ISOM35 Exam 2 Dangol
B
109. The underlying statistical distribution for the p-chart is: a. Poisson. b. binomial c. percentage. d. normal.
D
110. A company is interested in monitoring the variability in the weight of the fertilizer bags it produces. An appropriate control chart would be: a. an chart. b. a p-chart. c. a c-chart. d. an R-chart.
A
100. In SPC, the distribution of sample means: a. can be approximated by the normal distribution. b. will have greater variability than the process distribution. c. will always have a mean greater than the process distribution because of the sample size. d. cannot be used for control charts because the variability is understated.
D
101. The three sigma limits for a process whose distribution conforms to the normal distribution include: a. about 50% of the observed values, in the long run. b. about 68% of the observed values, in the long run. c. about 95% of the observed values in the long run. d. about 99% of the observed values in the long run.
C
102. Regarding control charts, a type I error refers to concluding that the process is: a. in control when it is not in control. b. incapable when it is capable. c. out of control when it is in control. d. capable when it is not capable.
A
103. An example of a type I error would be: a. throwing away a perfectly good banana. b. counting a student's multiple choice response correct when it is actually incorrect. c. releasing a guilty defendant. d. counting a student's multiple choice response correct when it is actually correct.
C
104. An example of a type II error would be: a. counting a student's True/False response incorrect when it is actually correct. b. convicting an innocent defendant. c. eating food that you were unaware was spoiled. d. counting a student's True/False response incorrect when it is actually incorrect.
B
105. Regarding control charts, changing from three-sigma limits to two-sigma limits: a. increases the probability of concluding nothing has changed, when in fact it has. b. increases the probability of searching for a cause when none exists. c. decreases the probability that the process average will change. d. decreases the probability that defects will be generated by the process.
A
106. Regarding control charts, changing from two-sigma limits to three-sigma limits: a. increases the probability of concluding nothing has changed, when in fact it has. b. increases the probability of searching for a cause when none exists. c. decreases the probability that the process average will change. d. decreases the probability that defects will be generated by the process.
A
107. The UCL and LCL for an chart are 25 and 15 respectively. The central line is 20, and the process variability is considered to be in statistical control. The results of the next six sample means are 18, 23, 17, 21, 24, and 16. What should you do? a. Nothing; the process is in control. b. Explore the assignable causes because the second, fourth, and fifth samples are above the mean. c. Explore the assignable causes because there is a run. d. Explore the assignable causes because there is a trend.
C
108. The central line on a p-chart is 0.50 with a UCL of 0.65 and an LCL of 0.35. The results of the next six samples are 0.60, 0.37, 0.45, 0.48, 0.45, and 0.42. What should you do? a. Nothing; the process is behaving as expected. b. Explore the assignable causes because three observations are above the central line. c. Explore assignable causes because there is a run. d. Increase the sample size to get a better measure.
A
111. A company is interested in monitoring the average time it takes to serve its customers. An appropriate control chart would be: a. an chart. b. a p-chart. c. a c-chart. d. an R-chart.
C
112. A company is interested in monitoring the number of scratches on Plexiglass panels. The appropriate control chart to use would be: a. an chart. b. a p-chart. c. a c-chart. d. an R-chart.
D
113. Which alternative will increase the probability of detecting a shift in the process average? a. Increasing the control limit spread b. Taking smaller samples c. Taking smaller samples more frequently d. Taking larger samples more frequently
A
114. Five samples of size 4 were taken from a process. A range chart was developed that had LCLR = 0 and UCLR = 2.50. Similarly, an average chart was developed with the average range from the five samples, with and . The ranges for each of the five samples were 1.75, 2.42, 2.75, 2.04, and 2.80, respectively. The values of the sample average for each sample were 19.5, 22.3, 17.4, 20.1, and 18.9, respectively. What can you tell management from this analysis? a. The process variability is out of control, and we cannot make a statement about the process average. b. The process variability is out of control, but the process average is in control. c. The process variability and the process average are out of control. d. We cannot tell if the process variability or the process average is out of control.
D
128. The consultant suspiciously eyed the c-chart that Chickenverks used to monitor the number of broken eggs in each 100 egg carton. "You know you really should be using a p-chart," the consultant commented with an air of superiority. "What's the difference between a p-chart and a c-chart in this application?" the long time Chickenverks employee asked with an obvious edge to his voice. "Well," the consultant replied, "the difference is: a. the width of the three sigma limits for the c-chart is 100 times greater than those of the p-chart." b. the three-sigma p-chart will catch problems earlier than the three sigma c-chart." c. the three sigma c-chart will catch problems earlier than the three sigma p-chart." d. well, OK, you got me. The charts will look and behave the same for all practical purposes."
B
38. When a process fails to satisfy a customer: a. it is quite often the customer's fault. b. it is considered a defect c. it is time to reengineer the process. d. it is usually half the customer's fault and half the company's fault.
D
39. Consumers consider five aspects when defining quality. Which one of the following is least likely to be one of these aspects? a. Value b. Fitness for use c. Psychological impressions d. Individual development
B
40. Which of the following would be considered a prevention cost of quality? a. Inspecting incoming raw materials b. Training workers to perform their jobs c. Issuing a recall of defective product before another customer is injured d. Performing a 24 hour burn-in on every item produced to make sure it works before it is shipped.
D
41. Which of the following would be considered an appraisal cost of quality? a. Training workers to perform their jobs b. Purchasing better tools for workers to perform their jobs c. Repairing an item under the warranty d. Running a functional test on each item before it is boxed for shipment
C
42. A prime example of an internal failure cost is: a. the labor cost associated with inspecting every item produced. b. the labor cost associated with repairing an item returned under warranty. c. the material cost of a piece of stock metal that has had too large a hole drilled in it. d. the material cost of the paint applied to the case of a finished unit.
B
43. A dissatisfied customer bad mouths a product to his class, resulting in decreased market share (since the students believe everything he tells them). The manufacturer suffers: a. an internal failure cost. b. an external failure cost. c. a prevention cost. d. an appraisal cost.
A
44. If the quality level is increased by taking steps to prevent defects before they happen, which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. Prevention costs increase. b. Appraisal costs increase. c. Internal failure costs increase. d. External failure costs increase.
A
45. Improving quality seems to be a strategic weapon in gaining market share. However, improving quality entails allocation of resources and effort. As greater effort is expended to stop defects before they occur, which one of the following costs increases? a. Prevention costs b. Appraisal costs c. Internal failure costs d. External failure costs
B
46. Which one of the following is a consequence of internal failures? a. Increased customer service b. Increased inventory costs c. Increased productivity d. Decreased lead time
A
47. Increasing the quality level by better products and processes may: a. allow a company to raise the price of the product. b. move a company closer to a competitive priority of price. c. reduce prevention costs. d. ensure that the trade-off between prevention costs and other costs of poor quality is worthwhile.
D
48. Which one of the following is a direct effect of high yield losses? a. Shorter lead times b. Reduced need for capacity c. Lower inventory levels d. Loss of material
D
49. Which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. Fitness for use is how well a product or service serves its intended market at a price customers are willing to pay. b. The quality of service is generally easier to measure than is the quality of manufactured products. c. High conformance to quality in manufacturing has no effect on profit margins. d. Rework tends to increase lead time and inventory levels maintained in a manufacturing company.
A
50. Which one of the following is considered to be an appraisal cost? a. Cost of quality audits b. Cost of supplier programs c. Cost of rework d. Cost of process design
B
51. Which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. Appraisal costs decrease as quality level decreases. b. Appraisal costs increase as the variation of output increases. c. Appraisal costs increase as the variation of output decreases. d. Appraisal costs increase as quality level increases.
D
52. A cost that is incurred if some aspect of a service must be performed again is called a(n): a. yield loss. b. prevention cost. c. appraisal cost. d. rework cost.
B
53. When errors have been made while producing a product such that the item must be discarded, the resultant cost is called a(n): a. warranty. b. scrap cost. c. rework cost. d. external failure cost.
C
54. Which one of the following is part of prevention costs? a. The costs of quality audits b. The costs resulting from scrap c. The costs of improving process design and product design d. The costs of lawsuits from injury from use of the product
C
55. Which one of the following is a potential consequence of external failures? a. Longer lead times b. Less rework c. More litigation costs d. Lower product costs
A
56. At which of the following steps will the cost of detecting product defects be the highest? a. Customer b. Process c. Final testing d. Raw material
C
57. Developing a cultural environment for ethical behavior in an organization includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. education in how ethics is part of an employee's job. b. organization of an ethics public relations group to interface between the firm and society. c. redesign of a service or product to make it easier to produce. d. documentation of a company's ethical standards and practices.
B
58. "Quality at the source" implies: a. less expensive raw materials. b. lower scrap. c. higher rework costs. d. more final-test inspectors.
A
59. Which one of the following statements is a key feature of both TQM and Six Sigma? a. Quality is primarily the responsibility of all employees in the organization. b. Quality is primarily the responsibility of the quality control department. c. Quality is primarily the responsibility of the production department. d. Quality is primarily the responsibility of top management.
A
60. A firm's internal program in employee involvement includes which of the following considerations? a. Defining who is the customer b. Supplier management c. Product availability d. Psychological impressions
B
61. The TQM wheel features __________ at its center. a. incremental improvement b. customer satisfaction c. employee teams d. leadership
D
62. Which one of the following statements about total quality management (TQM) is TRUE? a. Total quality management reduces the external failure costs but not the internal failure costs. b. Total quality management reduces the internal failure costs but not the external failure costs. c. Total quality management means inspectors are responsible for finding out who makes the defects. d. In total quality management, workers have the authority to stop a production line if they see quality problems.
A
63. As an operations manager, which definition of quality do you have the most control over? a. Conformance to specifications b. Support c. Psychological impressions d. Value
B
64. Quality measured with reference to price is captured by the notion of: a. conformance to specifications. b. value. c. fitness for use. d. psychological impressions.
C
65. If a product initially fails to live up to the customer's expectations, which dimension of quality might salvage the sale and the company's reputation? a. Psychological impressions b. Fitness for use c. Support d. Value
D
66. As he entered his broker's office for the first time, the young associate professor was dazzled by its tasteful accoutrements and the offer of a double tall split shot skinny hazelnut latte. He knew his lottery winning would be safe here, thanks to: a. his broker's conformance to specifications. b. his broker's fitness for use. c. his broker's support. d. his own psychological impressions.
B
67. The 15 year old car didn't dazzle students or members of the opposite sex, but it started every morning and evening and got the professor to his destination on time, thereby scoring high on the: a. psychological impressions scale of quality. b. fitness for use scale of quality. c. support scale of quality. d. bells and whistles scale of quality.
C
68. The implementation of a total quality management program or a Six Sigma program will most likely result in: a. an increase in product lead times. b. a decrease in employee involvement. c. an increase in communication between workers. d. an increase in work-in-process inventory.
A
69. One of the main challenges in developing the proper culture for TQM is to: a. define customer for each employee. b. suspend reward systems based on quantity. c. institute an equitable employee recognition program. d. get buy-in from the customer.
D
70. A firm that has embraced the notion of quality at the source is more likely to have: a. an inspector at each workstation working alongside each employee. b. inspectors at each of their suppliers performing 100% inspection on shipments bound for them. c. multiple inspectors at the end of the line to make sure no defects are passed along to the customer. d. no inspectors.
A
71. Continuous improvement is a philosophy that: a. uses problem-solving techniques within work teams. b. ensures there are plenty of quality inspectors to find areas for improvement. c. waits until a big problem occurs, then systematically solves it. d. encourages the hiring of statistical process control specialists to reduce the need for current employees to learn statistical methods.
C
72. The idea of continuous improvement is that activities not contributing value are wasteful and should be recycled or eliminated. An example of such an activity is: a. machining a part. b. checking out a customer at a grocery store. c. routing requests for loan approvals to several departments. d. drilling a hole for a metal fastener.
D
73. Which of the following statements relating to total quality management and Six Sigma is true? a. The only effect of internal failure is loss of material. b. Poor quality generally does not increase the inventory level or lead times. c. To produce 100 good units in a process with a 20 percent defective rate, the company must produce a total of 120 units. d. High product quality in manufacturing can have significant market implications for a firm.
C
74. When considering the plan-do-study-act cycle for problem solving, evaluating how closely a project's results correspond the initial goals set for the work is part of the _________ step. a. plan b. do c. study d. act
D
75. When considering the plan-do-study-act cycle for problem solving, instructing other employees in the use of the new process occurs in the _________ step. a. plan b. do c. study d. act
B
76. When considering the plan-do-study-act cycle for problem solving, data are collected to measure process improvements in the _________ step. a. plan b. do c. study d. act
A
77. When considering the plan-do-study-act cycle for problem solving, quantitative goals are set for process improvement in the _________ step. a. plan b. do c. study d. act
B
78. What is one reason that Six Sigma is more difficult to apply to service processes? a. There is no manual that suggests how Six Sigma can be applied to services. b. The work product is more difficult to see. c. There is no way to measure process capability of a service product. d. The National Six Sigma Society cautions against using it for services.
A
79. Which step of the Six Sigma DMAIC procedure uses flowcharts and process charts to identify gaps between the characteristics of a process's output important to the customer and the process's capabilities? a. Define b. Measure c. Analyze d. Improve e. Control
C
80. Which step of the Six Sigma DMAIC procedure applies tools such as Pareto charts and cause-and-effect diagrams to determine where major process redesign may be necessary? a. Define b. Measure c. Analyze d. Improve e. Control
E
81. Which step of the Six Sigma DMAIC procedure monitors the process to make sure high performance levels are maintained? a. Define b. Measure c. Analyze d. Improve e. Control
D
82. During which step of the Six Sigma DMAIC procedure are current processes modified or redesigned to meet new performance objectives? a. Define b. Measure c. Analyze d. Improve e. Control
B
83. Which step of the Six Sigma DMAIC procedure involves identifying data sources and preparing a data collection plan? a. Define b. Measure c. Analyze d. Improve e. Control
C
84. Six sigma teacher can attain different level titles, based on their experience and level of achievement. What is the highest level a Six Sigma teacher can reach? a. Black Belt b. Green Belt c. Master Black Belt d. Master Green Belt
D
85. In acceptance sampling, the proportion defective that the buyer will allow in an incoming shipment is: a. the acceptable random sample (ARS). b. the upper control limit (UCL). c. the lower control limit (LCL). d. the acceptable quality level (AQL).
A
86. In acceptance sampling, when the random sample passes the buyer's incoming test (low number of defects found), the next action taken is: a. to accept the entire lot of incoming materials. b. to do additional testing to reduce the risk of accepting a bad-quality lot. c. to place the lot on hold and wait for additional lots from this seller to be tested to assure consistent good quality. d. to 100% inspect the lot because some defects were found.
A
87. Which of the following would be a "common" cause of variation? a. Random sources b. A machine in need of repair c. An untrained worker d. A defective raw material
A
88. Which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. No two products are exactly alike because the processes that produce them contain many sources of variation, even if the process is a machine. b. With due diligence, variation in a process can be completely eliminated. c. SPC and TQM are two competing techniques for quality control. d. Common causes of variation are those factors that can be identified as commonly occurring at a particular process.
A
89. Which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. Nothing can be done to completely eliminate variation in process output. b. SPC and TQM are one and the same thing. c. Assignable causes of variation are purely random factors that can be assigned to a particular process. d. Common causes of variation are those factors that can be identified as commonly occurring at a particular process.
D
90. In Statistical Process Control, ______________ are used to detect defects and determine if the process has deviated from design specifications. a. Flowcharts b. Cause-and-Effect Diagrams c. Process Capability Charts d. Control Charts
B
91. A sampling plan is best for evaluating quality when: (1) Inspection costs are high (2) Inspection costs are low (3) Non-destructive testing is available (4) Destructive testing is required a. 1 and 3 b. 1 and 4 c. 2 and 3 d. 2 and 4
B
92. A measure of the dispersion of observations in a process distribution is called: a. an average. b. a range. c. a shape. d. a specification.
C
93. A machine that produces more light boxes than heavy boxes has a process distribution that is: a. above average. b. capable. c. skewed. d. symmetric.
D
94. Which of the following can be used to eliminate "common" causes of variation? a. Statistical process control b. Acceptance sampling c. Traditional statistical techniques d. They cannot be eliminated.
D
95. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. If a process is in statistical control, assignable causes of variation should be sought. b. If a process is in statistical control, there are no causes of variation. c. If a process is out of statistical control, there are only assignable causes of variation. d. When assignable causes of variation exist, the process generates different distributions of the quality characteristic over time.
A
96. Which one of the following statements about quality control is TRUE? a. Measurement by attributes is a simple yes or no decision. b. Complete inspection is used when inspection cost is high. c. Sampling inspection is used when the cost of passing a defective unit is high relative to the cost of inspection. d. Measurement by variables is often used when the quality specifications are complex.
C
97. Which one of the following statements relating to quality is TRUE? a. Sampling procedures based on measurement by variables should be used when quality specifications are complex. b. A distribution of sample means has more variance than the process distribution itself. c. The distribution of sample means can be approximated by the normal distribution. d. Sampling is a better approach than 100 percent inspection when the cost of accepting a defective item is very high.
C
98. When should complete inspection be used? a. When inspection tests are destructive b. When inspection tasks are monotonous c. When the cost of product failure is high relative to the inspection costs d. When quality is a competitive priority
B
99. An operator of a filling machine plotted the weights of each bag she filled for three weeks. At the same time, a quality inspector randomly took groups of five bags of the same output and plotted the average weights of the samples. The inspector's sampling distribution will: a. have greater variability than the operator's distribution. b. have less variability than the operator's distribution. c. show if the output has been produced to the operator's specifications. d. have a mean five times greater than the operator's distribution.