HDFS 411 - Exam 1

Multiculturalism - L in RESPECTFUL

Local of Residence and Language Differences

Cognitive-Behavioral

New focus on emotional experiences

Multiculturalism - P in RESPECTFUL

Personal Style and Education

'How' Questions

Process and feelings

Multiculturalism - R in RESPECTFUL

Religion/Spirituality

Multiculturalism - S in RESPECTFUL

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

White Privilege

Societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people

Attending Behavior

Support your client with individually and culturally appropriate visuals, vocal quality, verbal tracking and body language, including facial expressions

Functions of Effective Inquiry: Primary Function

Talk more freely

Multiculturalism - T in RESPECTFUL

Trauma

Multiculturalism - U in RESPECTFUL

Unique Physical Characteristics

Freudian Psychoanalysis

Unresolved emotional experiences

Empathy Definition: Frank A. Nugent

"Empathy is the counselor's ability to sense the client's world the way the client does and to convey that understanding"

Empathy Definition: opendoors.com

"Empathy is the skill of reflecting back to another person the emotions he or she is expressing so that he or she feels heard or understood"

Structuring Stages: Stage 1 - Initiating the Session - Summarized as

"Hello"

Empathy Definition: Carl Rogers

"The therapist is sensing the feelings and personal meanings which the client is experiencing in each moment, when he can perceive these from the inside, as they seem to the client, and when he can convey that understanding to his client"

Structuring Stages: Stage 4 - Working - Summarized as

"What are we going to do about it?"

Structuring Stages: Stage 3 - Mutual Goal Setting - Summarized as

"What do you want to happen?"

Structuring Stages: Stage 2 - Gathering Information - Summarized as

"What is your concern?"

Structuring Stages: Stage 5 - Terminating - Summarized as

- "Will you do it?" - Without safety net - Has client learned enough that they are able to do it themselves - Not because of weekly check in - knowing they will be asked about things

Kinds of Open-Ended Questions

- 'What' - 'How' - 'Could/can' - 'Why'

Paraphrasing

- A statement that says something that another person has said or written in a different way - The helper rephrases the content of the client's message

Intentionality

- Acting with a sense of purpose - Having a wide range of options

Attending: Foundation of Listening

- Attending - verbal following, visuals, vocal quality, body language - Listening - core skill of attending - Microskills - how client might respond

Structuring Stages: Stage 2 - Gathering Information - Skills

- Attending Skills - Effective Inquiry

Structuring Stages: Stage 3 - Mutual Goal Setting - Skills

- Attending skills - Listening to what they want and need - Good summary skills

Multiculturalism: 3 Broad Guidelines

- Awareness - Knowledge - Skills

Empathy: What did Carl Rogers believe?

- Believed this was core aspect of therapy - Only thing needed for change in therapy

Cautions about Questions

- Bombardment/grilling - Multiple questions - "Why" questions - Power and control - Excessive use - Cultural issues

Multiculturalism: How to be an Ally

- Challenge inappropriate comments - Report inappropriate comments/behaviors - Continue to educate

Open-Ended Questions

- Clients can't easily answer with "yes", "no", or one-two words - Opens up conversation - Ex - "How did you feel when that happened?"

Attending Behavior: Vocal Qualities (Tone and Speech Rate)

- Communicate warmth and interest with your voice - Experiment with vocal tone and speech rate - Note importance of vocal tone in emotion - Verbal underlining

Questions and Culture: Potential Problems

- Cultural insensitivity - Misunderstanding - Bias and stereotyping - Assumption of universality - Resistance/lack of trust - Power imbalance - Incomplete assessment

How to Address Potential Problems

- Cultural sensitivity training - Open/respectful communication - Self-reflection - Cultural humility - Consultation and supervision

Phases of the Helping Relationship: DIPGAAT

- D - Development - I - Iventory - P - Priority - G - Goal Formulation - A - Action-Plan Formulation - A - Action - T - Termination (Cosure)

Structuring Model

- Define the problem - Define the goals - Generate alternative solutions

Attending Behavior: Visual/Eye Contact

- Direct eye contact when speaking to people - Observe cultural differences in appropriate amount of eye contact

Attending Behavior: Silences

- Do not need to be filled - In moderation

Multiculturalism - E in RESPECTFUL

- Economic/Class Background - Ethnic/Racial Identity

Structuring Stages: Stage 1 - Initiating the Session - Skills

- Establish rapport - Discuss informed consent

Attending Behavior: Body Language/Facial Expression

- Face clients squarely - Lean slightly forward - Expressive face - Use encouraging gestures - Pay attention to posture and crossing arms/legs - Body language differs according to culture

Structuring Stages: Stage 5 - Terminating - Functions

- Facilitate change in thoughts, feelings, behaviors in client's life - Talk about accomplishments, challenges they've has, challenges that may remain - Plan for ongoing support if needed - Express appreciation for work you did with client, client's willingness

Structuring Stages: Stage 3 - Mutual Goal Setting - Functions

- Focuses on client goals - The word "mutual" is very important - Collaboratively coming up with clear and specific goals - Specific strategies, solutions, interventions - Concrete clear action plan to use to work toward their goals - Make sure goals are reasonable and realistic for client's capabilities

Helping Skills: Part 1 (Lower Order)

- Focusing and following - Effective inquiry - Reflection of content - Reflection of feeling

Closed-Ended Questions

- Gain specific information with few words - Burden of guiding the conversation rests on counselor - Ex - "Is your anxiety worse this week?"

Purpose of Closed-Ended Questions

- Get a definitive or specific answer - Focus the interview and identify parameters of a problem or issue - Reveal specific details - Close down other's talk

Goals of Reflecting Feelings

- Help make clear the feelings underlying behavior - Help client sort out complex feelings - Help tell story

Reflection of Content

- Helper lets helpee know they heard what was said - Saw point of view regarding content - Check for accuracy - Help talk in more detail

Functions of Effective Inquiry: Secondary Function

- Helps open the interview - Assessment - Aids in client's exploration - Helps structure the interview

Reflecting Feeling: 2 Part Skill

- Identifying feelings - Reflecting feelings

Helping Skills: Part 2 (Higher Order)

- Immediacy - Confronting - Self-disclosure - Information giving

Structuring Stages: Stage 5 - Terminating - Skills

- Influencing skills such as information giving and explanation giving

Ethical Issues

- Informed Consent - Competence - Confidentiality (and its limits) - Power and Boundaries

Identifying the Feelings: Attend to Entire Message

- Initiation/development phase of counseling - Have the client tell their story

'Why' Questions

- Lead to some type of discussion or explanation and reasoning - Can seem judgmental

Structuring Stages: Stage 4 - Working - Skills

- Listening skills - Confrontation skills

Structuring Stages: Stage 4 - Working - Functions

- Longest stage - Hardest stage - actually doing the work - Confront client's incongruities - Work to resolve concerns - Explore possibilities

When to Reflect Feelings

- May be feelings about the interview itself - Client is having trouble telling his/her story - Strong emotions not being expressed

Reflection of Content: Tools Needed

- Minimal Encouragers - Paraphrasing - Summary

'Could/Can' Questions

- Open if used correctly by counselor - Ex - 'Could/can you tell me more?'

Reflect all Feelings

- Positive emotions and negative emotions - Don't ignore negative emotions

Identifying the Feelings: How it is said

- Posture - Voice - Mannerisms - Ex - Eye contact or looking down - Ex - Using hands in animated way or putting hands together

Ethics

- Protects client - Enhances the profession

Multiculturalism in Interviewing Counseling: In what ways are the clients that you will see be diverse?

- Race and ethnicity - Religious beliefs - Values they grew up with - influence by family and society - Socioeconomic status - Gender and sexual orientation - Ability and disability

How to Summarize

- Recall key content - Identify patterns or themes - Use sentence stem - Summarize - Assess the effectiveness of summarization

How to Paraphrase

- Recall the message and restate is to yourself covertly - Identify content part of message - Select an appropriate sentence stem - Translate key content into your own words - Check accuracy of paraphrase - "Is that right?" - Try not to parrot

Minimal Encouraging

- Show intentional listening - Small verbal cues that encourage a helpee to talk with minimum interruption or influence by the helper

Attending Behavior: Verbal Tracking

- Stay with client's topic - Track their story and avoid topic jumps - Don't change the subject

Difference Between Summary and Paraphrase

- Summary has more material - Summary conveys more time

Learning the Skills

- Theory - Observation - Practice - Application

Purpose of Open-Ended Questions

- To begin a session - To encourage client exploration and elaboration - To elicit specific examples - To motivatie clients to communicate - To use after a summary - or to end a session

Structuring Stages: Stage 1 - Initiating the Session - Functions

- To build a working relationship with the client - Show active listening, empathy, genuine interest - Used to explain the purpose of the interview - Keeps the session on task

Purpose of a Summary

- To tie together multiple elements in client's message - To identify common theme - To interrupt excessive rambling - To start or end a session - To review progress - To serve as a transition when changing topics

Carl Rogers: Features of Good Helper

- Unconditional positive regard - accepting, caring, supporting without judgment - Respect and warmth - shown through good attending skills, tone of voice, welcoming environment - Concreteness - specific, not vague - Immediacy - Congruence/genuiness/authenticity

Summary

- Using few words to give the most important information about something - Recap information shared by helpee over long period of time

Structuring Stages: Stage 2 - Gathering Information - Functions

- Why is client seeking help? - Clearly define problem

Introductory Phrases

- You felt... - You must have been... - In other words, you feel... - It seems that you feel... - It sounds like... - I gather that...

Multiculturalism in Interviewing Counseling: Why is a multicultural approach to counseling necessary?

-Everyone has different experiences - Helping wider range of people - Intervention and prevention - geared to people that need it most - Need to educate ourselves, examine our beliefs and have meaningful conversation

Microskills Hierarchy

-Foundation of intentional interviewing - Successive steps - Provides different alternatives for use with different clients and in different situations

Identifying Feelings: Mixed Emotions

-More than one emotion may be expressed on a topic - Conflicting emotions could be part of the problem

Attending Behavior: 3 V's + B

-Visual/eye contact - Vocal qualities (tone and speech rate) - Verbal tracking - Body language/facial expression

Cultural Intentionality

Being aware of cultural differences between people on an individual and societal level

BAME

Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic

Multiculturalism - C in RESPECTFUL

Chronological/Lifespan Challenges

Good Attending Behavior Anticipated Result

Clients will talk more freely and respond openly

Parroting

Don't repeat the same feeling word the client uses

Feelings

Emotions are central to all theoretical orientations

Rogerian Client-Centered

Emotions in relationships

Role of Effective Inquiry

Encourage more focused conversation with greater detail

Multiculturalism - F in RESPECTFUL

Family Background

Institutional Racism

Form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions

'What' Questions

Get you facts and information

Microaggressions

Hostile/prejudicial commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities whether intentional or unintentional

Structuring

How the interview is organized, what direction it takes, and how it is conducted