mechanical breakdown loss of power Fire
Coliform Bacteria
Natural bacteria of the gastrointestinal system of warm-blooded animals.
Primary salinity
Naturally occurring soil salinity.
NTU
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
Secondary feeders
Network of intermediate sized mains that subdivide the grid within the primary feeders
Nitrate
Nitrogen-oxygen chemical units which combine with various organic and inorganic compounds.
What is the ideal spacing of hydrants?
No more than 300 ft apart
The minimum supply line in residential areas is what diameter?
No smaller than 6"
A valve that does not have any means of telling if it is open or closed is called a ________? A fire hydrant is an example of this type valve.
Non-indicating (pg 217)
Regular domestic consumption?
Normal Pressure
The pressure water places on a distribution system during normal consumption demands is called?
Normal operating pressure
Static pressure
Normal pressure that exists before water is released from a hydrant.
Ideal spacing for hydrants in high-value districts is how far?
Not spaced more than 300 feet
Four
Number of processes required to treat drinking water
The ______ ______ has a yoke on the outside with a threaded stem that opens or closes the gate inside the valve. The threaded portion of the stem is visible when the valve is open and not visible when the valve is closed
OS&Y (Outside stem and yoke) Valve
A valve installed to control water flow in ______ direction, typically when different systems are interconnected.
One
Hydrant at a dead end street receives water from how many directions?
Only one
Outside stem and yoke should be chained in what position?
Open
When the stem on an OS&Y is up, it is in what position?
Open
Non-Coliform
Organism not found in the gastrointestinal system of warm-blooded animals
Heterotrophic Bacteria
Organism requiring organic source of energy, utilizes nutrients in water and biofilm to grow
Aerobic
Organism requiring oxygen for growth
Pathogen
Organism that causes disease
Anaerobic
Organism that grows without oxygen
OS&Y
Outside stem & yoke valve. Sprinkler system valve where the center screw position tells you if the valve is open or closed.
OS&Y Valve
Outside stem and yoke valve; a type of control valve for a sprinkler system in which the position of the center screw indicates whether the valve is open or closed.
Water Storage - Sanitary Standards
Overflows 6" above grade, located 50 ft from and higher than sewer systems also overflow/drain pipes not connected to sewers.
Surface run off
Overland flow of excess water that can't be absorbed by the ground as infiltration.
Dissolved Oxygen
Oxygen dissolved in water, dissolved oxygen is important for fish and other aquatic animals.
Private Isolation valve types
PIV (Post indicator valve) OS&Y (Outside stem and yoke)
Double Check with Intermediate Atmospheric Vent
PROTECTS AGAINST BACKPRESSURE! * typical use: residential boiler supply line
Water pressure is measured using what measure?
PSI (Pounds per square inch
What material has less friction then others?
PVC- All materials cause water pressure to decrease some, however PVC is one that creates less friction.
Collar
Part of a self expanding portable tank that firefighters may need to hold onto while the tank is being filled.
zeolite process
Permanent hardness of water can be removed by
Air Gap
Physical separation to prevent backflow, distance is equal to twice the diameter of the outlet but never less than 1".
Dry Hydrant
Pipe with a strainer on one end and a connection for a hard suction hose on the other end to provide quick and reliable access to a static water source.
The water distribution system consists of a network of?
Pipes Storage Tanks Isolation and Control Valves Hydrants
Swimming Pool Sample
Plunge bottle 6" below the surface water and at a 45 degree angle.
A specially modified hydrant cap with a male 1/2 inch quick couple
Pneumatic hydrant pump
What SLC policy covers Hydrant Testing and Inspection
Policy 07-02
Point Source
Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location (e.g., pipes, ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, containers of various types).
Point source
Pollution that enter water at just one point
Non-point source
Pollution that enters water from multiple places
Storage tank used during a relay or shuttle operation to hold water from water tanks or hydrants
Portable Tank
Collapsiable or inflatiable temporary tanks for the storage of water that is dumped from tankers or tenders. Usually carried by the tender to set up a dump site.
Portable Water Tanks
Presence/Absence Analysis - Yellow and Flourescence Equal or Greater Than Comparator
Positive for E Coli
Presence/Absence Analysis - Yellow Equal or Greater Than Comparator
Positive for coliforms
The ______ ______ is a hollow metal post that houses a valve stem, with a plate attached inside with the words OPEN and SHUT printed on it as to show the position of the valve is shown
Post Indicator Valve
PIV stands for what?
Post indicator valve
What are the type of indicating valves?
Post indicator valve, OS&Y (Outside stem and yoke)
PIV
Post indicator valve. Used to control underground water
Treatment facilities remove contaminants to make water suitable for drinking/cooking. What is this water called?
Potable
What does PSI stand for?
Pounds Per Square Inch
Disposal Procedures - Negative
Pour in sink and flush with plenty of water
Ozone (O3)
Powerful disinfectant leaves no residual and not effective in controlling biological contaminants.
Step #1 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Prepare for field work (Assemble materials - stool kits, investigative forms)
Conservation
Preservation and protection of resources.
The force or weight of a substance, usually water measured over an area.
Pressure
What is the force or weight of a substance measured over an area?
Pressure
Residual pressure
Pressure at the hydrant while water is flowing. It represents the pressure remaining in the water supply.
NFPA 291
Recommended Practice for Fire Flow Testing & Markng of Hydrants : tested every 5 years and inspected at least twice a year.
Hydrant Cap Colors
Red= 0 to 50 psi White= 52 to 119 psi Green= +120 psi
Hydrant Top Colors
Red= 0 to 500 GPM Orange= 501 to 999 GPM Green= 1000 to 1499 GPM Blue= +1500 GPM
Step #8 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Refine hypothesis
Portable Tank
Storage tank used during a relay or shuttle operations to hold water from tanks/hydrants. Can supply attack aparatus.
What stores water for emergencies/peak consumption and may be above or below ground?
Storage tanks
The _______ is placed on the end of a dry hrdrant to prevent rocks or other debris from being sucked into the pump.
Strainer (pg 216)
Waterborne Disease Outbreak (WBDO)
When 2 or more people experience a similar illness, single case of chemical poisoning, or a single case of amebic meningoencephalitis from water.
Waterlogging
When air spaces in soil are filled with water.
Coagulation
When chemicals are added to untreated water to cause solids to clump together - 1st step in treating drinking water
Disinfection
When chlorine is added to water to kill bacteria and other microbes
Physical water scarcity
When more than 75% of a country or regions river flow is being used.
suction
When placing you hand over the steamer outlet of a dry barrel hydrant you feel for _____ to determine if the barrel is draining.
Salt water intrusion
When salt water is drawn into an aquifer and increases its salinity.
Water scarcity
When the annual supply of water per person falls below 1000m3.
Water stress
When the annual supply of water per person falls below 1700m3.
Water stress
When the demand for water exceeds its supply for a period of time, leading to shortages.
Economic water scarcity
When the development of blue water flow scorches is limited by human and financial capacity.
gravitational system
When the reduced level of the water source is higher than the reduced level of the consumer's place, water is generally supplied
Sedimentation
Where clumped solids in water sink to the bottom of the water - 2nd step in treating drinking water
near the coastline
Where is most pollution at in the ocean
Industry, agriculture and municipal sources
Where most water pollution comes from
It must go through the water treatment plant
Where must water go before entering the water supply distribution system?
storm drain
Where runoff leaves streets and is directed the closest creek
Near the water source
Where should the apparatus be that has the greatest pumping capacity?
Elevation pressure
The amount of pressure created by gravity, also called head pressure.
Normal Operating Pressure
The amount of pressure in a water distribution system durring a time of normal usage.
Fire Flow Capacity
The amount of water available or amount that the water distribution system is capable of flowing
baseflow
The amount of water which joins the stream from the underground water
Green Water
The area from the outer edge of brown water to a few hundred miles off shore past continental shelves and islands.
riparian zone
The area of land adjacent to a body of water, stream, river, marsh, or shoreline. These areas form the transition between the aquatic and the terrestrial environment.
Fill Site
The area where tenders are filled or attain their water
Dump Site
The area where tenders are unloaded or their load dumped
cm/sec
The coefficient of permeability of soils, is generally expressed in
NFPA 291 Practice for Fire Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants
The colors of the tops and discahrge caps on public hydrants should be painted as required by what NFPA standard?
NFPA 291
The colors of the tops and discharge caps on public hydrants should be painted as required by what NFPA number?
water cycle
The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back again
Shuttle Operation
The cycle in which mobile water supply apparatus is dumped, moves to fill a site for refilling, and is returned to the dump site
water quality
The degree of purity of water, determined by measuring substances in water besides water molecules
Water Quality
The degree of purity of water, determined by measuring the substance in water, besides water molecules.
water table
The depth to groundwater
Hydrant Body Colors
White= EBMUD Yellow= Military / Private Green= Airport (Salt water or Regional Parks) Red= EBMUD ( Suction or Private hydrant)
Water department personnel
Who determines the location, spacing, and distribution of fire hydrants?
the water department
Who is responsible for the repair and maintenance of fire hydrants?
Conserve water
Why rationing is done in a community
Chlorine (Cl)
Widely used for routine disinfection of water; Calcium Hypochlorite(comes in granular for and corrosive); Sodium Hypochlorite(household bleach).
Without _____ _____....there is no _____ _____.
Without SUFFICIENT WATER.... there is no FIGHTING FIRE.
The term plug is a throw back to days when firefighters drilled a hole in _______ water mains.
Wooden (pg213)
Hose Bibb Vacuum Breakers
* garden hoses, slop sink hoses , spray outlets. * consists of a spring loaded check valve that seals against an atmospheric outlet when water supply pressure is tuned on.
Double Check Valve
* protects against backsiphoning and back pressure conditions
Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker
* used only for backsiphonage * cannot be tested once installed
los angeles aqueduct
-Brought water from Owens River to Los Angeles -William Mulholland spearheaded the controversial project -Negative impact on Owens Valley and Mono Lake
klamath water crisis
-klamath basin wetlands drained, dams and reservoirs constructed to develop agriculture -thought all this good water was going to waste wetlands had no value
aquifer depletion
-mining of water, recharge slow from rainfall -too much extracted honeycombed rock collapses and no longer recharges
survive
be able to live
pollutant
contamination: fertilizer, pesticide, toxic waste
potentiometric map
contour map of hydraulic head in a confined aquifer
water table map
contour map of hydraulic head in an unconfined aquifer
Drafting
hard suction hose used with strainer having a radius of 24 inches clearance all around
mercury, lead, arsenic
harmful substances that industry my add to water
Water
high capacity to absorb/store heat, universal solvent, high service tension, solid from is lighter than liquid
conflicts with off-stream use:
how much water can be used without damaging the streams ecosystem.
3 sources of pollution
human wastes, industrial wastes, chemical runoff
Criteria for wetlands
hydrology(wetness), type of vegetation & type of soil
graupel
ice crystals grow by riming; contain air pockets and has a spongy texture
Isolation Valves (shut off valves)
maximum spacing 500ft in high risk areas and 800ft in in other areas. Types: gated valves, butterfly valves,
Capaccio
means head of the pipes, where main distribution basin was located
pH of water
measurement of how acidic or basic the water is
pH Scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
intrinsic permeability
measures the ability of the sediment to transmit a fluid, independent of fluid properties. a property of porous medium, independent of fluid properties. measured in darcy or cm^2
Hypochlorinators
mechanically deliver pre-measured amounts of chlorine gas, ammonia or hypochlorites automatically to a known flow rate of water
Infiltration
movement of water through the soil.
Adequate Water system
must be capable of supplying water needed for fire protection in addition to domestic needs.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency developed what 2 regulations
national primary drinking water and national secondary drinking water
natural levees
natural sediments deposited by the river as it floods.
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation enforced by
not federally enforceable but is intended to be used as a guideline for the stated and may be incorporated into state law and enforced by the respective state
Barometric Loop
not to be used for back pressure
radioactive wastes
nuclear power plants waste, medical wastes
oil lamp
object used to product light continuously for a period of time using an oil based fuel source used for household lighting as well as funerary and votive purposes
97% of earths waters are:
oceans
Persian qanat
older middle eastern water conveying systems that inspired Roman aqueducts
Isolation valves should be tested (opened and closed) at least ______ to ensure that they are in good working condition
once a year
inhumation only
only burial practice from 4th century AD on
Dead end hydrants
only receives water from one direction and has limited water supply.
PIV
open or shut indicator sign
overconsumption
overuse; to use too much
Types of disinfectants
ozone, chlorine (calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite), chloramines
pH is acidic
pH of 6.8
pH is neutral
pH of 7.0
pH is basic
pH of 7.2
Filtration
passive transport in which particles are removed from water by passage through a pourous membrane
Calcium hypochlorite (HTH) is a potential
personnel and fire hazard due to its corrosiveness and chemically active nature
discharge zones
places where groundwater flows or seep out of the surface, like a spring
crops
plants grown by people; corn, wheat, rice etc.
toxic
poisonous
non point source pollution
pollution that comes from many sources
point source pollution
pollution that enters water from a known source
thermal pollution
pollution that raises the temperature of water (factories that us water to cool machines)
Wetland soils
poor drainage and lack of oxygen
vadose zone
pore spaces (empty spaces between soil particles or rock fractures) in the soil and rock
coarse ware
pottery used for kitchen functions or used in storage and transportation
fine ware
pottery used for table functions
Potable water standards for chemical quality
presence/absence of constituents, interaction between constituents, pH, hardness/softness
threatening
presenting danger or risk
What is the purpose of the main valve being located below the frost line?
prevent freezing
how agriculture can conserve water:
price agriculture to encourage conservation, used lined canals to reduce seepage, irrigate at times evaporation is minimal
Chlorine safety program includes written rules and specific
procedures and checklists
filtration
process of passing water through a series of screens that removes solids
Preventive Medicine Authority plays an advisory role and provides
public health related consultant assistance as needed
Processing/ Treatment facilities
purification or desalination plant
Well: driven
pushed forward
indirect cremation/ustrinum
pyre is arranged in another part of the necropolis, afterward ashes were buried into jars or urns
Circulating hydrants
receive water from more than one direction ( circulating feed/ looped system)
progressive water policy
reclamation act of 1902 - the preservation and expansion of rural life and rural values, local democracy and a landed middle class
function of dams
recreation, generating electricity, provide flood control and ensuring a more stable water supply
3 ways to conserve water
reducing water use, recycling water, reusing water
testing samples
regular tests are needed to show that the water quality remains good
how domestic water use can be reduced
replace lawns with decorative gravel & native plants, more efficient bathroom fixtures, fix leaks quickly, & don't wash sidewalks with water.
Conflicts with in-stream water use
requires different conditions to prevent damage & requirements for shipping and boating
Regional Environmental Coordinators (REC) assists claimants with
resolution of issues and communications with CNO as well as Federal, State and local regulators
petroleum products
road runoff, leaking storage tanks (old gas stations)
pesticides & fertilizers
runoff from fields and golf courses.
reiteration of these is the hardest
salt marshes
urban runoff
sediment toxic chemicals from cars pesticides from lawns viruses bacteria from pet waste
Sedimentation
sediment (solid matter) settling to the bottom of a water.
Check valve
self closing device which is designed to allow the flow of fluids in one direction and to close if there is a reversal of flow
water table
separates the saturated zone from unsaturated zone
air gap
serves to prevent wastewater from contaminating potable supplies
safe drinking water act
set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health.
hydrograph
show changes in flow based on time and depth
kesterson reservoir
-water table rise from irrigation in San J Valley -reservoir started becoming more saline and high selenium conc. -resulted in a large scale bird and fish die off and livestock deformity
water withdrawal vs water consumption
-withdrawal is amount removed from source and often returned to source -consumption is amount removed and not returned to its source
Which of the following is not a primary consideration when locating a ground
...
Class A Hydrant
1 000 - 1 499 gpm (3 785 - 5 675 L/min). Green top and nozzles.
Class AA Hydrant
1 500 gpm (5 680 L/min) or greater. Light blue top and nozzles.
Some areas have drafting hydrants attached to the water source, typically capable of producing how many gpm?
1,000
Class A
1,000 to 1,499 gpm Barrel color - chrome yellow Top nozzle color - Green 20 psi
Class AA
1,500 gpm or greater Barrel color - chrome yellow Top nozzle color - blue 20 psi
Name 3 natural sources of water.
1-Ponds (pg 211) 2-Rivers 3-Lakes
Name 3 man made sources of water
1-Ponds (pg 211) 2-reservoirs 3-pools
Describe the common weights and measurements of water.
1. 8.33 lb per gallon 2. 7.48 gallon per cubic foot 3. 62.4 lb per cubic foot
Municipal water supplies move water by one of 3 ways. What are the 3 ways?
1. Gravity feed 2. Direct pumping 3. Combination gravity and pump
Water is the most common extinguishing agent because: 1. It is readily available through _____ _____ and by _____. 2. _____ 3. _____ __ _____ large _____ __ _____.
1. It is readily available through STATIC SOURCES and by PUMPING. 2. ABUNDANT 3. CAPABLE OF ABSORBING large QUANTITIES OF HEAT.
Physical properties of water; 1. _____ 2. Capable of being a _____, _____ or _____. (Not a true gas) 3. Molecular weight of _____ ___ or ___.
1. NON-COMPRESSIBLE 2. Capable of being a SOLID, LIQUID or VAPOR 3. Molecular weight of 18 AMU or MOL
Name the 5 components of a water distribution grid.
1. Primary feeders 2. Secondary feeders 3. Distributors 4. Valves 5. Hydrants
Name 7 alternative water supplies
1. Reservoirs 2. Ponds 3. Cisterns 4. Pools 5. Airport sites 6. Mobile supplies Water tenders/Water Tankers 7. Skid Pumps 2 pumps capable of flowing 500 gpm/Stored at stations 10 and 6
Name the 6 components of a municipal water supply system.
1. Source of water 2. Means of moving water 3. Treatment and storage facilities 4. Distribution system 5. Valves 6. Hydrants
What are the three components of a municipal water system?
1. Source of water 2.Treatment of water 3.Distribution of water
What are examples of systems that use gravity water pressure?
1. gravity feed system 2. elevated water storage towers
What are the different components of a the grid system?
1.primary feeders 2. secondary feeders 3.distributors
If you are within _____ feet of the waters edge you should have a life vest?
10 feet
Portable tanks are a minimum of how many gallons?
1000 gallons
GPM flow rate range for a hydrant with a green top cap
1000-1499
Distribution mains are typically how deep in WA?
12"
Secondary Feeders
12" to 14"
Atmospheric Pressure - The pressure exerted by the atmosphere, which for earth is _______ pounds per square inch at sea level.
14.7
Make at least __ revolutions before deciding you have a defective hydrant
15
The amount of color in water should be less than:
15 color units
GPM flow rate range for a hydrant with a light blue top cap
1500+
The Safe Drinking Water Act signed into law on
16 December 1974
Primary Feeder
16" or larger
cal state water projects
1960 bond measure, largest system of aqueducts and res - led to the creation of the California Bay-Delta Authority or CALFED in 1994
Sterilize
2 hours minimum @ 170 degrees C in oven (preferable method) or autoclave @ 121 degrees C for 15 minutes at 15 PSI
The minimum pressure when pumping from a hrdrant as it relates to residual pressure is _______ psi.
20 (pg 221)
Oakland Transmission Mains
20", 24" 30" and 36"
Water is ____% heavier than gasoline.
20% (pg 212)
It is estimated that at any given time, there is /are ____ times more water stored underground than in all the surface streams and lakes
20-30 times as much
What psi pressure is the min for hydrants output?
20psi
When drafting the intake strainer should have a minimum of what clearance all around?
24"
Pressure Zones
25
Showers and baths
2nd biggest use of water in a home
When must EBMUD respond to a fire?
3 alarm or greater or 2 Alarm fires in the hills.
soaping, rinsing, and finishing
3 main phases of producing cloth
freshwater
3% of Earth's water supply is _____
On some hydrants the wrench will rotate _to_ times before any resistance is felt
3, 5
When the distance exceeds _______ to _________ intermediate hydrants should be used?
350' to 400'
33 zones supplied via?
4 gravity 8 regulator valves 21 pumps
Oakland Distribution Pipelines
4" to 16"
Aquifer
A body of porous and permeable rock capable of storing and yielding large quantities of water.
aqueduct
A channel built by people to move water long distances through mountains and across rivers.
impermeable
A characteristic of materials, such as clay and granite, through which water does not easily pass
permeable
A characteristic of materials, such as sand and gravel, through which water easily passes
Backflow Preventer
A check valve that prevents water from flowing back into a system and contaminating it.
Pesticide
A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.
Indicator
A compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base.
decanting well
small basins for cleaning or to decrease velocity of water flow
Hydropneumatic or pressure-tank water systems are suitable for:
small communities, housing developments, private homes and estates, camps, food service operations, and hotels
Water Main
A principle pipe in a water supply system.
Recreation
something done for fun; a hobby or game
Municipality, region, or single property
A private water supply system may provide water under contract to what 3 recipients?
Private water system
A privately owned water system that operates separately from municipal water systems.
Desalination
A process of removing salt from ocean water
desalination
A process of removing salt from ocean water to make potable water
Filtration
A process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
Concentration
A quantitative measure of the amount of solute in a solution.
divide
A ridge of land that separates one watershed from another
fertile
something that has a lot of nutrients and good for growing things ex: fertile land is good for growing crops
Water treatment
A series of processes that remove unwanted substances from water and make it safe to return to the natural environment or to the human water water supply
Bioindicator
A species that is especially sensitive to ecological change and thus can serve as an indicator of environmental conditions.
Gravity-feed system
A storage facility, and water treatment facility located high above the end user.
tributary
A stream or smaller river that feeds into a main river
poverty
the state of being very poor
water table
the upper surface of ground water; the surface below which all the pore space in rocks in saturated with water.
in-stream use
the use of rivers for navigation, hydroelectric power generation, fish and wildlife habitats, and recreation
nutrient
A substance such as nitrogen or phosphorus that enables plants and algae to grow
Pollutant
A substance that is harmful to the environment.
Water Hammer
A sudden surge of pressure created by the quick opening or closing of valves in a water system.
What is water hammer?
A surge in pressure caused by a sudden stop in the flow of a water stream
Grid system
A system that provides circulating feed from all directions
Municipal water systems
A system to furnish water under pressure through fire hydrants.
The limitation of the lift capability of the centrifugal pump is based on :
the weight of the atmosphere
Industry
the whole business that involves making, shipping, and selling goods made in factories.
power plants and factories
thermal pollution source
thermal
this type of pollution raises the temperature of water
OS&Y
threaded portion of stem is visible when valve is open and not visible when closed.
use less water, treat polluted water, reduce pollution going into water
three ways people can reduce water pollution
peripheral canal
-proposed diversion to divert water from Sacramento river through the SJ delta to the south -first rejected major water project -helped transfer water south avoiding saltwater intrusion that occurred in delta -signed by jerry brown
time of concentration
time taken for the storm water to travel from the most remote point to the drain.
Static Pressure
(1) Potential energy that is available to force water through pipes and fittings, fire hose, and adapters. (2) Pressure at a given point in a water system when no water is flowing.
There are approximately how many hydrants in the city of Dayton
4300
Standard 3 way hydrants consist of?
5 in Pumping outlet attached to a 6" water main
Sodium hypochlorite is what percent chlorine?
5% or 10% (household bleach)
Gravity Tank capacity range from _______-_______?
5,000 Gallons to over a million
Water tenders/tankers can carry up to how many gallons?
5,000 gallons
Sewers or sewage disposal systems must be located at least ________ from water storage tanks
50 feet
How much of US wetlands have disappeared
50%
Class B Hydrant
500 - 999 gpm (1 900 - 3 780 L/min). Orange top and nozzles.
Class C Hydrant
500 gpm (1 900 L/min) or less. Red top and nozzles.
Class C
500 gpm or less Barrel color - chrome yellow Top nozzle color - red 20 psi
GPM flow rate range for a hydrant with a red top cap
500 or less
What the maximum spacing of isolation valves for high value districts and other areas as recommended by commercial risk services.
500' and 800'
GPM flow rate range for a hydrant with an orange top cap
500-999
Class B
500-999 gpm Barrel color - chrome yellow Top nozzle color - orange 20 psi
Wildcat Aqueduct
54" supplies Webster Rate Control Station which fills Claremont Reservoir
The overflows must be located with their tops ______ above grade
6 inches
Hydrants typically have ____" connecting pipes and should not be more than ______' apart?
6" 300'
Distributors (individual services)
6" to 8" that service fire hydrants, residential consumers, and commercial businesses.
The average water distribution system pressures in the U.S. is between ______ & ______ psi.
65 & 80 (pg 221)
Calcium hypochlorite (HTH) is what percent chlorine?
65-70%
___% of the world's surface is covered by water.
75%
Regulator Zones
8
The bottom of the tank must be higher that the water table or flood water, designed for a minimum of _______
8 feet
What size piping is often the minimum size used?
8"
ocean
97% of Earth's water supply is where
Ground salinity
A description of the levels of salt within the soil.
Plumbing Fixture
A device that is connected to the water distribution system and demands a supply of water; discharges wastewater, liquid-borne waste material, or sewage to the drainage system; or requires both a water supply connection and a discharge to the drainage system.
Jet Dump
A device that speeds the process of dumping a load of water from a tanker/tender
Jet Siphon
A device that speeds the process of transferring water from one tank to another
Gaskets
A feature in hydrant caps that should be checked during routine inspections, extras should be carried on the truck.
Valve
A fitting that is used to control the flow of fluid or gas.
Lavatory
A fixture that is designed for washing hands and face, usually found in a bathroom.
Water mains follow what king of layout system?
A grid system
Bore hole
A hole in the Earth's surface down to an underground water source.
reservoir
A lake that stores water for human use (usually created by humans)
wetland
A land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year.
Aquifer
A layer of rock that is both porous and permeable, containing water.
drought
A long period of abnormally lower than normal rainfall
drought
A long period of dry weather.
levee
A long ridge formed by deposits of sediments alongside a river channel (Often made by humans)
Algae
A mainly aquatic organism contain chlorophyll and lacking true stems, roots and leaves.
Fire Flow Requirement
A measure comparing the amount of heat the fire is capable of generating vs. the amount of water required for cooling the fuels below their ignition point.
Turbidity
A measure of how clear water is.
Water Distributing Pipe
A pipe that carries water from the service to the point of use.
Dry Hydrant
A piping system for drafting from a static water source with a fire department connection at one end and a strainer at the water end
Arsenic
A poisonous substance often used to exterminate insects or rodent.
Outside Stem and Yoke (OS&Y) Valve
A type of control valve for a sprinkler system in which the position of the centre screw indicates whether the valve is open or shut. Picture: http://cdn.balkanplumbing.com/wp-content/uploads/open-OSY-valve.jpg
Post Indicator Valve (PIV)
A type of valve used to control underground water mains that provides a visual indication of whether the valve is open or closed. Picture: http://jerman.com/fire-sprinkler.com/ipost.jpg
Post Indicator Valve (PIV)
A type of valve used to control underground water mains that provides a visual means for indicating "open" or "shut" position; found on the supply main of installed fire protection systems.
Post Indicator Valve
A type of valve used to control underground water mains that provides a visual means for indicating open or shut position; found on the supply main of installed fire protection systems
flume
A water channel supported above the ground over trestles, is generally called
Dead end
A water main that only supplys water from one direction.
Water Closet
A water-flushing plumbing fixture, such as a toilet, that is designed to receive and discharge human excrement.
Irrigation
A way of supplying water to an area of land
Color markings on hydrants?
AA Blue 1,500+ A Green 1,000-1,500 B Orange 500-1000 C Red 500 or less
Hydration
Absorbing water into a body or substance.
Spread Plate Method
Accommodates 0.1ml-0.5ml volume or diluted samples, colonies grow faster, and colonies produces are distinct. Uses 100x15 or 90x15mm sterile petri dish.
Pour Plate Method
Accommodates 0.1ml-2.0ml volume or diluted samples, produces small colonies, and colonies grow slow. Uses 100x15 or 90x15mm sterile petri dish.
Disposal Procedures - Positive
Add household bleach to top of tubes, cap tightly and mix/let stand for 20 mins, pour down sink and flush with water or autoclave for 20 mins @ 121 deg C in biobag and discard properly.
Chloramines
Addition of ammonia to water that contains free chlorine and controls coliforms.
Name 2 advantages and disadvantages of wet barrel hydrants.
Advantages: FASTER WATER and LINES CAN BE ADDED WITHOUT CLOSING THE HYDRANTS Disadvantages: BROKEN HYDRANTS FROM MVC CREATES A LOT OF LOST WATER and FREEZING BREAKS HYDRANTS.
Name 2 advantages and 1 disadvantage of dry barrel hydrants.
Advantages: FREEZE PROTECTION and MVC PROTECTION, HYDRANT CAN BE SHEARED OFF WITHOUT LOSING WATER FROM THE SYSTEM Disadvantage: SLOWER WATER DEPLOYMENT
Preventive Medicine Authority
Advisory role and provides public health related consultant assistance as needed.
Water Treatment Steps
Aeration= sprayed into air to release gases Coagulation=added coagulants neutralizes particles Flocculation=particles combine Sedimentation=85% of suspended matter Filtration= removal of matter via anthracite and sand Disinfection=Chlorine , Ammonia which later forms chloramine Ozonation=ozone for disinfection and taste and odor control Fluoridation=dental health Corrosion Control=CaOH, NaOH makes water slightly alkaline to prevent corrosion.
Most direct pumping systems are found where?
Agricultural and industrial settings
All of the _____, _____ and _____ in the world will not extinguish a large fire without enough _____ to supply them.
All of the APPLIANCES, HOSES and NOZZLES in the world will not extinguish a large fire without enough WATER to supply them.
- Water supply sources - Processing or treatment facilities - Means of moving the water - Water distribution and storage systems
All water supply systems, whether public or private, follow the same basic components which are....
What do control valves do?
Allow sections to be shut down and isolated
Dry Hydrant
Also called drafting hydrants
Tankers
Also called mobile water supply apparatus or tenders.
Residual Pressure
Amount of pressure that remains in the system when water is flowing. Should be no less than 20 psi to prevent damage to pipes and pumps.
AR 200-1
Army Policy on Environmental Protection and Enhancement
AR 40-5
Army Policy on Preventive Medicine
TB MED 577
Army Policy on Sanitary Control and Surveillance of Field Water Supplies
TB MED 576
Army Policy on Sanitary Control and Surveillance of Water Supplies at Fixed Installations
TB MED 575
Army Policy on Swimming Pools and Bathing Faclilities
Regional Environmental Coordinators (REC)
Assists claimants with issues and communications CNO, Federal, State, and local regulators.
How often should hydrants be tested?
At least once a year
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere, which for the Earth is 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level
Atmospheric Pressure
What is the pressure exerted by the earths atmospheric at any given point?
Atmospheric Pressure
Media Preperation
Autoclave 121 deg C for 15 mins, pH should be at 7.0 (+/-) 0.2 after autoclaving, media ready in 13-18 mins after melting, and maintain water bath between 44-66 deg C no more than 3 hours
Distribution lines also have what to prevent water from coming back into the system from the anticipated rout of travel?
Back flow valves to prevent contamination
A check valve or set of valves used to prevent a back flow of wtaer from one system into another.
Backflow Preventers
Backsiphonage
Backflow resulting from negative pressures in the distribution pipes
Which of the following methods of backsiphonage is least effective? a. Barometric loop b. vaccuum breakers c. air gap separation d. backpressure units
Barometric loop
How does a community know how much water it needs?
Based on Data: Previous History usage amounts Growth within the area Tracking average and maximum daily water consumption
What is it necessary to have duplicate pumps in direct pumping systems?
Because they are subject to mechanical failure and dependent on pumps and electricity.
Water Storage Tanks - Disinfection
Before putting into operation, whenever entered, and when bacterial evidence shows contamination.
The internal of a hydrant are made of?
Bronze
What factors affect hydrant location?
Building construction Occupancy Numbers Building density size of water main required fire flow for area
A valve with a disk that rotates 90 degrees from fully open to fully closed?
Butterfly valve
calcium bicarbonate
By boiling water, hardness can be removed if it is due to
Tanker shuttle
Can be used to deliver water from a fill site to the fire scene. Used when a large volume of water is needed for an extended period of time.
What does a Primary feeder do?
Carry large quantities of water to a section of a town or city
What do Distributors do?
Carry water to the user and hydrants on individual streets
Hydrant bonnets, barrels and foot pieces are made of?
Cast Iron
Hydrants are made of what?
Cast Iron
Pressure Zones layouts
Central zone = largest and serves area below 100' Berkeley to San Lorenzo is supplied via gravity Aqueduct Zone= a gravity supplied zone from 100'to 200' Central-South Zone= below the 100' contour line from 98th southward.
Valve installed to control water flow in one direction, typically when different systems are interconnected.
Check Valve
Drybarel hydrant valves can be tested by?
Check for suction with your hand over the discharge
Dry-Barrel Hydrant
Fire hydrant that has its operating valve at the water main rather than in the barrel of the hydrant. When operating properly, there is no water in the barrel of the hydrant when it is not in use. These hydrants are used in areas where freezing could occur.
Wet-Barrel Hydrant
Fire hydrant that has water all the way up to the discharge outlets. The hydrant may have separate valves for each discharge or one valve for all the discharges. This type of hydrant is only used in areas where there is no danger of freezing weather conditions.
6 inch connecting pipes
Fire hydrants are located along all portions of the water distribution system and are generally connected at specified intervals by ________.
300 feet
Fire hydrants generally should'nt be spaced more than ______ in high value districts.
anadromous fish
Fish that spend most of their lives in salt water but must migrate to freshwater tributaries to spawn. The various salmons species are examples
Butterfly Valve
Flat circular plate in a pipe that rotates 90 degrees across the cross section of the pipe to control the flow of water. Picture: http://www.dezurik.com/products/dezurik-resilient-on-center-seated-butterfly-valves-bos-cl.JPG
What are the colored markings on hydrants used for?
Flow capacity
Backflow
Flow of non-potable water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances in the potable water system.
Forward velocity pressure at a discharge opening while water is flowing?
Flow pressure
The pressure created by the rate of flow of the water coming from a discharge opening is?
Flow pressure
Army Chief of Engineers (COE)
Formulate policies, comply with Clean Water Act; Construct, maintain, and operate permanent/semi-permanent water systems associated with "Force Provider" support sites.
Wet barrel hydrants have water in the barrel up to the valves making it subject to ________.
Freezing (pg 214)
59th St Aqueduct
From Claremont Tunnel on 59th to Genoa St. 54" ends at Genoa Rate Control Stations
Sequoia Aqueduct
From Claremont Tunnel to 82nd Ave. 54" and 48" paralleling MacArthur Blvd
What does GPM stand for?
Gallons Per Minute
Indicating or non-indicating valve that is opened and closed to control the water flow.
Gate Valve
Open Right Valves
Gate valves= open clockwise OFD can only operate white gate pot cover for hydrants
The geophysical methods used to identify and investigate the extent of characteristics of ground water and pollution include:
Geomagnetics, electromagnetics, electrical resistivity.
Methods of moving water
Gravity Direct pumping Combination system
What are the three methods of moving water?
Gravity Direct Pumping Combination
In a water distribution system water is supplied in 3 ways, __________ & ___________ & ____________.
Gravity Fed (pg 212) Direct Pump Combination Gravity-Pumped
A ______ ______ delivers water from the source or the treatment plant to the distribution system without pumping equipment
Gravity System
Oakland Water Mains Supplied via?
Gravity from Reservoirs or Pumps
Three methods for moving water through a system
Gravity, Direct Pumping, Combination
What is the recommended distance of when to implement a water shuttle?
Greater than ½ mile
A distribution system that provides circulating feed from all directions is called a ______ system
Grid
A distribution system that provides circulating feed from all directions
Grid system
What terms are used in reference to the interlocking network of water mains that compose the water distribution system.
Gridiron Grid
Artesian basin
Ground water accumulating in large rock structures underground.
What are the 2 types of fresh water?
Groundwater Surface water
Most of the earths freshwater supply is _______.
Groundwater (pg 211)
What is used to properly seal a drilled well to prevent contamination of the water supply?
Grouting
Gate valve
Has a solid plate operated by a handle & screw mechanism. Controls water flow.
Wet-Barrel Hydrant
Has water all the way up to the discharge barrel. (water stored in the barrel) Only used in warm climates where freezing is not an issue.
Water shuttles
Hauling water from a static source to portable tanks.
The pressure created by a column of water is called?
Head pressure
Water has the ability to absorb large quanatities of _____.
Heat (pg 210)
Step #9 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Implement control and prevention measures (Priority during each investigation, controls measures)
negative pressure
In a rapid sand filter, air binding is caused due to excessive
Army Commanders of Engineer Units
Locate and develop water resources
Shut-off valve
Located at connection points where the underground mains meets the distributer pipe used to control the flow of water to individual customers or hydrants.
Water main arranged in a complete circuit so that water will be supplied to a given point from more than one direction
Loop System
Define friction loss.
Loss of pressure as water moves through a hose or pipe
R2A Agar
Low nutrient agar, used for pour plate, spread plate and membrane filters
Zone Hydrants
Lower Zone= Red Upper Zones= White 14 locations Pump from lower to upper or from red to white.
Conservation
Managing vital resources carefully to meet the needs of people and nature.
Presence/Absence Analysis - Less Yellow Than Comparator
May be incubated for an additional 4 more hours but not more than 28 hours total
Main fire department concern of water treatment facility
Mechanical breakdown, natural disaster, loss of power, fire disabling pumps
Flowmeter
Mechanical device installed in a a discharge line that senses the amount of water flowing.
Water Shuttle Operation
Method of water supply by which mobile supply aparatus continuously transport water between a fill site and the dump site located near the emergency scene.
Water Shuttle Operation
Method of water supply by which tenders/tankers continuously transport water between a fill site and the dump site located near the emergency scene.
Faculative Anaerobes
Microorganisms that don't require oxygen for growth but do better with it.
Sample Bottle
Minimum capacity of 120 ml
If a vehicle has a tank over 1000 gallons and is primarily used to transport water it is considered a _________.
Mobile water supply apparatus (pg 211)
Watershed feeding Oakland
Mokelumne water shed provides 90% of Oaklands water.
rectangular
Most commonly used section in grade aqueducts, is
Residual Pressure
Pressure at the test hydrant while water is flowing. It represents the pressure remaining in the water supply system while the test water is flowing and is that part of the total pressure that is not used to overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through fire hose, pipe, fittings, and adapters.
Flow Pressure
Pressure created by the rate of flow or velocity of water coming from a discharge opening.
Define normal operating pressure.
Pressure during a period of normal consumption
Static Pressure
Pressure in a system when the water is not moving.
Define static pressure.
Pressure in the system when water is not moving
Static Head
Pressure of a fluid due to the head of fluid above some reference point.
Types of control valves
Pressure reducing, Pressure sustaining, Pressure relief, Flow-control, Throttling, Float, Check
Control Valves are used for?
Pressure reducing, sustaining and relief Flow control Throttle valves
Large mains that convey large quantities of water to various points in the distribution system and supply smaller secondary feeder mains
Primary Feeders
What are the three types of water mains, their place in the system and size?
Primary Feeders or arterial mains supply large amounts of water in piping ranging from 16-72" in diameter or greater Fire hydrants are rarely attached to them. Secondary Feeders are used to make a grid and range from 12-14" in diameter control valves are used to isolate each feeder. Distribution or small mains are 6-8" in diameter and serve individual fire hydrants and commercial and residential consumers.
Relatively widespread large, high capacity pipes?
Primary feeder
Primary feeders are: ___ - ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
Primary feeders are: 16" - 48" Wide Spaced Hydrants not typically connected
Filtration
Process for removing particulate matter by passage through porous media.
Drafting
Process of acquiring water from a static source (lake, river, pond, etc) and transferring it into a pump that is above the source's level.
Drafting
Process of acquiring water from a static source and transferring it into a pump that is above the source's level; atmospheric pressure on the water surface forces the water into the pump where a partial vacuum was created.
Drafting
Process of drawing water from a static source to supply a pumper.
Dessication
Process of drying out or losing moisture
Disinfection
Process that eliminates most microorganisms, usually chlorine
Grid Systems are designed to?
Provide constant flow Control areas with minimum interruption of water supply
Army Deputy Chief of Staff (G-4/DCS)
Provide online data on the location, quantity, and quality of land-based water resources to DoD.
Municipal water systems provide water to who?
Public and Fire fighters
Two basic types of water supply systems in North America
Public and Private
What are the two types of water supply systems in North America?
Public which are functions of local government and have a elected board Private which will take many forms such as industrial, residential subdivision, refinery, and may supply water under contract.
Control valves are located between ______ water supply distribution systems and ______ water supply distribution systems
Public; Private
Direct Pumping System
Pump placed near water source to create adequate pressure.
Hydrants have two components?
Pumping outlet 4"+ 2- Hose outlets 2 1/2 couplings
Pressure is usually produced by what?
Pumps
Define flow.
Quantity of water flowing through a pipe or hose
Flow pressure
Quantity of water flowing through an opening durring a hydrant test.
ROGB stands for what?
RED (0-499) Orange (500-999) Green (1000-1499) Blue 1500+ GPM
Acid Rain
Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.
Dead-end hydrant
Receives water from only one direction
Where are wall hydrants found?
SLC Airport, Temple Square and Delta Center
Acronym used to remember factors that affect hydrant flow rate
SLIP: Size of Main, Length of Main, Internal condition of main, Pressure within the main
Salt Lake City uses a _____ _____ and _____ water movement system.
Salt Lake City uses a COMBINATION GRAVITY and PUMP water movement system.
US estuary modified the most
San Francisco bay
Oakland Water System Reservoirs
San Leandro, San Pablo, Briones terminal reservoirs
What is the atmospheric pressure measured at sea level and at Salt Lake City?
Sea level 14.7 Salt Lake City 12.5
Intermediate pipes that interconnect with the primary feeder lines to create a grid
Secondary Feeders
Intermediate capacity pipes running between high capacity pipes are what?
Secondary feeder
Secondary feeders are: ___ - ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Often _____ to _____ _____ _____
Secondary feeders are: 12" - 24" Used to reinforce the grid with varying loops Often USED to SUPPLY FIRE HYDRANTS
Check Valve
Self-closing device that allows the flow of fluids in one direction.
galvanized iron pipes
Service connections to consumers houses, are generally provided with
Almost _____% of the earths surface is covered by water.
Seventy Five (pg 211)
What do shut off valves do?
Shut off water flow to individual customers or fire hydrants
The cycle in which mobile water supply apparatus is dumped, moves to a fill site for refilling, and is returned to the dump site.
Shuttle Operation
golf
Single biggest use of water for fun?
Toilet flushing
Single biggest use of water in the home
What is the acronym SLIP and whats it used for?
Size of main (diameter) Length of the main (distance between hydrants) Internal Connection (Roughness caused by age or sediment) Pressure within the main (color)
Anytime a valve on a hydrant is opened or closed it should be done _______ to prevent water hammer.
Slowly (pg 215)
Macro-invertebrate
Small, spineless creatures that are visible with the unaided eye; they include organisms such as crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and insects.
Secondary Feeder
Smaller mains that distribute water to a smaller area.
Distributors
Smaller water mains serving single fire hydrants and blocks of consumers
Distributors
Smallest pipes, carry water to the users and hydrants along individual streets.
Secondary salinity
Soil salinity (saltiness) that results from human activity.
Acid Sulfate Soil
Soils formed when sulfide minerals combine with oxygen in the air.
Gate Valve
Solid plate that moves into or out of the waterway. Picture: http://www.ctgclean.com/tech-blog/wp-content/uploads/gate-valve3.jpg
Inputs
Something put into a system or expended in its operation to achieve an output.
Porous
Something with many air spaces.
Factors to consider when outbreak occurs thought to involve a water system
Source of water, water treatment method, recent problems with system, recent water testing results, recent repairs/alternations, and recent power outages/water disruptions.
Fecal Coliforms
Specific organisms developed on media incubated @ 44.5 deg C
NFPA 1901
Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus: requires filling and dumping on level ground at a minimum of 1000GPM
NFPA 1963
Standard for Fire Hose Connections: requires the following 1 Steamer connection: 4" or 4.5" 2 Hose outlet nozzles for 2.5" couplings
NFPA 24
Standard for the installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances.
BUMED Instruction 6240.10 Series
Standards for Potable Water
NFPA 1142
Standards on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting.
Dry hydrants are used for drafting from a _______ water source.
Static (pg 213 & 214)
Stored potential energy?
Static pressure
The pressure of water at rest is called?
Static pressure
What is a hydrant made of?
Steel casing
Isolation valves are also know as an come in two types?
Stop or shut off gated or butterfly
To ensure constant pressure, water distribution systems may have elevated ______ ______ located throughout the system to create pressure through gravity
Storage Tanks
Portable Tank
Storage tank used during a relay or shuttle operation to hold water from water tanks or hydrants. This water can then be used to supply attack apparatus. Also called Catch Basin, Fold-a-Tank, Portable Basin, or Porta-Tank.
to have access
to be able to get or go to something
Where are dry barrels installed?
Subfreezing weather are common
Two water supply sources
Surface water and ground water
Surface water is the world's _____ _____ source of water.
Surface water is the world's MOST COMMON source of water.
The term given to a aircraft capable of carrying and dropping water or fire retardant. Some departments still use the term to do describe land based water apparatus.
Tanker
An aircraft used to transport water is called a _________?
Tanker (pg 211)
Portable tanks
Tanks typically holding 600 to 5000 gallons of water, and are carried on fire apparatus can be quickly set up at a fire scene.
Water absorbs such large quanatities of heat from the fire that it cools the fuel below the ignition _______.
Tempature. (pg 210)
The abbreviated term for Water Tender. A water tender is defined as a land based mobile water supply apparatus. Some Departments still use the term tender to describe a hose carrying support apparatus.
Tender
The term given to land-based water supply apparatus.
Tender
What are the two names for mobile water supply apparatus?
Tender & Tanker
Army Commanders of Quartermaster Units
Test, treat, store, and distribute potable water.
capacity; elevation (PIPING)
The ability of a water system to deliver a sufficient quantity of water at adequate pressure depends upon the _____ and _____ of the storage tanks and the condition and carrying capacity of the systems network of pipes.
capacity of the system's network of pipes
The ability to deliver adequate quantities of water under pressure depends on the ________.
Output
The act of production (an amount produced during a certain time).
purify
to clean up or make safe to drink
prior appropriation rights
The first person to use a quantity of water from source has the right to use that quantity freely for that purpose. Others can use the remaining water as long as it does not impinge on previous users. "use it or lose it"
Pressure
The force, or weight, of a substance usually water, measured over an area
watershed
The land area that supplies water to a river system
Hardness
The level of calcium & magnesium in water.
Water Table
The level of groundwater under the surface
on the top level of dead storage
The lowest outlet sluice in a dam is provided
Yearly
The minimum accepted interval between hydrant inspections.
18"
The minimum distance between the center of a fire hydrant hose outlet and the finished grade of the ground around the hydrant.
sodium sulphite
The most commonly used chemical for dechlorination of water, is
20 psi
The realistic minimum usable residual pressure in psi, when conducting firefighting operations from a water distribution system.
20 psi
The recommended minimum pressure, in psi, for water coming from a hydrant.
Fire protection needs
The required size of a water main is based upon the amount of water needed for normal consumption and....
Tidal Changes
The rising and falling of the surface water levels due to the gravitational effects between the earth and the moon
percolation
The slow passage of water down through the soil
Total Available Chlorine
The sum of the chlorine forms present as free available chlorine and combined available chlorine.
Steamer
The term for the large discharge opening on a fire hydrant
Tanker
The term given to aircraft capable of carrying and dropping water or fire retardant
Butterfly Valve
Type of control valve that uses a flat circular plate in the pipe which rotates ninety degrees across the cross section of the pipe to control flow.
What causes friction loss and what does it do?
Type of pipe construction Sediment and mineral build up Causes lose in pressure and volume
When are alternate water supplies assest?
Typically during pre-incident surveys
Cisterns
UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE RECEPTACLES USUALLY FOUND IN AREAS NOT SERVICED BY HYDRANT SYSTEM
Ground water
Underground water that's in caves, underground streams or or stored in rock pores.
Raw Water
Untreated water before entering a treatment unit such as streams, lakes, and ponds.
Relay Pumping
Use of two or more pumpers to move water over a long distance by operating them in series. The aparatus with the greatest pumping capacity should be located at the water source.
Butterfly valve
Used a flat circular plate in the pipe which rotates 90 degrees across the cross section of the pipe.
Potable Water Storage - Distribution Reservoirs
Used for fire fighting, satisfy peak demands, support uniform water pressure, meet industrial demands, avoid continuous pumping, and provide emergency water reserve.
Membrane Filter Method
Used in swimming pools, accommodates large volumes of water, expensive to use(47mm gridded), uses 50x90 mm petri dish.
Pitot Gauge
Used to measure the flow pressure in psi and to calculate the flow in gallons per minute.
Relay operation
Using 2 or more pumpers to move water over a long distance.
Relay Operation
Using two or more pumpers to move water over a long distance by operating them in series. Water discharged from one pumper flows through hoses to the inlet of the next pumper, and so on. Also called Relay Pumping.
How are the location of fire hydrants determined?
Usually made by water department personnel based on recommendations from fire department
Valves: Located throughout the supply system Most are _____ ___ ___ _____ _____ Can be closed to isolate a specific area of the system Generally are spaced every ___ - ___
Valves: Located throughout the supply system Most are LEFT IN THE OPEN POSITION. Can be closed to isolate a specific area of the system Generally are spaced every 500'-800'
Step #3 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Verify diagnosis (Collect clinical specimans)
Name 3 kinds of specialty hydrants.
Wall hydrants Flush mount hydrants High pressure hydrants
Oakland Water System Treatment Plants
Walnut Creek, Lafayette and Orinda Water Treament Plants
SLIP - Size of the main (Diameter) - Length of the main (distance between hydrants) - Internal condition of the main (Roughness caused by age or sediment - Pressure within the main (Flow pressure from the hydrant)
What are the factors that affect hydrant flow rate?
- Primary feeders (Large pipes) - Secondary feeders - connect with primary feeder to create grid (Intermediate pipes) - Distributors (Small water mains)
What are the three types of water mains in a water distribution system?
aqequate water supply and distribution system
What are the two things needed that are essential for firefightings controlling and extinguishing fire?
Lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, wells, springs
What are the water sources public and private water supply systems use?
- Gravity - Direct Pumping - a combination of both
What are three methods for moving water through the distribution system?
- cast iron - ductile iron - asbestos cement - steel - Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic - concrete
What are water mains usually made out of?
Small particles
What does filtration remove from water
Water supply system that is a combination of both gravity and direct pumping systems. It is the most common type of municipal water supply system
What is a combination system using gravity and direct pumping?
Water supply system supplied directly by a system of pumps rather than elevated storage tanks
What is a direct pumping system?
water supply system that relies entirely on the force of gravity to create pressure and cause water to flow through the system. The water supply, which is often an elevated tank, is at a higher level than the system
What is a gravity system?
a principal pipe in a system of pipes for conveying water
What is a water main?
Fast fill and fast dump
What is critical to efficient water shuttle operations?
provide sanitary water that is safe for human use
What is the job of the local water department?
- Provide water through hoses for fire suppression - Flow water to flush sediment - Perform periodic inspections - Ensure proper operation of valves and caps - Assist in flow tests
You must know hot to operate fire hydrants in order to do what following tasks?
development
a change that makes something better; often used to describe taking a natural place and building on it
Backflow preventers
a check valve or set of valves used to prevent a backflow of water from one system to another
Three Gorges dam
a dam in china by the Yangtze river. Problems: drowned cities, farm fields, important archeological finds, displaced 2 million people, more earthquake damage, dolphin habitat damaged. Benefits: more electricity
water hammer arrester
a device designed to provide protection against hydraulic shock in the building water supply system
vacuum relief valve
a device that prevents excessive vacuum in a pressure vessel
crisis
a difficult or dangerous situation that needs attention
Aquifer
a formation of permeable rock, gravel, or sand holding water or allowing water to flow through it
aquiclude
a formation that contains significant amount of water, but doesnt transmit it well; clay
aquifer
a geologic formation that contains and transmit a significant amount of water. composed of unconsolidated materials, mainly gravel and sand, unconsolidated rock
desalination
to remove the salt from seawater
cutting down trees
a human action that can help bring on drought
drought
a long period of little rainfall
reservoir
a man-made lake
viscosity
a measure of fluids resistance to flow
Xeriscaping
a method of landscaping that uses plants that are well adapted to the local area and are drought resistant.
drought
a period of unusually low rainfall
yoke vent
a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for the purpose of preventing pressure changes in the stacks
durham system
a soil or waste system in which all piping is threaded pipe, tubing or other such rigid construction, using recessed drainage fittings to correspond to the types of piping
concrete
a substance used for building that is made by mixing sand, small stones,cement, and water
fertilizer
a substances used by farmers to help plants grow
flash flood
a sudden violent flood that occurs within a few hours or even minutes of a storm
desalinization
a technology to remove salt from water
siphon
a u-shaped tube in which both legs water rises to same level: law of communicating vessles, placed when valley were too deep and detour was impossible
Nonpoint Source
a widely spread source of pollution that is difficult to link to a specific point of origin, Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, unlike pollution from industrial and sewage treatment plants, comes from many diffuse sources. NPS pollution is caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even our underground sources of drinking water
access
ability to use or get something
aeration & additional treatment
air is forced through the water to remove bad tastes and smells
water supply
all the water that is fit for human consumption
Colorado Compact of 1922
allocated water for environmental purposes as the concept of sustainable water management wasn't considered
Wet Barrel Hydrant
always has water, found in warmer climates
Chloramine disinfection, select the point of
ammonia addition downstream of the primary disinfection with free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or ozone and minimize the amount of free ammonia leaving the treatment plant and entering the distribution system
The control of corrosion in piping would not include:
an increase in water velocity
consumptive use
an off-stream use; water is used by plants and animals or used in industrial processes. The water enters human tissues or products or evaporates during use and is returned back to the source
aquifer
an underground zone or body of earth material from which groundwater can be obtained at a useful rate. (good aquifers: loose gravel or sand with lots of pore space between grains or rocks)
thin walled pottery
another distinctive type of pottery that was used for the table, came in the shapes of flagons, drinking beakers, and bowls
Cross connection
any actual or potential connection between the public water supply and a source of contamination or pollution
Contaminant
anything found in water which may be harmful to human health such as microorganisms, minerals and chemicals
Super chlorination-dechlorination
application of chlorine in greater concentrations than are needed to afford acceptable bactericidal efficiency
Marginal chlorination
application of chlorine to produce the desired total chlorine residual without reference to the amounts of free or combined chlorine present
perched aquifers
are generally found below the surface of the ground but above water table
air lift pumps
are generally used for pumping water from deep wells
jet pumps
are generally used for pumping water from small wells
rotary pumps
are provided cams which rotate in opposite direction
sluice valve
are used to regulate flow of water in pipes, and are usually placed at the summit; it is spaced about 5 km apart
aquifer
areas of underground moisture
disease causing organisms
bacteria or viruses affects the quality of water
water budget
balances the inputs, outputs, and storage of water in a system (consider annual precipitation and runoff patterns)
dam removal
benefits: fish can migrate problems: lots of sediment
unconfined aquifer
bounded on the top by the aquifer. aquifer in which there is no impermeable layer restricting the upper surface of the zone of saturation
3 ways to control flooding
building dams, natural levees, man-made levees
opus signinum
building material made of tiles broken up with small pieces, mixed with mortar, and beaten down with rammer - waterproof lining for cisterns
Batch chlorinating
calculated amount of hypochlorite is added to a known volume of water (must make sure granules do not enter finished product)
Chlorine safety program includes maintenance and
calibration programs for all safety devices/equipment
diversion of waters
can increase the concentration of dissolved chemicals & deplete groundwater resources or change its quality
Pumping of groundwater
can reduce stream flow, lower lake levels, or change the quality of surface waters.
Conservation
careful use of resources so they are not wasted
aqueduct
channel or pipe line to transport water over a greater distances from water source to its destination
Disinfectant
chemical or physical process that kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa
coagulation
chemicals are added to cause sticky globs called flocs to form. These sink to the bottom
Chloramine disinfection, maintain an adequate
chloramine residual within the distribution system taking into consideration chloramines are weaker disinfectants than free chlorine
Free available chlorine
chlorine available (after chlorine demand has been satisfied) in the forms of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions
chlorination
chlorine is added to the water to kill any bacteria that may be harmful to people
Break-point chlorinating
chlorine is applied to produce a chlorine residual composed of predominantly FAC with little or no combined chlorine
Chlorine safety program includes emergency procedures for
chlorine leaks and first aid
Chloromine (Combined Available Chlorine)
chlorine products formed by the reaction of equilibrium products of ammonia with the equilibrium products of chlorine to form chloramines
pomerium
city boundaries
fullonica
cloth workshops
Used as an indicator for quality
coliform testing
columbarium
collective grave consisting of hypogean chambers composed of numerous niches with the funerary urns and at the bottom the engraved inscriptions of names of dead
Potable water standards for physical quality
color, odor, turbidity, temperature
Chloromine power
combined available chlorine has significantly less disinfecting power than chlorine
hardness
combined level of two minerals: calcium & magnesium in water
inhumation
commonest burial practice from 2nd century AD on
cremation
commonest burial practice from 3rd century BC to 1st century AD
Well: jetted
compressed air and hot gases forced through jet nozzles
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation
concerned with contaminants that may adversely affect the aesthetic quality of drinking water
damnatio memoriae
condemnation of memory, happened to Emperors who were not favored, their names were erased and their statues reworked due to a Senate decree that they be erased from history
Wells are classified according to their
construction method
clear water waste
cooling water and condensate drainage from refrigeration and air conditioning equipment; cooled condensate from steam heating systems; cooled boiler blowndown water
Chloromines
created by the addition of ammonia to water that contains free chlorine successfully used throughout the United States as a secondary disinfectant reduce disinfection by product levels provide a lasting disinfectant residual in the distribution system controls coliforms in accordance with Primary Agency and Federal regulations reduces the chlorine taste in water
building dams
creates a barrier between property and flood
overdraft can cause:
damage to river ecosystems, land subsidence
Colorado river Ecosystems
damaged and the delta has been reduced in size
Super chlorination-dechlorination: surplus chlorine is removed by
dechlorination with sulfur dioxide, aeration, or activated carbon before the water enters the distribution system
castellum aquae
distribution basin where aqueduct water was gathered and distributed via lead pipes
man made problems with supply
diversions, salinization, aquifer depletion
Well: drilled
drilled holes
natural problems with supply
drought, flooding, affected by global climate change
Well: dug
dug with a shovel
Well: bored
earth augurs cut with a sharp point
hydroelectric power
electricity produced by the kinetic energy of water moving over a waterfall or dam
potential energy
energy that is stored and waiting to be used
Navy Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFACENGCOM) provides
engineering, contracting, and legal assistance, upon request, to major claimants and installations
plenty
enough or more than enough
darcy's law
equation t calculate flow through a porous medium. specific discharge in a porous medium is in direction of decreasing head and directly proportional to the hydraulic gradient.
undermining hydrant
erosion of the soil around the hydrant due to valve inside
Coliform bacteria group
escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia, enterobacter aerogenosa
Problems with desalinization
expensive, increase salinity of bays which kills plants and animals, fluctuations in salt content cause damage to ecosystems.
National Primary Drinking Water Regulation enforced by
federal
Double check detector check
fire line installations
Coastal wetlands of southern louisiana formed by
flooding of the mississippi river
poiseuille's law
flow of a viscous liquid through a capillary tube
toxic chemicals
form of industry pollutions
sewage
form of municipal or community pollution
Chlorine safety program includes an established
formal safety program
aquitard
formation of relatively low permeability. can include both aquiclude and aquifuge; sandy clay
aquifuge
formation that neither contains nor transmits significant quantities of water
cone of depression
formed when water is pumped from an aquifer
porosity
fraction of material that is void space (void space volume/ total volume)
metals
from factories and waste disposal sites
Dolia
globular vessels employed mainly on farms for storage function, used to hold goods such as wine, grape husk, olive oil, and grains, put underground
sinks
goes down below the surface
The term ______ or ______ describes the interlocking network of water mains that compose a water distribution system
grid; gridiron
Chlorine safety program includes periodic
hands-on training using the following safety equipment leak detection equipment, SCBA, and atmospheric monitoring devices
riparian water rights
if you have land along the river you have rights to that water
vital
important to life
subterranean
in general 80% of aqueducts were...
enchytrismos
infant tombs that were buried within amphoras to resemble mother's womb
Marginal chlorinating
initial chlorine demand has been satisfied, but some oxidizable substances remain
Springs are formed at the
intersection of an aquifer with the ground surface
chlorination only
iron and manganese present in the polluted water is removed by:
aspirator
is a fitting or device supplied with water or other fluid under positive pressure that passes through an integral orifice or constriction, causing vacuum
Specific yield (drainable porosity)
is a ratio, less than or equal to the effective porosity, indicating the volumetric fraction of the bulk aquifer volume that a given aquifer will yield when all the water is allowed to drain out of it under the forces of gravity
influent stream
is entirely above the water table and flows only in direct response to precipitation. water from this stream seeps down into the subsurface.Ephemeral because it doesn't flow all year.
Chlorination under normal conditions
is the most widely used method
Storativity (storage coefficient)
is the volume of water released from storage per unit decline in hydraulic head in the aquifer, per unit area of the aquifer
Euergetism
kind of benefaction if a citizen wanted to be elected in town council, he made a financial contribution to construction of public building
Water Supply
lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, wells, springs
wetlands
landforms such as salt marshes, swamps, bogs, prairie potholes, and vernal pools. Wet at least part of the year
extensive
large in size or amount
lubricant
leakage of seal water around the packaging on a centrifugal pump is required because it acts as a
National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
legislation that has been adopted by individual states and is concerned with public water systems from a health standpoint
Earth's water supply available and suitable for human use:
less than 1%
man-made levees
levees made by man to keep out nearby water
Army Commanders of engineer units responsibilities
locate and develop water resources provide construction support necessary to establish water well sites and construct, maintain, and operate permanent and semi permanent water utility systems in the theater of operations
Recharge zone:
locations where surface waters move into, or infiltrate, the ground.
environmental effects of dams
loss of land, cultural resources, & biological resources, serious flood hazard, traps soils and sediments reducing water storage capacities, fragment ecosystems
Water Mains
made of cast iron, ductile iron, asbestos cement, steel, PVC or concrete.
aqueducts
magnificent structures in Roman empire that supplied the cities with water
Chloramine disinfection, it is recommended to
maintain a total chlorine residual of 2 mg/L
exergue
mark of the Mint on a Roman coin
Dead End Hydrants in Oakland
marked with and arrow, if a dead end hydrant is used ahead of another hydrant in will rob the latter hydrant of its supply. Last dead end hydrant is marked with a vertical line ahead of the arrow.
aqueducts made out of stone while lead or terracotta pipes were used for water distribution within towns
materials used in aqueducts
Water source selection factors that need to be considered
sources of pollution, hydrological studies, proposed intake location, and water uses identified for the particular water source by responsible governmental agencies
Natural services provided by wetlands
sponge for water, fish nursery, natural filter, groundwater recharge or discharge, nutrients and chemicals are naturally cycled, buffer to storms and high waves, storage site for organic carbon, & aesthetically pleasing
Dry Barrel Hydrant
stem nut on top of hydrant and has a small drain valve and hole at bottom.
first step was to find a good water source to provide enough water during all seasons, then surveyors set out a trace in which as few as possible expensive works would have to be built like tunnels and bridges
steps in building an aqueduct
water distribution & storage
storage tanks, control valves, piping systems and hydrants
perennial stream
stream that flows all year because they constantly receive groundwater
Mississippi wetlands are lost because
submergence rates exceed rates of accretion
Total available chlorine
sum of the chlorine forms present as free available chlorine and combined available chlorine
to guard against water hammer
surge tanks are used
Super chlorination-dechlorination gives control over
taste and odor producing substances as well as control of bacteria
hydraulic head
tbe total mechanical energy per unit weight of fluid. this is what drives the flow of groundwater
wasteful
tending to use much more than necessary
Army Commanders of quartermaster units responsibilities
test, treat, store, and distribute potable water establish and operate water points for direct support/general support of units participate in FORSCOM unit-level tactical water support training
Habitat
the PLACE or type of place where a plant or animal is normally found
conservation
the act of using less water
concentration
the amount of one substance in a certain volume of another substance
residence time
the average time for a molecule to be in one reservoir before it moves to another reservoir. T=L/V
industry
the business of making products, especially in factories
water conservation
the careful use and protection of water resources
Transportation
the carrying of goods from one area to another
chlorides
the commonest form of iron and manganese found in ground water as pollutant is in the form of their:
hydraulic conductivity
the ease with which water flows thru a porous material, based on properties of the fluid and medium. small pores have greater surface area therefore water flows more freely
potentiometric surface
the elevation to which water will rise based on hydraulic properties in a confined aquifer
effluent stream
the flow is maintained during the dry season by groundwater seepage into the stream channel from the subsurface
kinetic energy
the form of energy that an object has when its moving
2.5
the head on a weir should be measured at a distance behind the weir of not less than __ times the head of the weir
bath complexes and ornamental fountains, became an expression of power and wealth of a city
the introduction of aqueducts made it possible to build what?
bathymetry
the measurement of depths of water in oceans, seas and lakes
Photosynthesis
the process by which plants, and some other organisms, capture light energy and use it to make food from carbon dioxide and water
Coagulation
the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid
desalination
the process of obtaining fresh water from salt water by removing the salt. You can freeze, filter it, and boil it
Desalination
the process of removing salt from salt water
Irrigation
the process of supplying water to land to grow crops
indicates burial place, transmitting to descendants the memory of the deceased, communicates the social and economic status of the dead
the purposes of the monumental graves of patricians
Direct cremation/bustum sepulchrum
the pyre is prepared in same place where the burial is located
Agriculture
the raising of crops and animals for human use
specific yield
the ratio of the head drop per unit area (the volume of water release from storage)
irrigation
the single biggest use of water
cooperate
work together
hydraulic ram
works on the principle of water hammer
global
worldwide
viminea cavea
woven basket where cloth was hung to finish
hardness
zeolite process is used to remove the ___ of the water
vadose zone
zone of unsaturated flow that exists above the water table and below the soil surface