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What is the most common method worldwide for producing electricity? coal power plants nuclear power plants geothermal power plants hydroelectric power plants

coal power plants

In carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from coal‑fired power plants are trapped within a solvent, reducing the CO2 emissions released into the atmosphere. The CO2 is then separated from the solvent and sequestered underground. After capture, which types of underground environments are suitable for CO2 sequestration?depleted oil and gas reservoirsswamps and marshesunminable coal seamsdeep saline formationsoceanic sea vents

depleted oil and gas reservoirs unminable coal seams deep saline formations

Which cost factor affects unconventional oil and gas production the most? refining costs transport costs environmental costs extraction costs

extraction costs

What types of energy sources can be used to directly power vehicles? fossil fuel oil renewable biomass compressed natural gas moving water geothermal heat

fossil fuel oil renewable biomass compressed natural gas

When coal is burned to produce heat energy, it releases a variety of substances that damage the environment and threaten human health. Which damaging substances are released when coal is burned?gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxideradioactive elements such as uranium and thoriumparticulate matter such as sootheavy metals such as mercury and arseniccarcinogenic gases such as radonground‑level ozone

gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium particulate matter such as soot heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic

Of the stationary sources of electricity, which has the best Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROEI)? photovoltaic solar hydroelectric natural gas geothermal

hydroelectric

What are the key factors necessary for coal formation? oxygen‑rich environment pressure oxygen‑poor environment heat acidic environment

pressure oxygen‑poor environment heat

Why are the mortality rates for lung and colon cancer shown in a different graph? The researchers reviewed more data for lung and colon cancer. The lung and colon cancer data came from a different cancer study. Lung and colon cancer rates are much higher than the other types of cancer. Lung and colon cancer are faster‑acting types of cancers.

Lung and colon cancer rates are much higher than the other types of cancer.

Proven gas conventional reserves are reservoirs from which workers can easily extract natural gas. The amount of natural gas in a proven reserve is based on an assessment of the geology and current or estimated production of natural gas. Natural gas reserves are unequally distributed around the world because specific conditions for hydrocarbon formation were favorable at those locations millions of years ago. North America contains around 8% of the world's proven conventional gas reserves, although it has larger amounts of unconventional reserves. Arrange the other world regions in order from most to least proven natural gas reserves.

Most proven natural gas reserves Middle East Eurasia Asia and Oceania Africa Central and South America Europe Least proven natural gas reserves

Proven oil reserves are an assessment of the amount of oil workers can economically extract with modern technology. Certain regions of the world contain more proven oil reserves than other regions. Arrange the regions of the world from the most to least amount of proven oil reserves. You are currently in a ranking module. Turn off browse mode or quick nav, Tab to move, Space or Enter to pick up, Tab to move items between bins, Arrow Keys to change the order of items, Space or Enter to drop. Most proven oil reservesLeast proven oil reserves Answer Bank

Most proven oil reserves Middle East Central and South America North America Africa Eurasia Asia and Oceania Least proven oil reserves

What are some advantages of mountaintop removal compared to subsurface mining? Mountaintop removal is less damaging to the environment. Mountaintop removal is less dangerous for miners. Miners are able to access thinner coal seams. Coal companies spend less on wages because they need fewer miners. Coal companies are subject to fewer environmental regulations. Miners do not have to worry about overburden removal.

Mountaintop removal is less dangerous for miners. Miners are able to access thinner coal seams. Coal companies spend less on wages because they need fewer miners.

Which characteristic makes natural gas the best fossil fuel to use as a "bridge fuel"? Natural gas has a lower carbon footprint. Natural gas is easier to handle and ship. Natural gas is not a hazardous chemical. Natural gas is a renewable energy source.

Natural gas has a lower carbon footprint.

How many water wells had levels of methane that fell within the range where mitigation should be considered? 118 11 12 23

11

How many water wells fell within the range of methane concentration where mitigation is strongly recommended? 118 23 11 12

12

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of coal as a fossil fuel.

Advantages abundant and wide distribution energy-rich ease of transportation and storage affordable Disadvantages air pollution habitat loss acidification of streams flooding risks human health issues

There are many trade-offs of oil production and use. Environmental impacts from oil include air pollution, water pollution, habitat destruction, and biodiversity loss. Certain aspects of oil production and use can contribute to environmental pollution and damage. Match each oil production or use action with its environmental impact or impacts.

Air pollution - burning, processing, extraction Water pollution - extraction, spills, processing, burning Habitat destruction - extraction, spills, Biodiversity loss - extraction, exploration, spills

Why did researchers need to measure ethane in water wells to strengthen their conclusion that the water contamination is linked to fracking activity? Ethane is injected into the ground at fracking sites to displace the gas in shale deposits and could migrate to nearby wells via fractures. Methane degrades into ethane during the hydraulic fracturing process and could migrate to nearby wells via fractures. Ethane is often found near shale gas deposit sites and could migrate to nearby wells via fractures. Ethane is a key ingredient in the fluid used for fracking and could migrate to nearby wells via fractures.

Ethane is often found near shale gas deposit sites and could migrate to nearby wells via fractures.

Arrange the stages of conventional oil and natural gas deposit formation in order from first to last.

First stage layers of sediment cover dead marine organisms accumulated sediment creates heat and pressure biomass is chemically transformed into oil and gas oil and gas flows through porous reservoir rock oil and gas accumulates beneath impermeable cap rock Last stage

Place the steps of electricity production using coal in order from beginning to end. First stepLast step Answer Bank The steam‑powered turbine spins. Workers burn pulverized coal in a furnace to generate heat. Steam passes through pipes to a turbine. A generator, which contains magnets and copper wire, spins with the turbine to create electricity. Water passes through pipes in the furnace and begins to boil. Electricity travels to the grid through transformers and power lines.

First step Workers burn pulverized coal in a furnace to generate heat. Water passes through pipes in the furnace and begins to boil. Steam passes through pipes to a turbine. The steam‑powered turbine spins. A generator, which contains magnets and copper wire, spins with the turbine to create electricity. Electricity travels to the grid through transformers and power lines. Last step

Why are fossil fuels considered a nonrenewable resource? Humans deplete fossil fuel resources at a much greater rate than they can be replinished. The materials needed to make fossil fuels disappeared during the Carboniferous period. There have not been any recent mass extinctions to provide the fossils needed to make fossil fuels. Conditions on the Earth are not conducive to fossil fuel formation because of climate change.

Humans deplete fossil fuel resources at a much greater rate than they can be replinished.

Classify the disadvantages of unconventional oil and gas extraction as belonging to either hydraulic fracturing or tar sands mining.

Hydraulic fracturing : • local groundwater contamination • corporate rights to oil and gas on private property • earthquakes from wastewater injection • output greater than transportation capacity • $60 per barrel breakeven price Tar sands mining: • 20% more greenhouse gas emissions • heated pipelines for transport • huges lakes of acidic and toxic wastewater • habitat destruction and watershed pollution

What are some of the advantages of petroleum oil? Oil is a versatile raw material. Oil is the purest fossil fuel. Oil is the base for most liquid fuels. Oil reserves are evenly distributed. Oil is a concentrated energy source.

Oil is a versatile raw material. Oil is the base for most liquid fuels. Oil is a concentrated energy source.

Classify the conventional oil production phase characteristics as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary production Secondary production Tertiary production

Primary production: Pumpjacks mechanically pump oil after natural flow ceases Oil and gas flow freely under natural pressure Oil recovery rates up to 15% Secondary production: Injection wells force more oil out using water Oil recovery rates are between 20%-40% Tertiary production: Injection wells force more oil out using steam, natural gas, or CO2 Oil recovery rates of up to 20%

Match each statement to the surficial mining technique it describes.

Strip mining Miners access surface coal seamsin fairly level land surfaces. Miners systematicallyremove overburden. Once the miners remove coal seams,they return overburden to the originaltopography and plant vegetation. Miners store overburden nearbywith fewer environmental impacts. Mountaintop removal Miners access surface coal seamson rugged land surfaces. Miners rely heavily on explosivesto blast away rock lyingabove coal seams. Miners store overburden inadjacent valleys, burying streamsand filling in the valley. Miners partially process coal on-siteand store coal sludge in ponds. Once the miners remove coal seams,they have difficulty in restoringthe original topography and vegetation.

What are some advantages of subsurface mining compared to surface mining?Subsurface mining is more cost‐effective than surface mining.Subsurface mining has less impact on the surrounding landscape.Subsurface mining has less impact on miners' health.Subsurface mining is safer than surface mining.Subsurface mining offers more employment opportunities.

Subsurface mining has less impact on the surrounding landscape. Subsurface mining offers more employment opportunities.

Why is it incorrect to conclude that deaths due to stomach or oral cancers are more common in MTR counties even though the MTR bar for each indicates a higher number of deaths? The differences in the rates of these cancers between MTR areas and other areas were not shown to be statistically significant. Oral and stomach cancers are not usually fatal compared to other cancers, so death rates are not dependable statistics. Oral and stomach cancers had the lowest occurrence, therefore accurate death rates are difficult to determine. Researchers collected insufficient data for stomach and oral cancers in order to make accurate statistical comparisions

The differences in the rates of these cancers between MTR areas and other areas were not shown to be statistically significant.

What characteristics differentiate unconventional hydraulic fracturing wells from conventional oil wells?Pumpjacks create pressure once natural pressure decreases.Sand, water, and chemicals allow for further extraction.Injected steam loosens deep deposits and forces them out.The wells extend horizontally at the base of a vertical well shaft.Extraction depends on large fractures in the rock formation.

The wells extend horizontally at the base of a vertical well shaft. Extraction depends on large fractures in the rock formation. Sand, water, and chemicals allow for further extraction.

The 1973 Clean Water Act requires that streams altered by mountaintop removal (MTR) mining be reclaimed to reduce the effects of mining on stream ecosystems. To reclaim streams, concrete‑ and stone‑lined ditches are created to act as functional waterways. What ecological functions do the artificial streams lack to compared to natural streams?They do not aid in flood control.They do not support the same aquatic life.They do not process contaminants out of water.They do not hold water on the same seasonal cycle.They do not connect to natural bodies of water.

They do not support the same aquatic life. They do not process contaminants out of water. They do not hold water on the same seasonal cycle.

Which country has the most proven coal reserves? India China Germany United States

United States

How is bitumen extracted from tar sand deposits? conventional wells strip mining underground mining hydraulic fracturing

strip mining